在碳中和目标下,我国风、光新能源装机规模将持续扩大,新能源消纳难题亟待攻克.为此,本文提出实现新能源深度消纳的梯级互补储能新思路.首先,对梯级互补储能的概念进行定义,并介绍其基本运行方式;其次,在"以水定电"模式下构建储能调度模型,分别采用模拟和优化方法进行求解;最后,分析梯级互补储能对新能源的长期消纳作用.以龙羊峡-拉西瓦梯级互补储能为实例,结果表明:(1)梯级互补储能运行效率系数(梯级水电站增发电量与泵站消纳弃电的比值)约为0.5～0.7之间;(2)梯级互补储能将新能源弃电转化为水电增量时,主要是使上级水电站发电量增大,此时下级水电站发电量几乎无变化;(3)在储能运行模式下,上级水电站通过提高自身出力,从而降低弃水风险.因此,梯级互补储能消纳新能源弃电的作用显著.

为了分析龙羊峡水库自投运以来的径流调节作用和综合效益,通过对龙羊峡水库投运前后黄河上游水库运行方式的变化以及水库在年内、年际间水量调节的阐述,讨论了龙羊峡水库的径流调节作用,分析了龙羊峡水库因径流调节抬升下游电站发电水头和减少弃水量所带来的发电效益,通过拦蓄洪水、削减洪峰所带来的防洪效益,通过龙羊峡、刘家峡两库联合运用带来的灌溉、防凌效益,以及由龙羊峡水库调节而减少的下游在建电站工程导(截)流成本、提高梯级电站调峰能力等方面的效益.

以全球最大的黄河龙羊峡水-光互补项目为研究对象,分析水电和光伏发电特点,提出“水电补充能源”的新概念和内涵,揭示水-光互补协调运行的机理,通过水电一次补偿光电锯齿波动和二次补偿光电的间歇性、波动性和随机性,使水电可以在短期调度中以容量支持光电,光电则可以在中长期调度和调峰运行中以电量支持水电.分析短期调度中水电对光电的补偿能力,推导水-光互补计算公式,找出水-光互补运行发生光伏弃光、水电弃水的原因和工况.以龙羊峡水-光互补项目为例,建立水-光互补协调运行模型,实例表明水-光互补协调运行可改善光伏发电质量,避免或减少弃光电量发生,同时水-光互补比水电站单独运行调峰能力更强.

针对黄河龙羊峡光伏电站与水电站联合运行短期调度的可行性问题,建立调峰能力最大数学模型,提出基于模拟优化思想的模型求解方法.通过反推机组的最大技术出力论证水光互补对系统调峰能力以及水电站群短期水量调度的影响.实例研究表明:水-光电联合运行短期内可进一步提高系统的调峰能力,且对下游梯级水电站群的日水量调度基本无影响.

刚刚过去的2013年，中电投黄河上游水电开发有限责任公司（简称黄河水电）遵循“以水电为核心，水、火、新能源发电并举，产业一体化协同发展”的思路，加快转变发展方式，着力促进提质增效，公司归属母公司利润、EVA率、产品产销量、项目发展四项指标考核成绩位列中电投集团第一。

The goal of "Four Transcends"is proposed in the construction of Jishixia Hydropower Station,that is,to exceed other constructing or constructed hydropower stations in the upstream of Yellow River from four aspects of four-big controls(safety,quality,investment and schedule),safe and civilized construction,design optimization and ecological environment protection.The meticulous management system and measures are developed for achieving the goal.

There are many special difficulties in the construction of Laxiwa Hydropower Station,such as obvious safety problems caused by complex geology and topography conditions with high and steep slope,difficult layout due to narrow site,larger interference because of shorter construction period and many cross-over operation,higher risk of large-span caverns excavation as a result of high ground stress,difficult electric installation and adjustment due to 750 kV voltage level used in supply side for first time.After adopting advanced management mode and comprehensive management measures,and persisting in science and technology innovation,the construction objectives of Laxiwa are achieved.The experiences summed from this project can be as reference for similar large-scale hydropower project construction and management.

针对电站引水压力钢管整体卷制成形过程,通过对Q345C钢板整体卷制前后的焊缝、热影响区及母材的力学性能进行对比试验,分析卷制前后的性能差别;对其微观组织以及残余应力进行测试分析。试验表明,电站引水压力钢管由钢板采用埋弧焊焊接组对后,再进行整体卷制成形的焊缝力学性能满足相关技术参数要求,钢板卷制前后的微观组织无明显区别,焊缝残余应力分布状态在经卷制后得到明显改善。

The research on the rotary internal energy dissipator at home and abroad was summarized.It is considered as a new kind of dissipator suitable for high dams with high water head and large discharge and as a feasible scheme for reconstruction of a diversion tunnel into a discharge channel.With Gongboxia Hydropower Station on the Yellow River taken as an example,some related problems were discussed,including the key points on the shape optimization of horizontal and vertical rotary internal energy dissipator,the adjusting and matching of discharge capacity,vent design,composition of damping ratio,cavitation erosion of connection parts,the standard and region of liner,and the influence of downstream water level.However,the rotary internal energy dissipator needs to be further studied because there lacks a criterion for its design.

The water diversion system for the Laxiwa Hydropower Station is arranged in the mountainous body on the right-bank of the Arch Dam.The original intake No.1 & No.2 were designed to be low bottom one and No.1 and No.2 generating units were arranged to be put into generation firstly.The side-slope construction of intake is more difficult than expected one,so that the progress of excavation and support was heavily lagged because of unfavorable terrain and geologic conditions,which affected the excavation progress of right dam abutment and No.1 & No.2 diversion penstocks were installed finally so that the initial power generation time was delayed.In the optimal design,we adjusted the power generation order of units,that is,No.6 and No.5 generating units would be firstly put into generation and optimized the intake arrangement.As a result,the excavation of right dam abutment was completed 20-day ahead of schedule and the contradiction between installation order of penstocks and generation power order in the original design was solved,which could shorten about six months to finish the construction of water diversion system and is significant for generation power ahead of schedule.

The ACS algorithm inspired by the ants foraging principle is used to solve the problem of the homogenous frequency enlargement of design flood in this paper,the sketch of ants foraging about design flood computation is constructed and retailed process is provided.The validity of the ACS method applied in the flood's enlargement is confirmed by the given example,finally,some further suggestions are presented.

Influence of ventilation on hydraulic characteristics of level rotary flow has been investigated on the hydraulic model of an internal energy dissipation tunnel.Ventilation has obvious influence on the flow pattern,discharge,wall pressure and air pressure inside level rotary flow.When ventilating,the cavitaty diameter of level rotary flow increases and the flow becomes more stable.With the increase of diameter of ventilation hole,the quantity of both discharge and ventilation first increases then decreases,and reaches a maximum,and the negative air pressure inside level rotary flow quickly reduces and tends to become zero.When not ventilating or the diameter of ventilation hole is smaller,the negative air pressure is becoming larger and the wall pressure also has the behavior,which is diverse from our conventional understanding.With the rise of down-stream water level till the outlet of level tunnel to be just submerged,the quantity of ventilation gets max.

Air pressure of horizontal rotary flow in internal energy dissipation tunnel is correlated to a lot of hydraulic characteristics and is one of important boundary conditions.In the case of the absorbing flow pattern,the air pressure is mainly determined by the diameter of ventilation hole and may be considered as a constant along the level tunnel when Froude number of the rotary starter outlet is larger.The relation is an index one between the relative air pressure and the relative diameter of ventilation hole at the initial section of level tunnel.The air pressure is obviously influenced by the down water level and has a minimal value for some down water level.The centrifugal pressure is the main factor which determines the behaviors of the wall pressure and wall shearing stress according to an analysis.The law of energy transformation is different corresponded a larger or smaller amount of the air pressure.

When calculating the design flood region composition of hydropower project,a compromise between the worst and most possible is expected,but this object is difficult to achieve only by the method provided by available criterion,especially for cascade reservoirs.In this article,JC method is introduced to search on design flood region composition of cascade reservoirs,and compute the design flood risk,so a new thought and method is provided to analyze actual state of flood region composition.

The risk analysis of reservoir flood discharging as an important research subject has been focused on widely by hydraulic engineering people during past days.Based on the physical meanings of structural reliability index,the optimization model of flood discharging risk is established in this paper,and the global PSO is introduced to solve the model.Combining with the listed computation example on flood discharging risk of reservoir,it is showed that Partial difference operation can not only be avoided effectively by means of the theory,but also the better solution and a quick operation speed can also be gained in the way.

Aiming at the flood zoom demand of flood discharging risk,construction diversion risk and the deficiency of the traditional same-frequency flood amplification method,a new optimal amplification method for the flood process realized by the computer is presented in this paper.The objective of the optimal model is to keep the flood process mode similar and subject to restrictions of the actual peak flow discharge and flood volume in different period of time,the GA and PRSAA that have global optimal capabilities are used to solve the model in this paper.From the case study,it can be seen that the results of two algorithms can satisfy the restrictions of the actual peak flood discharge and flood volume and keep the mode of the typical flood effectively and avoid the manual randomicity.

The design flood region composition is an important subject of hydroelectric project planning and design.In this paper,JC Method,which had been used to calculate structure reliability,is introduced and used to analyse the design flood region composition influenced by upper reservoirs,and then the design flood hydrograph is deduced from the typical flood hydrograph.Both the worst flood region composition and design risk can be obtained by this method.Not only this method can consider the impact of upper reservoirs,but also can calculate the design risk while other methods are unable to do so.A new approach is exploited to analyse the flood region composition.

In order to analyze the risk factors of flood handling schemes during construction period of Gongboxia Hydropower Station,the risk analysis methods are discussed and the factors which affect the flood handling during construction period of Gongboxia Hydropower Station are analyzed.The risk chief factor of flood handling during construction period of Gongboxia Hydropower Station is the peak flow to Longyangxia Reservoir.In this approach, a probability density distribution function is employed to calculate the risk ratio of different operation schemes of Longyangxia Reservoir.If the flow discharge to Longyangxia Reservoir is 100-year flood,the risk ratio of flood handling during construction period of Gongboxia Hydropower Station is decreased when the output discharge of Longyangxia Reservoir is reduced.The results show that the risk of these 4 schemes are similar,the best scheme can be selected for application according the actual conditions.

The discussion on diversion tunnel alternation was conducted for the domestic project selection, experiments and optimal structures of helical flow energy dissipation in the paper. On the point of view in advance of research both from domestic and abroad, the helical flow energy dissipation are suitable for large flow projects in deep canyon, and the feasible scheme of diversion tunnel of high dams. The crucial points and direction of optimal scheme for vertical and horizontal helical flow energy dissipation were expounded for the argumentation, experiments and optimal physique in combining with the alternation of diversion tunnel of Gongboxia Hydropower Station. The harmonize and matching of discharge capacity on its juncture parts, design of vent hole, constitutes of dissipation rate, cavitation erosion of the connection parts, standard of lining of tunnel, and flow depth downstream were discussed.

为适应市场经济的需要,控制工程投资,建设精品工程,公伯峡水电站建设公司主要做了以下几方面的工作:首先是根据流域开发的特点确定建设管理方式,生活设施、公用系统临永结合,由业主统一建设管理,砂石料筛分及混凝土拌和系统统一建设,对混凝土配合比进行控制;其次是优化设计节约投资;第三是减少施工干扰,力求专业化施工;第四是加强对设计变更的审查,控制新增单价数量.这些措施的实施,使公伯峡水电站的工程投资可以控制在概算之内并有节余.