煤矸石因对环境污染受到人们的关注.选择甘肃阿干煤矿煤矸石作为研究对象,运用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)及电感耦合等离子质谱(ICPMS)等现代测试技术和地球化学理论,结果发现:样品表面与内部矿物种类有一定差别.新鲜部分含有铜镍硫化物矿物(铜蓝、黑硫铜镍矿、锑镍铜矿等);表面风化部位则多见斜蓝铜矿、高岭石和利蛇纹石等次生矿物.表明煤矸石在表生条件下一些组成矿物发生风化淋滤演变.化学分析结果发现:新鲜样品具有含量较高的w(SiO2) (22.51％),w(Al2O3) (9.40％),w(Cr) (385.95×10-6),w(Th) (38.27×10-6),w(U) (12.74×10-6)和较低含量w(MgO) (2.49％),w(CaO) (5.28％),w(Sr) (220.44×10-6),w(Ba) (531.76×10-6).其中Cr,Cs元素为地壳丰度值的10倍,Co,Ni,Pb,Th,U和REE等达3倍～5倍.风化样品则贫w(SiO2) (6.75％),w(Al2O3) (1.16％)和w(Cr) (160.71×10-6),w(Th) (13.21×10-6),w(U) (5.10×10-6),富w(MgO) (7.70％),w(CaO) (23.04％)和w(Sr) (814.72×10-6),w(Ba)(1 067.37×10-6),Pb元素亏损至地壳平均值的1/10.表明经过风化淋滤,除Mg,Ca相对富集外,Al,Na,K,Fe,Ti和P均有不同程度的流失,Cu,Fe,Zn,Cr,Ni,Rb,Th,U和REE等微量元素也出现不同程度亏损.流失和亏损的元素往往随降水进入地表水和地下水中,对环境或生态系统造成不同程度的危害.研究结果对于抑制有害元素淋滤富集,环境污染有效预防、治理修复及稀土资源的综合利用等具有理论和现实意义.

The relationships between three kinds of soil organic nutritions(organic acids,monosaccharides and B vitamins) and the quality of Fuji apple were studied using field investigation and laboratory analysis.The correlations between soil organic nutritions and quality of the apples were evaluated by the methods of correlation and path analyses.The results show that the soil arabinose,nicotinamide and citric acid are very significantly correlated with the fruit organic acid content,and the correlation coefficients are 0.621,0.648 and 0.587,respectively.The path coefficients are large between the arabinose(1.123),citric acid(0.668),vitamin B2(0.757)and the fruit soluble sugar content,and they are the main positive impacts on soluble sugar content,while the soil oxalic acid content has negative(-0.558) impact on it.The direct path coefficients from ribose and rhamnose to fruit anthocyanins are 0.706 and 0.644,and the acetic acid and oxalic acid have negative impacts on the formation of anthocyanin,the path coefficients are-0.765 and-0.664.The content of fruit vitamin C is extremely and positively correlated with the three types of organic soil nutritions,and the coefficients of correlations between soluble solids and tartaric acid and vitamin B6 content are 0.682 and 0.613.The contents of soil carbohydrates shows a negative correlation with fruit firmness size and a significant positive correlation with the size of the fruits.The arabinose,ribose,vitamin B2 and lactic acid are the main factors affecting fruit yield.

To investigate air pollution of the ΣPAHs released by the automobile exhaust we measured the ΣPAHs content in 0- 45 cm soil layers of the three apple orchards by the provincial highway S304 in Yantai Qixia by ASE-HPLC.The results showed that automobile exhaust emissions leaded to PAHs pollution to different degrees in the orchard soil within 10- 150 m from both sides of the road. The topsoil had the highest PAHs content with more than 1 000 ng·g- 1.The average ΣPAHs content ratio was 1. 63∶ 1. 35∶ 1 for 0- 15,15- 30 and 30- 45 cm soil layers. The 11 kinds of PAHs were classed into three types including the change gradually type,the distance spread type and the fluctuation type according to the sink conditions. ΣPAHs of the change gradually type,including Phenanthrene,Fluoranthene and Anthracene,reduced with the increasing distance after 20 m,and their maximum settlement amount reached to 343. 93ng·g- 1,113. 06 ng·g- 1,and 18. 11 ng·g- 1. ΣPAHs of the distance spread type,including Pyrene,Benzo[b]fluoranthene,Benzo[a]pyrene,Benzo[a,h]anthracene,increased with the increasing distance,and the maximum settlement amount reached to 85. 73,49. 75,30. 37,and 7. 95 ng·g- 1at 100 m from the road. The fluctuation type,including Benzo[k]fluoranthene,Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene,Benzo[a]anthracene and Chrysene,had two settlement peaks at the 20th meters and 100th meters. The ΣPAHs content of orchard covering with grass reduced by 48. 04%compared with normal roadside apple orchards. Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene concentration were in risk assessment values,and existed ecological risk.

[Objective] The objective of this study is to prove PAHs to the plant growth mechanism, and the difference in substances poisoning effect of different PAHs. [Method] The Non-invasive Micro-test Technique was used to measure in Malus hupehensi sweet tea seedling root treated by using the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene and pyrene treated Ca2 +, K +and H +velocity variation. [Result] The Ca2+, K+and H +liquidity dramatically reversed by contrasting from (-63.53±9.30) pmol·cm-2·s-1, (-60.56±14.56 ) pmol·cm-2·s-1, (+44.38±5.19 ) pmo·cm-2·s-1, changing to (+127.18±39.95) pmol·cm-2·s-1, (109.97±25.68) pmol·cm-2·s-1, and (-10.35±1.57 ) pmol·cm-2·s-1) treated with phenanthrene; and treated with pyrene, the Ca2+ , K+and H +liquidity was reversed by changing to (+220.29±60.42) pmo·cm-2·s-1,(140.21±27.87) pmol·cm-2·s-1, and(-14.42±3.16) pmol·cm-2·s-1.[Conclusion]PAHs can destroy the cell membrane permeability, reduce the ion channel activity and disturb the Ca2+and K + ion absorption process of M. hupehensis, thus resulting in the lack of relevant elements, and pyrene can cause poisoning effect which is significantly higher than phenanthrene, and PAHs toxic to plants has become one of the mechanism. The conclusion was that the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on plant growth can be traced back to ion absorption and ion channel change for further study the influence of PAHs on plants and provide a theoretical basis of the influence.

In order to explore the ease of young apple of continuous cropping obstacles,increase the utilization rate of cultivated land and improve the orchard yield in 2009-2011,the author planted apple seedlings in Mouping,Zhaouuan(2 points),Qixia and Mengyin 5 continuous cropping orchards,combined with comprehensive prevention and control technology system of apple continuous cropping.The result showed that:the trees growth potential of continuous cropping soil ground processed with active zymotic fluid was increased.In these orchards,the number of the middle branches,the short branches,the roughness of branches,the height and ground diameter of trees,the length of new tip and chlorophyll content increased by average 105.45%,35.75%,35.92%,17.65%,23.66%,24.96% and 9.16%.So it proved that active zymotic fluid processing continuous cropping soil could obviously reduce the continuous cropping obstacle on apple sapling.

TA. XT plus analyzer was used to determine four kinds of apple fruit texture,and the texture differences reflected by P/2 and P/100 probe were analyzed. The results showed that P/2 and P/100 probe could both reflect the differences of different apple varieties. The degree of P/2 probe reflecting the fruit texture differences was worse than that of P/100 probe. P/100 probe was more suitable for determination of apple pulp texture difference.

The water culture method was adopted to study the effects of exogenous ABA on the growth of cucumber seedlings and activities of antioxidant enzymes under nitrate stress.The results showed that the nitrate stress inhibited the growth of cucumber seedlings significantly,especially the growth of aboveground.Compared to the check,spraying different concentrations of exogenous ABA could alter the activity of SOD and APX in varying degrees,and decrease the content of MDA in cucumber seedlings with two or three leaves.

Soil organic matter is the important material base of soil fertility,it plays an important role in fruits production.The function of soil organic matter on the improvement of soil fertility,soil physical and chemical properties of soil and the influence of microorganism and enzyme were introduced in this paper.And also the measures of improve production orchard organic matter content of soil organic nutrition,measures,the way to improve the production and quality of apples were reviewed and summarized.

Systematically elaborated the use of apple rootstock in the domestic and some European apple-producing countries. Also the characteristics and the propagation of seedlings of self-root stock apple trees were reviewed. It is meaningful to understand the application status the propagation of self-root stock apple trees.