This study aimed to provide foundational research for the biological control of postharvest avocado fruits anthracnose and establish a microbial system of postharvest avocado fruits. The high-throughput sequencing of avocado fruits from the anthracnose-infected and healthy groups was performed using Illumina NovaSeq second-generation sequencing technology. The results revealed that, except for Colletotrichum sp. strain 38#, there were differences in the bacterial community structure of avocados before and after infection, as determined through alpha and beta diversity analysis. Additionally, there were significant differences in the endophytic fungal community structure, allowing clear differentiation between the infected and healthy avocados. The endophytic bacterial community was primarily composed of 4 phyla and 10 genera, with the Bacteroidota phylum and Chryseobacterium genus demonstrating sensitivity to anthracnose pathogens, as evidenced by a decrease in their relative abundance after infection. The endophytic fungal community was characterized by 3 phyla and 10 genera. After infection, the relative abundance of 2 phyla (Anthophyta and Basidiomycota) and 7 genera (Eucalyptus, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Talaromyces, Oidiodendron, Nigrospora, and Pestalotiopsis) decreased, whereas the relative abundance of the Colletotrichum genus increased dramatically. The LEfSe (Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size) analysis indicated that significant biomarkers were more prevalent in endophytic bacteria than in endophytic fungi in the avocados. In endophytic bacteria, the key biomarkers included the Firmicutes phylum (Bacilli class), Proteobacteria phylum (Gammaproteobacteria class, Pseudomonadales order, Pseudomonadaceae family, and Pseudomonas genus), Flavobacteriales order, Weeksellaceae family, and Chryseobacterium genus. In endophytic fungi, the important biomarkers were Saccharomycetes class (Saccharomycetales order), Glomerellales order (Glomerellaceae family and Colletotrichum genus), and Botryosphaeriales order (Botryosphaeriaceae family and Lasiodiplodia genus). These results may provide a theoretical basis for the development of future biological agents for avocado anthracnose.

To enhance the postharvest quality of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit, this study investigates alterations in cell wall metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism during near-freezing temperature (NFT) storage, and explores their impact on fruit softening. The fruit was stored at 25 °C, 5 °C, 2 °C, and NFT, respectively. NFT storage retarded firmness loss and chilling injury in comparison with 25 °C, 5 °C, and 2 °C. NFT storage delayed the decrease of ionic-soluble pectin (ISP) and cellulose (CLL) contents by suppressing cell wall degradation enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that cell wall degradation enzyme activities were positively correlated to rates of ethylene release and respiration. Moreover, NFT storage maintained higher levels of DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities, activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, as well as ascorbate-glutathione cycle (ascorbic acid, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, ascorbate peroxidase, cycle-related enzymes), thereby inhibited the increase of ROS content, malondialdehyde content, and cell membrane permeability. Fruit firmness and chilling injury were correlated with the contents of hydrogen (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2.-), ISP, and CLL. These results suggested that NFT could suppress fruit softening and chilling injury by inhibiting cell wall degradation through delaying respiration and ethylene production and suppressing ROS production via activation of antioxidant systems, thereby maintaining quality and prolonged storage life during avocado fruit storage.

In order to find out the mechanism of how salicylic acid signal recruit soil microorganisms to explain their cooperate resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in watermelon plants. In this experiment, we have examined the soil microbial diversity at three different sampling times after salicylic acid application by metagenomic sequencing using Illumina HiSeq platform. The results showed that the incidence of Watermelon Fusarium Wilt was significantly lower than control group after SA application. Collectively, our results indicated that SA signal may activate the immune signal in watermelon plants by mediating rhizosphere microbial community to cooperate enhancing resistance to disease. Notably, SA signal have highly increased the distribution of resistance genes from GH (Glycoside Hydrolases) and PL (Polysaccharide Lyases) after 3 days post inoculation of FON1, and those corresponding resistance genes may came from Proteobacteria because its highest relative abundance. Therefore, our results suggested that the induced resistant observed in watermelon against Fusarium wilt might be a case of cooperate resistance dependent on salicylic acid signal to recruit soil microorganisms.

The banana quality evaluation system is not sufficiently mature in China and cannot meet the demand of producing high-quality processed banana products. In order to screen banana varieties suitable for low-temperature vacuum frying and extend the banana deep processing industry chain, banana slices from 15 varieties planted in China were prepared by low-temperature vacuum-frying (VF) technology in the present study. After factor analysis on 20 indicators of sensory, flavor, nutritional and processing quality from different varieties of banana slices, comprehensive quality evaluation models were constructed for banana slices. It was concluded that Meishijiao No. 1 had the highest overall score among the 15 banana varieties; hence, it was deemed suitable for processing. Meanwhile, in order to investigate the difference between flavor substances in banana slices before and after processing, a flavor histology study was conducted with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). It was found that the content differences of 2,3-pentanedione, hexanal and pentanal may cause the weakened fruitiness and the increased oil flavor of banana taste.

Genus Hemerocallis (daylilies) is composed of 14 species with yellow, orange, and red flower colors (Cui et al., 2019). Daylilies are among the most popular ornamental herbaceous perennials (Griesbach, 2004) and are widely cultivated all over the world because of their attractive appearance, excellent drought tolerance, pest and disease resistance, and survival in a wide range of soils under full sun or slight shade conditions (Blythe et al., 2015; Li et al., 2021; Podwyszyńska et al., 2015). More than 90,000 Hemerocallis cultivars have been registered in

Trehalase regulates energy metabolism in insects by converting trehalose into two glucose molecules. High amounts of trehalase are critical for insect flight and larval stress resistance. However, whether trehalase participates in the development of pesticide resistance remains unclear. In this study, we explored this phenomenon and the mechanism that underlies the regulation of Trehalase transcription. We found that overexpression of PxTreh1 and PxTreh2 induced Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance in Plutella xylostella. The promoter sequences of PxTreh1 and PxTreh2 were also cloned and identified. The dual-luciferase reporter system and RNA interference technology revealed that the expression of PxTreh1 and PxTreh2 genes is possibly regulated by the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPα). A yeast one-hybrid experiment confirmed the interaction between C/EBPα and the PxTreh2 promoter. The findings of this study suggest that C/EBPα mediates the adaptability of P. xylostella to adverse environmental stressors by regulating the expression of trehalase.

Background: Fusarium wilt disease is leading threat to watermelon yield and quality. Different cultivation cropping systems have been reported as safe and efficient methods to control watermelon Fusarium wilt. However, the role of salicylic acid (SA) in watermelon resistance to Fusarium wilt in these different cultivation systems remains unknown. Methods: in this experiment, we used RNA-seq and qRT-PCR to study the effect of SA biosynthesis on improving watermelon health, demonstrating how it may be responsible for Fusarium wilt resistance under continuous monocropping and oilseed rape rotation systems. Results: the results revealed that the expression of the CIPALs genes was key to SA accumulation in watermelon roots. We observed that the NPR family genes may play different roles in responding to the SA signal. Differentially expressed NPRs and WRKYs may interact with other phytohormones, leading to the amelioration of watermelon Fusarium wilt. Conclusions: further understanding of gene expression patterns will pave the way for interventions that effectively control the disease.

To explore the genetic diversity and distribution of rhizobia in the rhizosphere of soybean grown in red soil, we have collected 21 soil samples from soybean fields across seven counties in Hunan province, China. MiSeq sequencing of rpoB gene was used to determine the intra-species diversity of rhizobia existing in soybean rhizospheres. Soil chemical properties were determined by routine methods. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) plot indicated a clear biogeographical pattern characterizing the soybean rhizosphere across different sites. The Mantel test demonstrated that biogeographical pattern was significantly correlated with the geographical distance (Mantel statistic R 0.385, p < 0.001). There were obvious differences in the rhizobial communities among northeastern eco-region, southeastern eco-region and western eco-region. In general, Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens was the most abundant rhizobial species in the soybean rhizosphere. At an intermediate (10–400 km) spatial scale, the biogeographical pattern of rhizobial communities in soybean rhizosphere is associated with both soil properties and geographical distance. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that total potassium (TK), available potassium (AK), soil organic carbon (SOC), and available nitrogen (AN) were the main factors that influenced the α-diversity of rhizobial communities. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg had the greatest influence on the β-diversity of the rhizobial communities in the soybean rhizosphere. These findings characterize the distribution pattern and its influencing factors of soybean rhizobia in rhizosphere in Hunan province, which may be helpful in selecting suitable strains or species as inoculants for soybeans in red soil regions.

Aims: In order to find out the mechanism of how salicylic acid signal recruit soil microorganisms to explain their cooperate resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in watermelon plants. Methods: In this experiment, we have examined the soil microbial diversity at three different sampling times after salicylic acid application by metagenomic using Illumina Novaseq6000 platform. Results: The results showed that the incidence of Watermelon Fusarium Wilt was significantly lower than control group after SA application. Notably, our results indicated that the application of salicylic acid recruit soil microbial communities in watermelon plants. Furthermore, the soil microbial metabolic pathway and microbial function were significantly different after SA treatment which is beneficial to the antagonism of plants against pathogens. Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggested that the induced resistant observed in watermelon against Fusarium wilt might be a case of cooperate resistance dependent on salicylic acid signals to recruit soil microorganisms.

With the increase in demand of fruit wine year by year, it is necessary to develop novel fruit wine with high functional activities. Prunus salicina Lindl. (named as Niuxin plum) is a remarkable material for brewing fruit wine owing to its suitable sugar-acid ratio, characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. This study intends to modify the fermentation technology, identify and quantify nutritional compositions and volatile profiles, as well as bioactive substances in Niuxin plum wine, as well as evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities in vitro of major bioactive components from Niuxin plum wine. According to single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal fermentation conditions of 13.1% vol Niuxin plum wine should be Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lalvin EC1118 at 0.1% and a fermentation temperature of 20°C for 7 days. A total of 17 amino acids, 9 mineral elements, 4 vitamins, and 55 aromatic components were detected in plum wine. Polysaccharides from Niuxin plum wine (named as NPWPs) served as the major bioactive components. The NPWP with a molecular weight over 1,000 kDa (NPWP-10) demonstrated extraordinary DPPH free radical scavenging capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all NPWPs having different molecular weight. Moreover, the structural characterization of NPWP-10 was also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra studies. NPWP-10 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid with molar ratios of 2.570:1.775:1.045:1.037:1. NPWP-10 contained α-configuration as the main component and β-configuration as the auxiliary component. This study highlights NPWP-10 is an importantly biological polysaccharide from Niuxin plum wine, as well as provides a scientific basis for developing the plum wine industry.

The component Se-containing proteins in Se-enriched rice were investigated using size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS). The selenium recoveries of water extraction, NaCl extraction, NaOH extraction and EtOH extraction after rice protein precipitation were 9. 6%, 16. 8%, 48. 2% and 14. 9%, respectively. The amount of purified protein binding Se was as following order: glutelin>globulin>albumin> prolamin. When the protein solutions were injected to SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS, with comparison of protein peaks (lambda = 280 nm) and Se peaks(Se-78), the molecular weights of four proteins were determined by molecular weight curves. The results showed that Se was mainly incorporated into glutelin and globulin higher than 7 kDa, while albumin and prolamin were not the most protein binding Se in Se-enriched rice. The molecular weight of major fraction F-1 in glutelin was 199. 8 kDa.

Twenty-seven field samples that showed positive in PEDV detection were collected from different farms of Fujian province from 2010 to 2012. Their heterogeneity was investigated by analysis of the ORF3 gene because of its potential function as a representation of virulence. According to the results, six Fujian strains in Group 1 showed a different genotype with unique point mutations, which might be used in differentiation between PEDV groups and brought potential antigenic variation. P55 and five reference strains in Group 2 had a long length deletion, showing another genotype and might be involved in the variation of virulence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the collected Fujian strains were very distant from the vaccine development strain CV777, which might be the reason why the vaccine was inefficient to control the disease. The results can help to reconsider the strategy of PEDV vaccine management and prevent outbreaks of PEDV-induced diarrhea more efficiently.

The outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been a big problem of swine industry in China in recent years. In this study, we investigated molecular diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and protein characterization of Fujian field samples with other PEDV reference strains. Sequence analysis of the S1 and sM genes showed that each sample had unique characteristics, and the sample P55 may be differentiated from the others by the unique deletions and insertions of sM gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on S1 or sM gene, which have high levels of variations, indicated that each sample was related to the specific reference strain, and this finding was consistent with the protein characterization prediction analysis. The study is useful to better understand the prevalence of PEDV and its prevention and control in Fujian.

Both live plants and dried straw of water hyacinth were applied to a sequential treatment of swine wastewater for nitrogen and phosphorus reduction. In the facultative tank, the straw behaved as a kind of adsorbent toward phosphorus. Its phosphorus removal rate varied considerably with contact time between the straw and the influent. In the laboratory, the straw displayed a rapid total phosphorus reduction on a KH2PO4 solution. The adsorption efficiency was about 36% upon saturation. At the same time, the water hyacinth straw in the facultative tank enhanced NH3-N removal efficiency as well. However, no adsorption was evident. This study demonstrated an economically feasible means to apply water hyacinth phosphorus straw for the swine wastewater treatment. The sequential system employed significantly reduced the land use, as compared to the wastewater stabilization pond treatment, for pollution amelioration of swine waste.

Experiments were carried out to test the viability of growing Pleurotus geesteranus on media containing varying amounts of crushed water hyacinth slices, which were soaked in pig farm biogas fluid and dried. The water hyacinth material was utilized to substitute sawdust in the media for mushroom cultivation. Mushroom fruiting bodies harvested were evaluated for yield, amino acid and heavy metal contents. Among the eight treatment groups, the greatest yield and highest amino acid content in the mushrooms were obtained when the proportions of water hyacinth and sawdust in the medium were equal. The concentrations of heavy metals, Hg, Pb and Cd, in most of the present mushroom samples did not exceed the maximum allowed levels according to the limits set forth by the food hygienic and safety regulations for edible mushrooms in China. The proposed waste utilization of water hyacinth could conceivably benefit the environment in various aspects including conservation of forest by reducing the demand on natural woods for mushroom production.

Aniline and benzidine were found to quench strongly the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the Ru (bpy)(3)(2+)-C2O42- system when a working glassy carbon electrode was maintained at 1.50 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 6.2 phosphate buffer. A flow injection procedure with electrochemiluminescent quenching detection has been developed for determination of aniline and benzidine. The method exhibits a good reproducibility and stability with a detection limit of 5.0 X 10(-7) mol/L for aniline and 2.0 x 10(-7) mol/L for benzidine, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n = 6) were 3% and 2.5% for determination of 1.0 x 10(-5) mol/L aniline and benzidine, respectively. The mechanism of the inhibition effects was proposed in the preliminary way.

A novel circulatory system for on-line monitoring of dissolved oxygen that makes use of a fiber-optic chemical sensor is presented.An oxygen sensitive optode was combined with a membrane onto which was immobilized pyrenebutyric acid as a fluoroprobe,the membrane was composed of cellulose triacetate as a polymer and di-(2-ethyl hexyl)-o-phthalate as a plasticizer.The dissolved oxygen in water was determined via quenching of the fluorescence of pyrenebutyric acid.The optode shows a satisfactory linear response for the dissolved oxygen in water(r=0.995 6,n=6).The relative standard deviations were 2.4%～6.1%.The detection limit was 0.03 μg/mL(S/N=3).The exposure time and recovery time of the optode membrane are 5s and 25s respectively.The reversibility of the fluorescence signal was evaluated by alternate measurements in air saturated water and nitrogen-purged water.The relative standard deviation(n=6)were found to be 0.7%.The fluorescence intensity of the membrane in contact with flowing water was recorded over a period of 96 h.From fluorescence intensity values taken every 4 h(n=24)a RSD of 8% was obtained.After 3 month,the fluorescence signal of the membrane had decreased by 14%.The decrease may be due to washing out of fluoroprobe,but this was not an obstacle to its further use;the quantitative information(F0/F)did not change significantly,where F0 and F are the fluorescence intensities in the absence and in the presence of oxygen,respectively.The sensor has good reproducibility and long-term stability.The interference was investigated and the selectivity of method in seawater was affirmed by a conventional method.

A method to separate eight aromatic amines by high performance capillary zone electrophoresis is discussed. The samples were introduced into the capillary employing 50 mmol/L phosphate at pH 2.41 with 20% isopropanol, 3 mol/L urea and 20 mmol/L beta -cyclodextrin as buffer solution. The capillary used was 75 mum in I. D. and 26.5 cm in effective length. Ultraviolet detection was set at 214 mn and 250 nm. By using a voltage gradient program, the eight aromatic amines were all separated well.

The analysis of naphthalene and 1-nitronaphthalene and 2-nitronaphthalene was demonstrated by solid-phase microextraction with 100μm polydimethylsiloxane and GC-ITD detection. The method has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity and without use of solvent during the experiment. Naphthalene and nitronaphthalene might be well adsorbed by the fiber, and the addition of 10% Na 2SO 4 may improve the matrix of the sample. The limit of naphthalene, 1-nitronaphthalene and 2-nitronaphthalene is 0. 25, 0. 30, 0. 20 μg/L, respectively.