The low photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of carbon dots (CDs) has constrained their practical implementation in commercial applications. The inherent limitations of conventional single-element doping prevent it from overcoming this key performance bottleneck and achieving a synergistic enhancement. In this study, the fluorescence properties of nitrogen-boron (N,B)-codoped CDs were systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. N dopants tend to coexist with surface BC3-configured boron atoms, and the pyridinic N-B-codoped configuration is effective in enhancing the thermodynamic stability of CDs. Cooperative interactions between the low-electronegativity B and varied N heteroatoms facilitate synergistic intramolecular charge transfer across the carbon domain. Enhanced charge delocalization reshapes the excited-state transition from a multiorbital mixture to one dominated by the HOMO-LUMO channel. Hence, all N-BC3-codoped configurations exhibit enhanced fluorescence intensity, with pyrrolic N-B codoping being particularly effective. This mechanism underlies the universally observed emission redshift and significant fluorescence enhancement in N-BC3 configurations, while also explaining why analogous enhancements are rarely seen in the more common N-BC2O and N-BCO2 configurations. These findings offer valuable insights for the rational design of dual-doped CDs for advanced optoelectronic and biomedical applications.

Rhodium supported on titania (Rh/TiO 2 ) is an active catalyst for the reverse water gas shift reaction, yet the nature of the active sites for this reaction and others remain under debate due to the dynamic nature of the Rh coordination.

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has long been constrained by canonical isolated H* intermediates, whose intrinsic Coulombic repulsion limits catalytic efficiency. Although the Sabatier principle optimizes H* binding energy for catalyst design, it overlooks alternative intermediates that could revolutionize reaction kinetics. Herein, we integrate density functional theory (DFT) calculations and microkinetic modeling to unravel the transformative role of H-H dimers in HER, by taking a chemisorbed Pt-Ru dual-atom catalyst (C1-Pt1-Ru1-N2) as a prototype. We find that the Ru-associated antibonding states near the Fermi level act as electron donors, stabilizing a H-H dimer on the Ru site—an intermediate hitherto absent in traditional HER catalysts. This dimer exhibits substantially stronger electrophilicity than isolated H* species. It eliminates inter-H* Coulombic repulsion to enable a barrierless Volmer adsorption step and facilitates facile physical desorption. This physical desorption process exhibits a barrier that decreases rapidly with decreasing potential while maintaining surface charge conservation, thereby enabling ultrafast Tafel kinetics. This work challenges the long-standing H*-centric paradigm in HER catalysis, highlighting the pivotal role of stabilizing exotic intermediates in enhancing heterogeneous catalytic kinetics.

ABSTRACT Interfacial charge transfer at co‐catalyst/semiconductor heterojunctions critically determines photocatalytic efficiency, yet existing reviews mainly summarize individual interface engineering strategies without establishing a unified principle that correlates interfacial interaction with charge‐transfer behavior and photocatalytic functionality. Here, we propose interfacial coupling strength as a unified descriptor that fundamentally governs interfacial charge‐transfer behavior, electronic structure evolution, and photocatalytic performance. Based on this concept, this review establishes a framework‐oriented perspective that reformulates diverse interface engineering strategies into coupling‐strength‐regulated design paradigms. Unlike conventional classification‐based reviews, this work emphasizes the intrinsic relationship between coupling strength, interfacial electronic reconstruction, charge‐transfer pathways, and catalytic functionality, thereby providing a predictive framework for rational interface design. Within this framework, interface engineering strategies are reformulated into two design paradigms: (i) indirect coupling through interfacial mediators, which enables continuous tuning within the intermediate coupling regime, and (ii) direct interface engineering, spanning weakly coupled van der Waals heterojunctions to strongly bonded interfaces with covalent, ionic, or metallic interactions. More importantly, this framework establishes a coupling‐strength‐guided design principle, where targeted photocatalytic functionality can be achieved by positioning interfaces within specific coupling regimes. Weak coupling preserves intrinsic electronic structures but limits charge transfer; intermediate coupling provides tunability for balancing carrier dynamics; and strong coupling enables rapid, directional charge transport, and enhanced stability. This review provides a coupling‐strength‐guided theoretical framework that bridges interface structure, electronic interaction, and photocatalytic functionality, offering new insights for the rational design of next‐generation photocatalytic systems.

Solar-driven catalytic decontamination of emerging organic pollutants is of significance for achieving environmental sustainability. The cardinal challenges in this technology are swift charge carrier reunion, weak redox capability and poor sunlight utilization capacity of photocatalysts. Here, an innovative Ag/Ag2 O/C3 N5 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with plasmonic effect was developed for antibiotic decontamination by coating Ag/Ag2 O nanodots on the surface of C3 N5 nanosheets. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect from Ag nanodots augments sunlight response and exciton production. Meanwhile the "nanodots-on-nanosheets" 0D/0D/2D heterostructure with a plasmonic S-scheme interface significantly boosts separation and utilization of highly energetic photo-carriers. As a result, the optimized Ag/Ag2 O/C3 N5 demonstrates extraordinary stability and achieves a photocatalytic levofloxacin removal rate constant of 0.0278 min-1 , which is about 3.9-, 11.6-, and 1.9-fold greater than that of Ag2 O, C3 N5 , and Ag2 O/C3 N5, respectively. The photocatalytic decontamination mechanism and degradation route of levofloxacin over Ag/Ag2 O/C3 N5 are elucidated using LC-MS analysis and DFT calculation. This research highlights the potential of LSPR modulated S-scheme heterojunctions as robust photocatalysts for wastewater decontamination, paving the way for innovative solutions to environmental pollution challenges. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

As cooling energy demand keeps rising, passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is emerging as a strong alternative to conventional air-conditioning. It is imperative to ensure that the functionality of radiative cooling polymer films encompasses self-cleaning properties and UV durability to facilitate their extensive and long-term practical applications in outdoor settings subjected to prolonged sun exposure. Functional antiultraviolet radiative cooling films with the superhydrophobic characteristics of "rose petal effect" and "lotus effect" by regulating the mass of K2Ti6O13 (PT) fibers and SiO2 particles are prepared and studied in this work. The film of the lotus effect (LP film) displayed a maximum water contact angle (WCA) of 161 degrees and a water sliding angle (WSA) of 6.3 degrees, while the film of the rose petal effect (RP film) exhibited a similar WCA of 155 degrees and an extremely large WSA exceeding 180 degrees. The reflectivities of the RP film and LP film at 0.4-0.9 mu m are 93.2 and 96.1%, respectively, while their corresponding emissivity values in the band of 8-13 mu m are measured as 99.48 and 99.53%. Compared to the uncoated Al sheet, the RP film and LP film demonstrate a maximum temperature reduction of up to 11.9 and 12 degrees C, respectively, at an outdoor test. The most advantageous aspect is that the solar reflectance of the RP/LP film remained virtually unaltered even after undergoing 600 h of continuous UV exposure, demonstrating its exceptional ability to absorb high-energy UV photons and convert them into less harmful heat. This work provides a complete approach to boosting the outdoor performance of polymer-based PDRC materials by adding self-cleaning and UV durability.

The inefficient utilization of industrial by-product phosphogypsum, coupled with the increasing global demand for cooling, has spurred the development of sustainable radiative cooling materials. Compared with conventional cooling coatings that primarily rely on expensive synthetic materials or complex fabrication processes, this study provides a promising cost-effective and sustainable route for integrating industrial solid waste valorization with zero-energy cooling technologies. In this study, we fabricated a composite coating (beta-HPG@CA/SiO2@OTS) consisting of beta-hemihydrate phosphogypsum (beta-HPG), a derivative product of phosphogypsum, cellulose acetate (CA), SiO2 particles and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) by a facile combination of blade coating and spraying, which exhibited strong solar reflectivity (90.9%), high mid-infrared emissivity (98.7%) and satisfactory superhydrophobicity (157 degrees). The as-prepared composite achieved an ambient temperature drop of 18.7 degrees C under direct sunlight during sunny weather, achieving a net cooling power of 92.23 W/m2. Meanwhile, the composite coating exhibits excellent durability after prolonged immersion in strongly acidic and alkaline solutions, ultraviolet radiation and outdoor testing. Owing to its simple fabrication process and robust cooling performance, this coating shows promise for scalable production and practical outdoor applications, such as building envelopes and equipment enclosures.

Two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) S-scheme heterojunctions provide an effective route to combining efficient charge separation with strong redox capability in photocatalysis. Their planar interfaces shorten carrier transport distances, strengthen interfacial coupling, and facilitate the formation of internal electric fields. Meanwhile, the S-scheme pathway promotes the recombination of low-energy carriers while preserving highly reductive electrons and strongly oxidative holes. This review summarizes recent advances in 2D/2D S-scheme photocatalysts, emphasizing band alignment, interfacial charge transfer, structural advantages, and material selection. Major construction routes, including mixing-assisted assembly, surface chemical regulation, and in-situ growth, are compared in terms of interface formation and coupling strength. The discussion then examines how microscopy, spectroscopy, surface potential mapping, transient spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations resolve interfacial structures and verify charge transfer pathways. Recent advances in interfacial bonding, multidimensional coupling, doping, defect engineering, cocatalyst integration, single atom engineering, strain modulation, and facet control are further assessed for their effects on carrier dynamics, redox activity, and surface reaction kinetics. Finally, representative applications in H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and H2O2 production are surveyed, and the review concludes by identifying key challenges and outlining future priorities for rational interface design.

Intermittent renewable energy-driven seawater hydrogen production can alleviate freshwater resource pressure and is of great significance in future energy systems. However, the localized microenvironment changes at the cathode and the strong interactions between other impurities and the electrolyzer lead to performance degradation and reduced equipment lifespan. Here, we report an alkaline seawater cathode catalyst for hydrogen production in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). This catalyst can dynamically adjust the local reaction environment on the cathode surface. Through the reversible changes in the oxidation state of Pt in high-entropy intermetallic compounds, a Brønsted acid-like environment is formed near the reaction interface, inhibiting the formation of precipitates. In situ characterization confirmed that this Brønsted acid-like environment can promote hydrogen production from alkaline seawater. Using alkaline seawater electrolysis, AEMWE operated stably for over 2000 h at an industrial-grade current density of 1.0 A cm-2 (1.74 V).

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-confined ionic liquids (ILs) membranes hold great promise for gas separation, yet their performance is often limited by IL aggregation within the pores. In this work, sulfonic acid-functionalized COF-confined IL (IL@TpPa-SO3H) membranes were designed to improve the dispersion of IL and enhance CO2/N2 separation through a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations, and adsorption experimental methods. Charge density analysis reveals that the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged sulfonic acid groups of TpPa-SO3H and the cations of IL promote a more homogeneous distribution of IL. Evaluation of cations with different alkyl chain lengths indicates that the 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4])@TpPa-SO3H exhibits the best separation performance, achieving a CO2 permeance of 9.96 × 103 GPU and no N2 permeated across the membrane during the MD simulations with a composition of 50 vol% CO2:50 vol% N2. Radial number density and the orientational distribution analyses demonstrate that confining [C4mim][BF4] within TpPa-SO3H induces an ordered arrangement of cations and anions. This ordered structure enhances CO2 adsorption and creates shorter-range, more directional transport channels, leading to high CO2 permeance. Meanwhile, a synergy between the IL's stronger CO2 affinity and its confinement-induced pore size reduction enhances CO2/N2 selectivity.

Icing critically compromises the safety and operational stability of marine equipment and shipboard devices in winter or polar regions, while marine biofouling accelerates material corrosion. Therefore, coating technologies are urgently required to synergistically integrate efficient anti/deicing with robust antibacterial and anticorrosion properties. Herein, we develop a fluorine-free multifunctional coating based on hydrophobically modified SiO2@Ag/few-layer graphene powders. It is fabricated via a multistep process involving encapsulation of silver nanoparticles within a silica shell, compounding with few-layer graphene, surface modification with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, and incorporation into an epoxy resin matrix. It exhibits a water contact angle of 152° ± 2° and a sliding angle of 1.5° ± 1°. Under 1 Sun illumination, its surface temperature reaches a maximum of 83.1 °C and remains stable over ten on/off cycles, and electrothermal heating at 20 V raises its surface temperature to 107 °C. It delays frost formation by a factor of 3.6 relative to the bare substrate and maintains a consistently low ice adhesion strength of ∼13 kPa even after multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Upon synergistic photoelectrothermal effect, defrosting is completed within 60 s, and a 1 cm-thick ice layer is melted in 487 s. It displays bactericidal rates of 99.41% against Vibrio natriegens and 98.59% against Bacillus subtilis, and demonstrates favorable biocompatibility in marine environments. Furthermore, it retains its hydrophobicity after mechanical abrasion, chemical exposure, UV aging, and corrosion resistance testing. From a practical perspective, this coating can be applied to diverse substrates and entails a reasonable fabrication cost. Therefore, this study demonstrates an efficient solution to integrating robust anti/deicing and antibacterial functions for protecting equipment in harsh environments.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporators have emerged as a promising, efficient, and sustainable technology for seawater desalination. Key performance indicators for such systems include high evaporation rates, excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, and long-term operational stability in saline environments. Although evaporators fabricated via unidirectional freezing exhibit significant advantages in enhancing evaporation rates, their complex fabrication procedures and high associated costs severely hinder their large-scale practical application in seawater desalination. In this study, we propose a low-cost and scalable steel needle array templating strategy that enables the precise construction of highly ordered and continuous vertically aligned channels within solar evaporators. By employing this method with graphene oxide (GO) and sodium alginate (SA) as building blocks, we fabricate a composite aerogel (DN-GSA) evaporator to significantly enhance water transport and photothermal conversion efficiency. The evaporator with D1.4N8-GSA achieves an evaporation rate of 2.605 kg m-2 h-1 and a solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 92.91% under 1 kW m-2 irradiation. Benefiting from millimeter-scale vertically aligned channels created by the steel needles, D1.4N8-GSA exhibits excellent salt resistance and maintains stable operation for 12 h in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution without salt crystallization. To validate the reliability of parameter screening and quantify their influence, five machine learning models were trained using 20 experimental samples. Among them, XGBoost exhibited the best predictive performance, yielding an optimal evaporation rate of 2.581 kg m-2 h-1 with a relative error of less than 1%. Feature importance analysis indicated that the number of needles accounted for 67.63% of the total feature importance. This work integrates systematic experiments with machine learning-assisted optimization, offering a low-cost and scalable strategy for high-performance solar desalination while addressing the challenges of efficiency and practicality in real-world applications.

In the pursuit of advanced energy storage solutions, materials featuring high porosity, robust redox activity, and abundant electrochemically accessible sites are highly attractive candidates for next-generation supercapacitor electrodes. In this study, a binder-free positive electrode material consisting of porous MnCo2O4 particles directly coated onto carbon cloth (MnCo2O4@CC) was synthesized via a straightforward hydrothermal process followed by thermal treatment. Additionally, the incorporation of redox additives into electrolytes has been identified as a promising approach to elevate electrochemical supercapacitor performance. To this end, we designed an aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) system utilizing MnCo2O4@CC and activated carbon (AC) electrodes, where potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6], denoted as KFCN) was introduced as an electrolyte additive to augment pseudocapacitive behavior. The electron migration mechanisms and charge storage dynamics of MnCo2O4@CC in a KOH + KFCN electrolyte were systematically investigated. The MnCo2O4@CC electrode immersed in a 3 M KOH + 0.05 M KFCN solution exhibited a high specific capacitance of 2206.7 F g- 1 at 1 A g- 1, along with low resistance characteristics and exceptional cycling durability. A complete aqueous MnCo2O4@CC//KOH + KFCN//AC ASC was assembled, demonstrating enhanced specific capacitance, extended cycle life (94.5% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles), and an ultrahigh energy density of 79.9 Wh kg- 1 at 799.6 W kg- 1. These findings provide significant electrochemical insights and demonstrate the great potential of the MnCo2O4@CC-KOH + KFCN system for next-generation supercapacitor applications.

Abstract Electronic waste, or e-waste, is one of the fastest-growing waste streams as electronic gadgets become increasingly prevalent and short-lived. E-waste contains a significant amount of precious metal gold (Au), whose retrieval offers substantial financial and environmental benefits. We have previously developed triazine-crosslinked polyethyleneimines (TCPEIs) that can capture Au(III) with high capacity, high selectivity, and fast kinetics. Herein, to better understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied the gold adsorption on crosslinked polyethyleneimines (CPEIs) with rigid crosslinkers of varying lengths and a different PEI type. Specifically, a triazine (2,4,6-trichloro triazine, TCT) and a piperazine-bridged triazine dimer (1,4-di(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)piperazine, DTP) were used to crosslink linear PEIs to generate CPEIs − lTCPEI and lDCPEI, respectively. lDCPEI, with a longer rigid crosslinker, consistently showed faster adsorption kinetics across all three tested initial gold concentrations than lTCPEI, and the lower the gold concentration, the more pronounced the difference in their adsorption rates. At 20 ppm, a gold concentration that is relevant to the acidic leaching solution of electronic waste, lDCPEI exhibited a gold adsorption rate constant (K2 = 0.5837 g mg−1 min−1) that is more than twice as high as that of lTCPEI (K2 = 0.2231 g mg−1 min−1). The gold recovery efficiency of lDCPEI is also significantly higher than that of lTCPEI at this concentration. The maximum adsorption capacities of the lDCPEI and lTCPEI as determined by Langmuir isotherm analysis are, however, comparable, and are 2777 and 2857 mg g−1, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the predominant mechanism of initial adsorption is electrostatic interactions, followed by the reduction of Au(III) ions. In the presence of competing metal ions of even higher concentrations, lDCPEI was able to recover 99% of the gold. Moreover, the desorption study showed that 99% of the adsorbed gold could be recovered within 30 s. This simple approach to e-waste recycling offers sustainable benefits for both the circular economy and environmental protection.

Formamidinium-cesium lead iodide (FACsPbI3) is among the most promising absorber materials for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells, and A-site cation mixing of FA and Cs represents a crucial strategy to enhance the long-term stability of devices. However, inhomogeneous spatial distribution of A-site cations can adversely impact photovoltaic performance. In this work, we employ density functional theory to investigate the influence of cation mixing on migration behavior and to elucidate the origin of compositional inhomogeneity. We find that the incorporation of Cs not only suppresses halide anion migration but also significantly inhibits the migration of both FA and Cs cations, with a particularly pronounced hindering effect on Cs migration under strain-free conditions. The spherical Cs ion exhibits anisotropic migration within the hybrid perovskite lattice, preferentially moving along the C-H axis of neighboring FA cation. In contrast, planar FA cations tend to migrate along pathways perpendicular to their own plane due to hydrogen-bond interactions, exhibiting behavior characteristic of a coupled rotational–translational motion. During the initial solidification stage of the hybrid perovskites, thermodynamically favorable Cs-aggregated domains readily form; subsequent lattice strain drives anisotropic migration of both Cs and FA, leading to spatially inhomogeneous cation distributions. These findings deepen the understanding of cation migration mechanisms in mixed-cation perovskites and reveal key factors responsible for compositional inhomogeneity, offering theoretical guidance for experimental strategies aimed at mitigating phase segregation in perovskites.

Ternary metal sulfide (ZnIn2S4) is a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications, yet its performance suffers from intrinsically low charge mobility and high defect density. Introducing oxygen (O)-related defects can improve carrier concentration and suppress recombination, but conventional air annealing lacks precise control over O incorporation. Here, we report an antimony (Sb)-induced defect and surface homojunction engineering strategy for ZnIn2S4 using a simple spin-coating and annealing process. Sb incorporation increases the content of O-related shallow-level donor states, which improves carrier concentration and mitigates defect-related recombination. Moreover, the surface-enriched Sb and O form a favorable surface/bulk homojunction with the intrinsic ZnIn2S4 interior, facilitating efficient carrier separation and transport. As a result, the optimized photoanode delivers an impressive photocurrent density of 4.30 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (V vs. RHE) and a maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) of 2.00% in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte under AM 1.5G illumination, representing the highest reported value for ZnIn2S4-based photoanodes in neutral electrolyte without sacrificial agents. These findings highlight a promising defect engineering strategy to improve PEC performance of ternary metal chalcogenides.

Sb-induced O-related defect engineering promotes lattice/near-lattice oxygen incorporation and a surface/bulk homojunction in ZnIn 2 S 4 , thereby enhancing charge separation and improving PEC activity under anodic operation.

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) technology achieves cooling by reflecting solar radiation and radiating heat to cold outer space through a transparent atmospheric window (8-13 μm). In this research, we developed a porous thermoplastic polyurethane doped with MgO (PTM) film with a hierarchical porous structure via a water-solvent phase separation method, which simultaneously realizes high-performance radiative cooling (solar reflectivity of 94%, mid-infrared emissivity of 0.95) and broad-spectrum antibacterial function. It achieved an average cavity cooling effect of 14.6 °C compared to a blank group at a solar radiation intensity of 630 W·m-2, with a theoretical cooling power of 108.4 W·m-2. Moreover, the PTM film has excellent antibacterial properties, with an inhibition rate of over 95% against Escherichia coli. The integrated dual functionality exhibits remarkable practical advantages: When applied to fresh strawberry preservation, this synergistic mechanism achieves 4-8 °C localized cooling compared with ambient conditions, effectively suppressing both enzymatic browning and bacterial growth. The treated strawberries maintained optimal freshness for at least 5 days, a significant extension compared to conventional storage. This performance is accomplished without external energy input, demonstrating the film's potential for zero-energy cooling and hygiene maintenance in food preservation systems.

Solar interfacial evaporation technology is an effective and sustainable method for seawater desalination. It is crucial to achieve high photothermal conversion efficiency, rapid evaporation rate, and long-term stability. In this study, a vertically aligned porous aerogel evaporator is prepared using sodium alginate as the substrate material and graphene oxide (GO) and polypyrrole (PPy) as the photothermal materials through a directional freezing technology. The polypyrrole@graphene oxide-sodium alginate evaporator exhibits a high solar photothermal conversion efficiency as high as 98.6 % and an evaporation rate of up to 4.66 kg & sdot;m- 2 & sdot;h- 1 under 1 sun. During the 144-hour desalination, the evaporator transports brine for evaporation in the daytime and removes salt residue from the evaporator surface at night. It has demonstrated a self-cleaning behavior and restored its desalination stability. Thus, this aerogel evaporator with a high evaporation rate and stable salt resistance shows great potential for practical applications in solar thermal conversion and seawater desalination.

Novel layered K0.45Rb0.05Mn0.85-xMg0.15WxO2 cathode materials modified with different ratios of W-doping are fabricated for potassium (PIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs) by a facile solid-phase sintering strategy. Wdoping can dramatically amplify the lattice spacing, achieve narrow-sized primary particle and mitigate the lattice oxygen release from the surface of the material. Meanwhile, by comparing the SEM and XRD before and after cycling, the W-doping modification can effectively stabilize the lattice structure and inhibit the crack formation on the surface of the material. Further, W-doping alleviates the electrochemical polarization and lowers the diffusion barrier of potassium/sodium ions. Thus, benefiting from the reinforced structural stability, rapid ion mobility and conspicuous pseudocapacitance contribution, the K0.45Rb0.05Mn0.84Mg0.15W0.01O2 cathode harvests favourable potassium/sodium storage capability of 110.6 mAh/g at 20 mA g-1 in PIBs and 109.9 mAh/g at 100 mA g-1 in SIBs. Meanwhile, the favorable chemical performance can be also supported by the KRMMO-W1//Hard carbon K-/Na-ion full batteries, which increases the feasibility of practical applications.