Rationale:During ischemia‒reperfusion injury (IRI), BMAL1 has been shown to alleviate inflammation and kidney damage. However, the function of the tubular epithelium-macrophage interaction mediated by BMAL1 in IRI-induced renal fibrosis is still unclear. Methods:A mouse model of kidney-specific BMAL1 overexpression was developed to study how BMAL1 affects renal fibrosis, exosome production, and the macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). The role of exosomes in the MMT and renal fibrosis was examined in both in vitro and in vivo studies using exosomes extracted from TCMK-1 cells. Exosomes from BMAL1-overexpressing TCMK-1 cells subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) were isolated and subjected to miRNA sequencing to identify key exosomal components. Exosomal miR-27a-3p regulation by BMAL1 and its downstream effects on TGFBR1/smad3 in macrophages were investigated using a variety of experimental methods. To assess the effect of exosomal miR-27a-3p on MMT and renal fibrosis, additional in vitro and in vivo investigations were conducted. Results:Renal IRI increased exosome secretion, promoted MMT, and exacerbated renal fibrosis, whereas BMAL1 overexpression or Rab27a knockout significantly attenuated IRI-induced MMT and fibrotic progression. Exosomes derived from H/R-treated tubular epithelial cells further exacerbated MMT and renal fibrosis in an IRI model. Notably, tubular-specific overexpression of BMAL1, elevation of exosomal miR-27a-3p levels, or inhibition of exosome secretion significantly attenuated the progression of both MMT and fibrosis. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that BMAL1 binds directly to the miR-27a-3p promoter region, enhancing transcription. Exosomal miR-27a-3p subsequently targets TGFBR1 mRNA in macrophages, thereby suppressing the TGFBR1/smad3 signaling pathway and ultimately attenuating MMT and renal fibrosis. Conclusions:BMAL1 expression was suppressed in IRI, which promoted MMT and renal fibrosis via the exosomal miR-27a-3p-TGFBR1/smad3 pathway. Targeting this signaling pathway may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating IRI-induced renal fibrosis.

Hard carbons (HCs) are the most promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries, but their kinetics and cycling stability remain unsatisfactory. Herein, we introduce a universal strategy for decorating HCs with transition metal single atoms (SAs) using yeast cells as a sustainable biosorbent and template. The yeast’s inherent negatively-charged functional groups and N/P-rich composition effectively coordinate and control the dispersion of metal ions, leading to the formation of stable SAs during pyrolysis. The optimized Cu-SA-modified HCs (YHCs-Cu SAs) achieves a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 86.7% and exceptional cycling stability, retaining 95% capacity after 2,500 cycles at 1C and demonstrating ultra-stable performance at 5C for 10,000 cycles (0.002% decay per cycle). Density functional theory calculations confirm that the Cu SAs reduce the Na+ diffusion barrier, and in-situ Raman spectroscopy verifies Na+ insertion into the graphitic domains during the low-voltage plateau. Notably, when extended to other transition metals (Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, and Zn), all YHCs-SA samples exhibit high-capacity retentions (>96% for around 120 cycles), significantly outperforming unmodified YHCs. This work establishes a novel biomass-based pathway for constructing single-atom-modified carbon materials, advancing the development of high-performance sodium-ion batteries.

Photocatalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides to harmless nitrate (NO3-) is an attractive approach for ambient air purification. However, its practicability is hindered by the accompanying release of highly toxic NO2 byproduct. This study presents an effective strategy by coupling reduction and adsorption-oxidation processes to simultaneously eliminate NO and NO2 over an S-scheme heterostructure with tailored Lewis basic sites. A defective Bdoped polymeric carbon nitride/NH2-MIL-125(Ti) (BCN/Ti-MOFs) S-scheme photocatalyst is delicately developed by integrating BCN with excellent O2 reduction ability and Ti-MOFs with abundant Lewis basic sites for NO2 adsorption. The catalyst achieves removal efficiencies of 78.8 % and 33.4 % for NO and NO2, respectively. Ex/in situ experimental and density functional theory calculation results demonstrate the promoted carrier separation via TiOx cluster electron shuttle channels and the robust NO2 adsorption capacity. Consequently, the center dot O2- species efficiently generates from O2 reduction on electron-aggregated BCN to boost the removal of NO through the Eley-Rideal pathway. Simultaneously, NO2 is captured by -NH2 Lewis basic sites in Ti-MOFs and further converted to NO3 - by the accumulated holes on ligands. This work provides a novel tandem-like catalysis approach by constructing S-scheme heterostructure with targeted reactive sites, offering a paradigm for the simultaneous conversion of multiple reactants.

Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) cathodes stand out in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high operating voltage and robust structural framework. However, the sluggish ionic and electronic conductivity constrains its energy density and rate capability. Herein, a cross-scale synergistic optimization strategy is designed to overcome these limitations. At the bulk level, a K+/SO42-co-doping scheme is devised. The incorporation of larger K+ induces a lattice expansion along the c-axis, thereby widening the Na+ diffusion channels. The substitution of PO43-with SO42-modulates the local electronic environment, narrowing the band gap and reducing the migration barrier for Na+. The synergism of these dual dopants enhances the intrinsic reversible capacity, electronic conductivity, and structural reversibility, realizing a high specific capacity of 123.30 mAh g-1 at 0.2C. At the electrode scale, the self-designed vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VCNT) are introduced to construct oriented electron highways. The fast electron transport network established by VCNT becomes obviously advantageous at high rates, enabling the KSO@VCNT//HC full cell to achieve a high energy density of 452.46 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 447.82 W kg-1 and still maintain an energy density of 419.07 Wh kg-1 even at 4763.43 W kg-1. Under a high rate of 10C, the full cell achieves a reversible discharge capacity of 114.14 mAh g-1 with a satisfactory capacity retention of 96.12% after 1000 cycles. This work establishes a new paradigm for increasing the energy density and rate capability in advanced cathodes, offering universal guidance for the development of high-performance SIBs.

Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) as the solid‐electrolyte has attracted much attention for Li‐ion batteries. However, the unstable LATP/Li interface and the insufficient contact between the anode/cathode and LATP usually lead to the structural collapse of LATP and the large solid–solid interfacial resistance for Li+ transport. Herein, a poly(1,3‐dioxolane) (PDOL) adhesive layer was constructed by a Al(OTf)3‐induced in‐situ solidification process between the interface of LATP and anode/cathode. Such PDOL interfacial adhesive layer alleviates adverse reduction reactions at the LATP/Li interface and provides stable and well‐contacted bilateral electrode interfaces. Benefitting from the PDOL interfacial adhesive, the Li|adhesive‐LATP|Li symmetric cells achieve a current density up to 0.7 mA cm‐2 and exhibit a good cycling stability for more than 2750 h at 0.1 mA cm‐2, and the Li|adhesive‐LATP|LiFePO4 solid‐state batteries with interface modification exhibit a capacity of 158 mAh g‐1 at 0.2 C with a retention of 94% after 100 cycles.

Addressing the growing demand for sustainable lithium-ion battery (LIBs) recycling, we present a novel aromatic ketone (AK)-mediated chemical lithiation reaction for the rapid and spontaneous regeneration of degraded lithium iron phosphate (D-LFP) cathodes within just 5 min at room temperature. Utilizing benzophenone (Bzp) as a representative low-toxicity and cost-efficient AK reagent, we demonstrate a unique two-electron transfer mechanism. This key innovation halves the required reagent stoichiometry compared to conventional single-electron systems, significantly enhancing both economic viability and environmental sustainability. The regenerated cathodes exhibit restored electrochemical performance, comparable to commercial materials in capacity retention and cycling stability. Crucially, the entire process operates at room temperature, and the reagent solution (Bzp/THF) can be efficiently recycled, achieving near-complete atomic economy and minimizing waste. This work establishes a rapid, cost-effective, and green closed-loop regeneration route with significant potential for advancing sustainable battery recycling technologies.

Metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites have emerged as prospective electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. In this case, revealing the synergistic mechanism of metal oxide/carbon is favorable to guide the design of nanocomposites and enhance their electrochemical performance. Thus, in this study, an interface-engineered Bi2O3/N-doped carbon heterostructure (Bi2O3@NPCF) was designed as a high-performance active site for K+ and Na+ storage. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations substantiated that the Bi2O3/N-doped carbon interface generates a strong built-in electric field and an optimized band structure, enhancing charge accumulation/transfer and boosting redox kinetics. The synergistic interactions between Bi2O3 and NPCF can simultaneously induce both rapid ion diffusion and enhanced surface charge storage, and consequently, Bi2O3@NPCF exhibited outstanding electrochemical behavior in both 2 M KOH and 2 M NaOH electrolyte. Furthermore, an asymmetric aqueous supercapacitor device was assembled using Bi2O3@NPCF and Co(OH)2/Ag electrodes, achieving a high energy density of 128.9 μWh cm-2 at a power density of 0.92 mW cm-2 as well as good stability, highlighting its promising application prospects.

Layered oxide cathode materials with primary-secondary architecture face challenges of inhomogeneous Li+ diffusion and chemomechanical degradation due to misorientations between equiaxed primary particles. Although a radial architecture, featuring elongated grains, is widely believed to enhance diffusion, it does not address the root cause of chemomechanical failure-crystallographic misorientation. The impact of crystallography on the electrochemical performance of radially architectured secondary particles, compared to conventional designs, remains poorly understood. Here, by combining transmission Kikuchi diffraction with multimodal characterization, we decipher the crucial role of crystallography in the performance and stability of polycrystalline high-Ni layered oxide cathode materials. Contrary to the conventional belief that a preferential texture induced by the radial architecture is the key to performance enhancement, we uncover that the radial architecture primarily alters the misorientation distribution by introducing substantially increased low-angle grain boundaries and twin boundaries that significantly mitigate chemomechanical cracking and phase degradation. This crystallographic refinement facilitates enhanced Li+ diffusion between primary particles, ultimately boosting the rate capability and long-term stability of the cathodes. By quantitatively uncovering the crystallographic influence on performance, this work provides a new avenue for optimizing Li+ diffusion kinetics and chemomechanical resilience in polycrystalline cathode materials through crystallographic engineering.

Na2Ti3O7 (NTO), with low sodium insertion potential (~0.3 V vs. Na+/Na) and potential for high-energy-density batteries, is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its practical application is hindered by poor electronic conductivity, sluggish Na⁺ (de)intercalation kinetics, and interfacial instability, leading to inferior cycling stability, low initial Coulombic efficiency, and poor rate capability. In this work, micron-sized rod-like NTO and Al-doped NTO (NTO-Al) samples were synthesized via a one-step high-temperature solid-state method. Al doping slightly reduced the size of NTO microrods while introducing oxygen vacancies and generating Ti3+, thereby enhancing electronic conductivity and reducing ionic diffusion resistance. H2-TPR confirms that doping activates lattice oxygen and promotes its participation in the reaction. The optimized NTO-Al0.03 electrode delivered a significantly improved initial charge capacity of 147.4 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C, surpassing pristine NTO (124.7 mA h g-1). Moreover, it exhibited the best cycling stability (49.5% capacity retention after 100 cycles) and rate performance (36.3 mA h g-1 at 2 C).

Diabetic kidneys are particularly vulnerable to ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI). Although previous research has suggested that the circadian gene brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) plays a role in regulating renal function, the exact functions and mechanisms of BMAL1 in diabetic renal I/RI remain elusive. In this study, bilateral renal artery ligation and release were performed in non-diabetic (db/+) and diabetic (db/db) mice. In diabetic kidneys, experimental findings demonstrated a significant decrease in BMAL1 expression, along with the inhibition of the HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway and compromised mitophagy. BMAL1 overexpression alleviated cell damage and apoptosis under high glucose and hypoxia/reoxygenation stimulation. Inhibition of the Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/ B-cell lymphoma-2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) pathway by the HIF-1α inhibitor PX-478 intensified cellular damage and reduced the protective effect of BMAL1 overexpression in TCMK-1 cells. These results indicate that BMAL1 regulates mitophagy in diabetic renal I/RI through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway, providing valuable insights for the development of targeted therapies for diabetic renal I/RI.

Mimicking the structures of cells to create porous carbon materials (PCMs) has inspired research in numerous fields. However, due to the structural stability, the synthesis of resin-based PCMs is challenging. Herein, we prepare a resin-based PCMs (abbreviated as C-HAFR hereafter) by applying ethanol as a chemical scissor in combination with a KOH-activated carbonization process and realize the molecular-level design of solid 3-aminophenol formaldehyde resin (AFR) nanospheres. The ethanol dissolves the inner core of AFR nanospheres, creating an available hollow space for KOH-activated carbonization, thereby facilitating simultaneous etching on both the inner and outer surfaces. The resulting C-HAFR nanospheres have a collapsed structure with abundant mesoporous structures, leading to a large specific surface area (1757.5 m2/g). As electrode materials, the specific capacitance achieves 241.7 F/g at 0.5 A/g, which represents a 1.7-fold increase compared to the control. After 10000 charge/discharge cycles, the capacitance retention rate is still up to 96.2 %. In a two-electrode system test, the specific capacitance is 78 F/g, with 10.8 Wh/kg of high energy density and 250.6 W/kg of power density. The work presents a new approach to design resin-based PCMs with an accurate hollow structure resembling cells, significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance of resin-based PCMs.

Lithium-rich layered oxide (Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2) is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, its performance is hindered due to the instability of oxygen redox reactions at high potentials. Herein, a germanium (Ge) doping strategy was proposed by adding GeO2 to the lithiation process. GeO2 reacts with Li2CO3 to form a lithium germanate (Li2GeO3) layer (similar to 5 nm thick) on the Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 surface, acting as a protective "armor" to suppresses side reactions. The Li2GeO3 layer with high Li-ions conductivity can accelerate the ion transport in bulk phase. Additionally, Ge ions can diffuse into the Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 lattice during calcination, reducing cation mixing (Li+/Ni2+). XPS analysis confirms that Ge incorporation promotes Ni2+ oxidation to Ni3+, enhancing cation order and further minimizing cation mixing. The Li2GeO3-modified Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (G2, with 2 mol% GeO2) delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 180.9 mAh g(-1) at 1 C, maintaining 75.41% capacity retention at 2 C after 500 cycles.

Iron oxide-based electrodes hold significant promise for supercapacitor applications; however, their poor electrical conductivity and sluggish ion transport hinder rapid current response. Additionally, the bulk-phase insertion/deinsertion mechanism induces substantial volume expansion, compromising structural stability. In this study, we introduce a phosphorus-functionalized iron oxide surface that acts as a "bridge" to immobilize sulfite (SO32-) anions. This design enables dual-ion redox reactions at the electrode surface, thereby enhancing Faradaic pseudocapacitance while suppressing bulk-phase redox activity and mitigating volume changes. The formation of a FeP/Fe2O3 heterostructure further enhances intrinsic electron transport. As a result, the phosphorus-functionalized Fe2O3 nanorod array electrode (Fe2O3-P 0.5 h) exhibits a significantly enhanced capacitance of 998.2 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2 in 1 M Na2SO3 electrolyte─2.3 times higher than that of pristine Fe2O3 nanorods. When assembled into an asymmetric supercapacitor (Fe2O3-P 0.5 h/Na2SO3//Co-MnO2/Na2SO4), the device operates at a voltage window of 2.0 V and achieves an areal energy density of 177.6 μWh cm-2 at a power density of 1 mW cm-2.

The development of advanced carbon electrodes with high conductivity and a large specific surface area is crucial for electrochemical energy storage applications. In this work, we propose an iron-assisted molten salt (NaCl) strategy to fabricate highly graphitized hierarchical porous N-doped carbon (GHPNC) as an efficient electrode for high-performance supercapacitors. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is employed as an activator to promote the formation of a micro-mesoporous structure, while NaCl and the resulting iron oxide facilitate the development of macropores. The optimized GHPNC-5.0-1.0 sample (where 5.0 represents the FeCl3-to-carbon precursor mass ratio and 1.0 denotes the NaCl-to-carbon precursor mass ratio) exhibits a well-developed hierarchical porous structure and high graphitization, leading to excellent electrochemical performance. In a 6 M KOH electrolyte, the GHPNC-5.0-1.0 electrode achieves a capacitance of 201.5 F g- 1 at 0.5 A g- 1. A symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) assembled with this electrode delivers an energy density of 9.84 Wh kg- 1 at a power density of 250.17 W kg- 1. In a 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte, the GHPNC-5.0-1.0//Zn hybrid supercapacitor (ZHSC) demonstrates an energy density of 79.87 Wh kg-1 at 625 W kg-1. Notably, the ZHSC exhibits outstanding cycling stability, retaining nearly 100 % of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles.

P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 cathodes have been widely applied in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, this material faces three inherent critical challenges: irreversible P2-O2 phase transitions caused by excessive desodiation above 4.2 V, unfavorable Na+/vacancy ordering at specific sodium concentrations, and irreversible anion redox reaction during high-voltage operation. In this work, a layered hierarchical modification strategy is well-designed to solve all the above problems. F substitution at oxygen sites significantly enhances the reversibility of anionic redox reactions at high voltages. Li incorporation into transition metal sites promotes cationic disorder within the TM layer, effectively inhibiting Na+/vacancy ordering. Meanwhile, the copresence of Li and F can strengthen cation-anion interactions and increase the TM-O bond strength, further enhancing the structural stability of the P2-NaNM material. The substitution of sodium sites by partial Mg mitigates repulsive forces between adjacent oxygen layers under high-voltage conditions, and enhances the O-Na-O electrostatic cohesion between adjacent TM-O layers, thereby impeding irreversible P2-O2 phase transitions. As a result, the optimized P2-Na0.67Ni0.25Li0.08Mn0.57Mg0.10O1.93F0.07 (Mg-NaNLMF) cathode exhibits exceptional electrochemical performance, delivering a capacity retention of 98.07% over 60 cycles at 0.1C. More impressively, it maintains 81.72% of the initial capacity after ultrafast charge/discharge processes of 1000 cycles at 10C. This work establishes a new paradigm for designing high-performance layered oxides in sodium-ion batteries through a layered hierarchical modification strategy.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent clinical and pathological condition, often resulting from factors like ischemia, toxins, or infections, which cause a sudden and severe decline in renal function. This, in turn, significantly affects patients’ overall health and quality of life. The Sirtuin family (SIRTs), a group of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, is critically involved in key biological processes such as cellular metabolism, stress responses, aging, and DNA repair. Recent research has highlighted the vital role of SIRTs, such as SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6, in the development and progression of AKI. These proteins help mitigate renal injury and facilitate kidney repair through mechanisms like antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory responses, cellular repair, and energy metabolism. Additionally, the deacetylase activity of the SIRTs confers protection against AKI by modulating mitochondrial function, decreasing oxidative stress, and regulating autophagy. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the role of Sirtuins in AKI are still being explored, their potential as therapeutic targets is increasingly being recognized. This paper will discuss the mechanisms by which the SIRTs influence AKI and examine their potential in a future therapeutic strategy.

Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) material is a promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries, yet suffers from poor conductivity and manganese dissolution. Here, we develop an integrated strategy combining precursor particle refinement and N,S co-doped carbon coating. The optimized LMFP/C-20 %N,S exhibits enhanced structural uniformity, interfacial stability, and electrochemical performance, delivering 151.0 mAh center dot g-1 and 132.7 mAh center dot g-1 at 0.2 C and 1 C with capacity retention rates of 100.4 % and 107.9 %, respectively. XPS and EIS analyses reveal suppressed side reactions and stable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation, offering insights into surface engineering for phosphate-based cathodes.

BACKGROUND:The role of BMAL1 in various diseases remains unclear, particularly its impact on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aims to investigate the role of BMAL1 in sepsis-induced AKI and its potential effects on cell ferroptosis. Initially, we assessed BMAL1 expression levels in mice treated with sepsis-induced AKI (via LPS injection) and in LPS-stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells. Subsequently, we explored the correlation between BMAL1 and ferroptosis using sequencing technology, validating our findings throughout experimental approaches. To further elucidate BMAL1's specific effects on AKI-related ferroptosis, we constructed BMAL1 overexpression models in mice and cells, analysing its impact on AKI and ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, using transcriptome sequencing technology, we identified key BMAL1-regulated genes and their associated biological pathways, validating these findings through in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS:Our findings indicate decreased BMAL1 expression in sepsis-induced AKI. BMAL1 overexpression effectively mitigated renal tubular injury by reducing ferroptosis levels in renal tubular epithelial cells. Using transcriptome sequencing and ChIP-qPCR technology, we identified YAP as a target of BMAL1. The overexpression of BMAL1 significantly reduced the transcriptional activity of YAP and inhibited the Hippo signalling pathway. Treatment with the Hippo inhibitor Verteporfin (VP) reversed the BMAL1-downregulation-induced damage. Additionally, our study revealed that YAP positively regulates ACSL4 gene expression and its downstream signalling pathways. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates that BMAL1 overexpression alleviates renal tubular epithelial cell injury and ferroptosis by inhibiting YAP expression and the Hippo pathway, thereby exerting protective effects in sepsis-induced AKI. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting BMAL1 in managing sepsis-induced AKI.

Background: The nuclear distribution E homologue 1 (NDE1) is a crucial dynein binding partner. The NDE1 protein has the potential to disrupt the normal functioning of centrosomes, leading to a compromised ability to generate spindles and ensure precise separation of chromosomes during cell division. The potential consequences of this phenomenon include genomic instability, malignant transformation and the proliferation of neoplastic growths. However, studies examining the connection between NDE1 and cancer is still very rare. Methods: The expression level, prognostic impact, gene change, DNA methylation, protein interaction, mRNA m6A modification, ceRNA network, associated gene and function enrichment, and immune-related effects of NDE1 in pan-cancer were examined using a range of online analytic tools and the R software package. The CCK-8 test, transwell assay, scratch assay and colony formation assay were used to confirm the effects of NDE1 on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells. Results: Numerous tumour types have elevated NDE1, which is linked to a bad prognosis. NDE1 is an excellent diagnostic tool for many different types of cancer. Numerous malignancies have been linked to genetic changes in NDE1. NDE1 was connected to TMB, MSI, several immunological checkpoint genes and immune cell infiltration. NDE1 is linked to a number of immunological subtypes. NDE1 could affect how well immunotherapy works to treat different types of cancer. NDE1 was mostly associated with cell cycle, chromosomal segregation, DNA replication and mitotic segregation, according to GO and KEGG analyses. NDE1 physically binds to PAFAH1B1 and DCTN1, respectively. The proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells may be prevented by NDE1 knockdown. Furthermore, knockdown of NDE1 promoted the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. Conclusion: High expression of NDE1 is present in a variety of tumours, which is linked to a bad prognosis for cancer. Knockdown of NDE1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer cells, and promoted the apoptosis. For a number of malignancies, NDE1 may be a biomarker for immunotherapy and prognosis.

Renal fibrosis is a prevalent pathological alteration that occurs throughout the progression of primary and secondary renal disorders towards end-stage renal disease. As a complex and irreversible pathophysiological phenomenon, it includes a sequence of intricate regulatory processes at the molecular and cellular levels. Exosomes are a distinct category of extracellular vesicles that play a crucial role in facilitating intercellular communication. Multiple pathways are regulated by exosomes produced by various cell types, including tubular epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells, in the context of renal fibrosis. Furthermore, research has shown that exosomes present in bodily fluids, including urine and blood, may be indicators of renal fibrosis. However, the regulatory mechanism of exosomes in renal fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. This article reviewed and analysed the various mechanisms by which exosomes regulate renal fibrosis, which may provide new ideas for further study of the pathophysiological process of renal fibrosis and targeted treatment of renal fibrosis with exosomes.