Anammox, as a cost-effective nitrogen removal technology, was widely applied for wastewater treatment. However, the microbial response mechanisms, particularly quorum sensing (QS) regulation and metabolic pathways, in Anammox granular sludge (AnGs) system under antibiotic stress remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the individual and combined effects of three common antibiotics oxytetracycline (OTC), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ceftiofur sodium (CFS) on AnGs, focusing on the nitrogen removal performance, characteristics of AnGs, microbial community succession, QS regulation mechanisms, and microbial metabolism. The combined antibiotics (4 + 4 + 4mgL-1) caused a 79.31% reduction in total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) within 46 days. At 10mgL-1, OTC and CFS reduced TNRE by 35.09% and 66.28%, respectively, with the disintegration of AnGs under CFS suppression. In contrast, even at 16mgL-1, CIP showed no significant impact on TNRE, suggesting Anammox bacteria (AnAOB) exhibit better tolerance to CIP. It was found that diffusible signal factor (DSF) mediates amino acid exchange between AnAOB and certain Pseudomonadota via cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which promotes AnAOB proliferation and helps alleviate antibiotic stress. Under OTC and CIP stress, the diguanylate cyclase (DGC), which is involved in c-di-GMP synthesis, exhibited high abundance and promoted the proliferation of Candidatus_Brocadia by 4.32% and 15.05%, respectively. Moreover, Candidatus_Jettenia, showing excellent resistance to CIP, increased in abundance from 1.77% to 5.77%. In contrast, 8mgL-1 of CFS reduced Candidatus_Brocadia by 21.48%. These findings explain how the Anammox community responds to antibiotics and support the stable operation of Anammox processes in antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Customers' social network is often regarded as valuable capital for companies and individuals. Although quite a few studies have empirically demonstrated the positive influence of customers' social networks on boosting sale performance, it is still an open question that how to utilize customers' social networks to design profitable and feasible referral incentive strategies. To this end, this work establishes a game model by introducing the referral incentive strategies of different forms based on the analysis of the marketing process. Regarding the modeled incentive strategy as the target of solving the game model, this work finds it is an NP-hard problem of solving the model and further proposes an approximate algorithm. In order to cope with large-scale data sets, the proposed algorithm is further extended into a new one with low time complexity. Then, theoretical analysis, numerical experiments, and real applications are conducted to validate the performance of the model. In all, the proposed model, algorithm, and findings contribute to both theoretic models and practical operations in the field of social networks and social computation.

Retinol is one of the main active forms of vitamin A, crucial for the organism's growth, development, and maintenance of eye and skin functions. It is widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and feed additives. Although animals lack a complete pathway for synthesizing vitamin A internally, they can obtain vitamin A directly through diet or convert β-carotene acquired from the diet. To boost the research on the biosynthesis of retinol, three different sources of alcohol dehydrogenase were firstly screened based on the β-carotene synthesis platform CAR*1. It was determined that ybbO from Escherichia coli exhibited the highest catalytic activity,with a conversion rate of 95. 6%. To further enhance the reaction rate and yield of retinol, protein fusion technology was employed to merge two adjacent enzymes, blh and ybbO, within the retinol synthesis module. The evaluation was conducted using the high-yield engineered strain CAR*3 of β-carotene. The optimal combination, blh-GGGS-ybbO, was obtained, with a 44. 9% increase in yield after fusion, reaching(111. 1± 3. 5) mg·L~(-1). Furthermore, through the introduction of human-derived retinol-binding protein(RBP4) and transthyretin(TTR), the process of hepatic cell secreting retinol was simulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, leading to an increased retinol yield of(158. 0±13. 1)mg·L~(-1). Finally, optimization strategies including overexpressing INO2 to enhance the reaction area for β-carotene synthesis, enhancing hemoglobin VHb expression to improve oxygen supply, and strengthening PDR3m expression to facilitate retinol transport were implemented. A two-stage fermentation process resulted in the successful elevation of retinol production to(2 320. 0±26. 0)mg·L~(-1) in the fermentation tank of 5 L, which provided a significant foundation for the industrial development of retinol.

Climate risks are sharpened and adaptation actions are urgent. However, the economic system is a whole composed of numerous interrelated and interactive economic elements and poses a challenge for carbon mitigation. To explore the carbon emission effects of producers in complex economic systems and formulate targeted carbon mitigation policies, this study constructs three indicators to assess the carbon emission effect embodied in the economy through network analysis. More specifically, the total emission effect of each producer is measured by the push-type effect and pull-type effect and tested by comparing with the hypothetical extraction method. Taking China as an example, the results show that the effect of different sectors on carbon emissions varies greatly. The production and distribution of electric power and heat power is a key sector dominated by the push-type effect. This is, its carbon emissions are mainly triggered by the demands of its downstream sectors. The total emission effects of Construction and Smelting and processing of metals are also strong, but their pull-type effect is dominant. According to the dominant effect in the total emission effect, we can draft targeted emission reduction strategies.

Osmotic stress priming (OSP) was an effective management strategy for improving microbial acclimation to salt stress. In this study, the interaction between pollutants and microbiota, and microbial osmoregulation were investigated triggered by OSP (alternately increasing salinity and organic loading). Results showed that OSP significantly improved COD removal from 31.53 % to 67.99 % and mitigated the terephthalate inhibition produced by toluate, decreasing from 1908.08 mg/L to 837.16 mg/L compared with direct priming. Due to an increase in salinity, Pelotomaculum and Mesotoga were enriched to facilitate terephthalate degradation and syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO). And organic load promoted acetate formation through syntrophic metabolism of Syntrophorhabdus/Pelotomaculum and SAO-dependent hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. K+ absorbing, proline and trehalose synthesis participated in osmoregulation at 0.5 % salinity, while only ectoine alleviated intracellular osmolarity under 1.0 % salinity with OLR of 0.44 kg COD /m3. This study provided in-depth insight for microbial acclimation process of anaerobic priming of saline wastewater.

Little research was focused on the anerobic degradation of refractory para-toluic acid at present. Thus, temperature-regulated anaerobic system of para-toluic acid fed as sole substrate was built and investigated via microbiota, metabolism intermediates, and function prediction in this study. Results showed that low methane yield was produced in para-toluic acid anaerobic system at alkaline condition. And the causes were owing to anaerobic methane oxidation and potentially H2S production at 37 °C, N2 production by denitrification before starvation and propionic acid occurrence after starvation at 27 °C, and production of N2 and free ammonia, and accumulation of acetic acid at 52 °C. Simultaneously, hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis dependent on syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) was predominant, facilitating the removal of para-toluic acid at 52 °C. Moreover, the key intermediate changed from phthalic acid of 37 °C and 27 °C before starvation to terephthalic acid of 52 °C. Starvation promoted removal of para-toluic acid through benzoyl-CoA pathway by Syntrophorhabdus, enrichment of syntrophic propionate degraders of Bacteroidetes and Ignavibacteriaceae, and increase of methylotrophic methanogens.

With the high-speed development of decentralized applications, account-based blockchain platforms have become a hotbed of various financial scams and hacks due to their anonymity and high financial value. Financial security has become a top priority with the sustainable development of blockchain-based platforms because of an increasing number of cyber attacks, which have resulted in a huge loss of crypto assets in recent years. Therefore, it is imperative to study the real-time detection of cyber attacks to facilitate effective supervision and regulation. To this end, this paper proposes the weighted and extended isolation forest algorithms and designs a novel framework for the real-time detection of cyber-attack transactions by thoroughly studying and summarizing real-world examples. Furthermore, this study develops a new detection approach for locating the compromised address of a cyber attack to resolve the data scarcity of hack addresses and reduce time consumption. Moreover, three experiments are carried out not only to apply on different types of cyber attacks but also to compare the proposed approach with the widely used existing methods. The results demonstrate the high efficiency and generality of the proposed approach. Finally, the lower time consumption and robustness of our method were validated through additional experiments. In conclusion, the proposed blockchain-oriented approach in this study can handle real-time detection of cyber attacks and has significant scope for applications.

IntroductionThe rapid development of fintech has brought opportunities for business operations and economic development. Currently, few researches have focused on how fintech level affects word-of-mouth (WOM) from the perspective of user psychology. Therefore, studying the effect of fintech level on WOM is a worthwhile scientific question.MethodsBased on motivation theory and reinforcement theory, this paper proposes a new psychology-based theoretical framework model to study the relationship between fintech level and WOM and constructs a structural equation model including fintech level, user experience, user trust, user stickiness and WOM through the analysis of 732 questionnaires.ResultsThe results indicate that the improvement of fintech level can enhance WOM. More specifically, fintech level has a significantly positive influence on user stickiness through two mediation variables (user experience and user trust), and further, user stickiness has a significantly positive influence on WOM.DiscussionThis paper analyzes the internal mechanism of fintech level's influence on WOM from the micro psychological perspective, which enriches the psychology theoretical research. And, the conclusions provide specific suggestions for marketing and promotion of financial platforms in the future.

In current study, the underlying mechanism of coupling dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) pathway with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was explored through metagenomics sequencing analysis in an anammox granular system treating pharmaceutical wastewater under varying COD/N ratios. It was found that average NH4+-N and NO2- -N concentration in effluent was stabled around 2.89 +/- 2.53 and 14.23 +/- 9.23 mg L-1 with nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) increase to 85.3% when influent COD/N ratio was around 0.63. Besides, metagenomics sequencing analysis revealed that different COD/N ratios significantly influenced the abundances of functional nitrogen and carbon metabolic genes and microbial community succession. The low COD/N ratio strengthened DNRA pathway in Ca. Kuenenia_stuttgartiensis, as well as the abundance of functional gene nrf. The abundance of the genes encoding acetate degradation, for example, AMP-acs, ADP-acs and AckA increased, suggesting the acetate could stimulate the multiple carbon metabolic potentials of AnAOB. On the contrary, the genes encoding for propionate metabolism were enriched in denitrification bacteria. Our findings revealed the new insight into the mixotrophic characteristic of AnAOB which might help widen engineering application of anammox proocess in various industrial wastewater.

Denitrification-dependent aromatics anaerobic degradation in saline environments have been unsuspected recently. In this study, the elevated salinity inhibition on denitrification-dependent degradation of aromatic compounds was investigated in an up-flow anaerobic fixed bed (UAFB) reactor, microbiota associated with aromatics and nitrogen conversion, and osmoregulation triggered by different salinities were also deciphered. Results showed that increasing salinity from 0% to 3% significantly limited the removal of organics and nitrate, decreasing from 72.47% to 72.20%, 25.14%, and 19.80%, respectively. The gene abundance of nirB decreased from 0.011 to 0.015% to 0.003-0.005%, inhibiting the nitrate reduction process under salt stress. Methane yield also significantly declined from 27.33 to 58.18% to 1.19-2.85%, which was attributed to acetate accumulation and increased ammonia concentration under salt stress. And the enriched genera Pelotomaculum, candidate_division_Zixibacteria, Syntrophus, Mesotoga, and candidate_division_Hyd24-12 under salt stress were involved in the salinity inhibition on methanogenesis. Increasing salinity facilitated the osmoregulation capacity of compatible solutes, and glutamate, and trehalose were dominant at 3% salinity, accompanied by Na+/K+ expulsion. It provided a deeper understanding of the simultaneous removal of carbon and nitrogen under saline stress.

Different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were tested in a mixed anoxic/oxic (A/O) system at 5°C and 10°C to investigate the effects of HRT and carrier on nitrogen removal in wastewater at low temperatures. The results showed that the addition of the fillers improved the treatment effect of each index in the system. With an optimal HRT of 7.5 h at 5°C, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and total nitrogen (TN) reached 91.2% and 75.6%, respectively. With an HRT of 6 h at 10°C, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TN were 96.7% and 82.9%, respectively. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the addition of the suspended carriers in the aerobic zone could improve the treatment efficiency of nitrogen at low temperatures. The microbial analysis indicated that the addition of the suspended carriers enhanced the enrichment of nitrogen removal bacteria. Nitrospira, Nitrotoga, and Nitrosomonas were found to be the bacteria responsible for nitrification, and their relative concentrations on the biofilm at 5°C and 10°C accounted for 98.11%, 92.79%, and 69.98% of all biological samples, respectively.

This study investigated a green and efficient pretreatment strategy for enhancing excess sludge (ES) decomposition using combined pretreatment with endogenous lysozyme (EL) and biosurfactant rhamnolipid (RL). The employed lysozyme was produced by the strains isolated from the ES. The ES hydrolysis performance was strengthened in EL + RL system as the RL dosage increased from 0 to 0.5 g/gSS, and the optimized synergistic effect was achieved at 0.3 g/gSS RL dosage. The additional released SCOD, protein and polysaccharide in EL + RL pretreatment system over those of sole RL pretreatment system reached around 2796.1, 1174.4 and 277.7 mg/L at 8 h, respectively. Moreover, the bacteria and archaea decomposition degree reached around 80.3% and 93.4%. Both sole EL pretreatment and EL + RL pretreatment were conducive to the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), with the highest VFAs concentrations reaching 2.5 and 3.0 fold of control, respectively. Although sole EL pretreatment was more appropriate for the survival of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) producing bacteria, the EL + RL pretreatment gained more VFAs generation. Tepidiphilus with a relative abundance of 59.8%-76.7%, replaced Dechloromonas and became the predominant bacteria.

This study investigated the influence of temperature on the hydrolysis and decomposition of waste activated sludge (WAS) during the enhanced pretreatment system with lysozyme and rhamnolipid (Ly + RL). Results showed that temperature increasing from 15 degrees C to 55 degrees C could obviously enhance the release of soluble organic matters and WAS decomposition degree within the Ly + RL pretreatment system. Compared to the sum of sole Ly and sole RL pretreatment, Ly + RL combined pretreatment system at 45 degrees C presented best synergistic hydrolysis performance. The decomposition degree of bacteria and archaea reached 47.6% and 88.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, increasing temperature could recede the diversity of microbial community in the system. Gammaproteobacteria, with the relative abundance of 90.7%, occupied the absolute dominant position at 45 degrees C. Furthermore, with the rise of temperature, more volatile fatty acids were harvested after anaerobic fermentation.

In order to realize the efficient and stable operation of anaerobic digestion for oxytetracycline (OTC) production wastewater which contains high concentration refractory organic matters and antibiotic residues, two laboratory-scale EGSB reactors (the experimental reactor and the control reactor) were constructed for pre-treating OTC production wastewater and the complex characteristics and connections among anaerobic fermentative bacteria, methanogens and fungi were analyzed. The experimental reactor gradually increased OTC doses of 0-200 mg/L by four phases compared with the control reactor which was fed without OTC addition during 280 days' operation. The average COD removal efficiency of 91.44% with the average OTC removal efficiency of 27.90% was achieved at OTC concentration of 200 mg/L. The addition of OTC did not affect the preponderant methanogen type, and Methanosaeta, a strict aceticlastic methanogen genus, was dominant both in working and controlling reactors on day 280. Redundancy analysis revealed that OTC and VFAs were the main environmental factors affecting the microbial communities and molecular ecological networks analysis indicated that the key genera principally belonged to Methanosaeta, Proteobacteria and Apiotrichum. Additionally, the fungi genus Apiotrichum might be related to the degradation of complex organic contaminants in OTC production wastewater treatment system.

The difference and interplay of microbial communities, metabolic functions and influence factors between sewage sludge and bulking agent were evaluated in 60 days composting. Results showed that fungal communities were mainly affected by pH (42.4%) and ORP (35.9%) of sludge but by VS (41.1%) and temperature (34.7%) of sawdust in a composting system. Bacterial communities were primarily affected by VS (43.5%) and C/N (34.8%) of sludge but by ORP (44.5%) and temperature (31.0%) of sawdust. Tepidimicrobium dominated in the sludge at thermophilic period, while Alcaligenes prevailed in the sawdust. Bacterial carbon metabolism was significantly higher in the sludge than that in the sawdust except carbohydrate metabolism. Saprophytic fungi were the main trophic mode both in the sludge and sawdust. Water transfer facilitated Aspergillus and Trichosporon moving from sludge to sawdust to decompose lignocellulose. Ammonia transfer promoted the migration of Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas from sludge to sawdust and facilitated ammonia assimilating.

Capital constraint, immensely existing in practice, became major stressors for manufacturers during the green research and development (R & D) triggered by managers integrating green concept into their business models. Considering the initial capital of a capital-constrained manufacturer, this paper formulates a Stackelberg game model comprising a manufacturer and a retailer, to discuss the optimal operation and financing decisions under the bank financing channel and trade credit financing channel, to detect the relationship between the manufacturer’s initial capital and green R & D investment, and to find which financing channel is better by comparing the two financing channels when the same initial capital is set. According to the above analysis, the results find that the capital-constrained manufacturer prefers financing only when meeting certain conditions. Furthermore, financing might be detrimental to the manufacturer but always beneficial to the retailer. Especially, under trade credit financing channel, the profit improvement of the retailer is higher than the manufacturer in the same financing channel, which suggests that the retailer has strong internal motivation to cooperate with the manufacturer from the perspective of financing.

In this study, two parallel-operated expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors, one used to treat oxytetracycline (OTC) manufacturing wastewater with gradual increase of OTC concentration as experimental reactor and the other fed with the same wastewater without OTC as control reactor, were operated to investigate the behavior of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and their possible relationships with bacterial community among influent, sludge and effluent environments. Though the average absolute abundance of ARGs slightly decreased (0.26 - log), the ARGs' relative abundance normalized to 16SrRNA gene copy numbers showed a significant upward trend in effluent (2 multiples - increase) and the absolute and relative abundances both extremely increased in anaerobic sludge, indicating that anaerobic treatment process cannot reduce ARGs efficiently, inversely can increase the risk of ARGs through the proliferation of antibiotics resistance bacteria (ARB) under the suppression of OTC. MGEs, bacterial communities and OTC concentration mainly impacted the ARGs profiles, which contributed 88.4% to the variation of ARGs. The differences and correlations of hosts in influent, effluent and sludge were further confirmed by network analysis. Overall, this study enhanced the understanding of the prevalence and transfer of ARGs in OTC production effluents during anaerobic treatment.

To investigate the effect of salinity (1% sodium chloride) on anaerobic microbial community structure in high strength telephthalic wastewater treatment system, the performances of anaerobic-aerobic process and the shifts of microbial community in anaerobic tank were studied and determined. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the whole process remained above 90%. And the effluent concentrations of targeted pollutants were lower than 10 mg/L, other than para-toluic acid (PT, 38.09 mg/L). However, methane production significantly decreased compared to no salinity situation. This might be due to the inhibition of salinity on methanogens, which hindered the conversion of acetate to methane. Furthermore, the dominant genus in bacterial level changed from Tepidisphaera to Syntrophus, which facilitated the syntrophic association with hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The prevailed archaea remained acetoclastic Methanothrix above 90%. Therefore, the salinity on anaerobic microbial community structure mainly reflects in the methanogen process, remarkably decreasing methane production.

Effect of pH on waste activated sludge (WAS) hydrolysis and decomposition treating with lysozyme and rhamnolipid combined (Ly + RL) was investigated in this study. Results showed that Ly + RL system could significantly improve the release of soluble organic matters at the optimal RL dosage of 0.3 g/gSS and lysozyme dosage of 0.15 g/gSS. Alkali conditions showed better effect than that of acid on the release of soluble organics, improvement of WAS biodegradability and reduction of big floc size within Ly + RL treatment system and the optimal pH was 10. And 9591.6 mg/L soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), 1612.0 mg/L protein and 1211.6 mg/L polysaccharide were released at pH10 after 12 h co-digestion. 83.7% bacteria and 92.2% archaea were decomposed at pH10. Class Gammaproteobacteria (82.4%) was the predominant bacteria after treated by Ly + RL system, and the treated WAS was beneficial for the subsequent organics bio-degradation and volatile fatty acids accumulation.

Feasibility of combined lysozyme and rhamolipid (RL) pretreatment on the enhancement of excess sludge (ES) hydrolysis and decomposition was assessed in this study. Results showed lysozyme and RL combined treatment could significantly promote ES hydrolysis and decomposition, an additional 1196.9 mg/L soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), 792.5 mg/L protein and 133.5 mg/L polysaccharide were released compared with the sum of sole RL and sole lysozyme treatment at the optimal RL dosage of 0.3 g/gSS and lysozyme dosage of 0.15 g/gSS after 8 h co-digestion. 45.3% bacteria and 84.5% archaea decomposition degree were gained under the combined treatment at the optimal RL dosage. Class Gammaproteobacteria and genus Methanothrix were the predominant bacteria and archaea with the relative abundance of 72.4% and 60.8%, respectively. After the combined pretreatment, ES was beneficial for volatile fatty acids accumulation and acetic acid dependent methane generating inferred from the results of microbial community composition.