Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles carrying various cargos, which play a significant rule in intercellular communication, disease diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, heterogeneous/functional identity and clinical application of exosomes are hampered due to the lack of effective separation protocols from complex matrixes. The development of suitable platforms is indispensable for the manipulation and profiling of exosomes. Among those, microfluidic systems have been demonstrated to be among the most ideal strategies. The present review discussed the recent progresses of microfluidic-based protocols for the precise manipulation and effective separation of exosomes, including immune-affinity-based microchip, size-based micro-device, and multi-approaches integration microfluidic device. The combination of advanced techniques with nano/microfluidic chip for individual exosomes imaging or assay and the isolation of single exosome with microfluidics are presented. The opportunities and challenges of intelligent algorithms and machine learning in multi-dimensional profiling of individual exosomes are also highlighted.

Currently, single-cell analysis has become increasingly important. It can reveal cell-to-cell variances in a heterogeneous cell population and obtain a rare but important cytological information. Statistical analysis of cell populations based on single cell analysis results in a more realistic state of cell distribution, which is more conducive to biochemical and biomedical development than traditional average analysis based on a large population of cells. Due to extremely small volume of cells and low content/concentration of target analyte in individual cell, ultra-sensitive and anti-interference analysis protocols are urgently required. Herein, we present the state-of-the-art advances in single-cell analysis in the last three years, involving optical analysis, electrochemical analysis, and mass spectrometric analysis. In addition to the introduction of the latest analytical approaches, we highlight quantitative single-cell analysis in terms of calibration methods, sensitivity and/or detection limit. Finally, future perspectives in single-cell analysis are depicted.

全球化已成为当今世界发展的首要特征,每个国家都置身其中.世界发展格局的变迁,不仅展现世界200多个国家和地区在国际舞台上的地位与影响,而且也深刻影响一国的发展水平与未来愿景.世界发展格局变迁主要表现为经济、贸易、投资、科技创新、能源利用五大领域的趋势性变化.中国在重塑世界发展格局的“持久战”中赢得了难得的战略主动,南方国家崛起、北方国家衰落,“大趋异”时代终结,中国引领世界发展进入“大趋同”时代.在螺旋上升、曲折前进、此消彼长的世界发展格局演进中,以中国为代表的南方国家坚持走符合本国国情的发展道路,在国与国的制度竞争中体现了优势、实现了发展.中国应乘势而上,全面参与全球化体系,全面推动世界格局变迁,全面改革国际经济治理体系,消除世界经济格局不合理不平等的现象,不断积小胜为大胜,推动构建人类命运共同体.

A highly sensitive platform is developed for the determination of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). It includes the following operations: Hairpin structures DNA H1 and H2 are designed, and DNA H1 is bound to ultrasmall lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to produce UCNPs@DNA conjugate probes. Target miRNA triggers a chain reaction for alternating hybridization between DNA H1 (bound on UCNPs@DNA probe) and DNA H2. This leads to UCNPs accumulation and serves as an efficient amplification strategy for UCNPs. The concentration of miRNA-21 is closely correlated to the number of UCNPs; thus, the detection of 89Y by ICPMS provides a promising approach for miRNA quantification. This protocol exhibits high sensitivity to miRNA-21 within 0.1-500 fM, along with a detection limit of 41 aM, which is among the hitherto reported most sensitive procedures. It is worth mentioning that rare earth elements are scarcely present in living systems, which minimizes the background for ICPMS detection and excludes potential interferences from the coexisting species, which is most suited for biological assay.

In single-cell analysis with ICP-MS it is highly important to ensure precise single-cell sampling into ICP. For this purpose, a simple configured pressure-resistant MicroCross interface is developed for high-throughput/high-precision microdroplet generation and single-cell encapsulation. Aqueous cell suspension is ejected and sheared into droplets by tangent-flowing hexanol-continuous phases in the flow-focusing geometry of MicroCross, wherein to precisely trap a single cell into a droplet, with an extremely low probability of <0.005% for a single droplet encapsulating two cells. MicroCross interface is coupled with time-resolved ICP-MS (TRA-ICP-MS) for quantifying nanoparticles in single MCF-7 cells. At the optimal conditions, sufficient temporal-spatial resolution of the microdroplets is achieved facilitating high-throughput sampling of single cells into ICP. For solving the serious carbon deposition on the sampling cone and the unstable plasma torch caused by incomplete oxidation of hexanol phase in ICP, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is for the first time used as a superb oxygen compensation reagent, which ensures adequate oxidation of hexanol, effectively eliminates the carbon deposition, and maintains a stable plasma. The single-cell analysis results indicated a remarkable discrepancy of the number of nanoparticles among the individual cells, falling into a range of 130-584 per MCF-7 cell in the case of AuNPs.

文章从社会矛盾的两种基本案件类型——合法形式社会矛盾、非法形式社会矛盾出发,通过对20世纪90年代以来全国社会矛盾的演变态势和宏观原因进行实证研究发现:一方面,1990-2010年全国社会矛盾发生率不但升高,而且冲突程度有所上升.其中,非法形式社会矛盾比合法形式社会矛盾增速更快,社会矛盾呈高发增长和危害加重的特点;另一方面,全国社会矛盾总发生率、合法形式社会矛盾发生率、非法形式社会矛盾发生率的年均增长速度均低于同期人均GDP年均增长速度.现代化是影响社会矛盾发生率的主要原因之一.社会控制力对不同形式社会矛盾的影响方向相反,对非法形式社会矛盾发生率有抑制作用,而对合法形式社会矛盾发生率有促进作用.收入分配差距对非法形式社会矛盾发生率、社会矛盾总发生率均有显著的正向影响作用,而对合法形式社会矛盾发案率则无显著影响.针对现实问题,对社会矛盾进行标本兼治的分类治理研究是推进和谐社会建设的重大课题.

This article examines China's major development contributions, looking at its wider impact on world development. In particular, the article examines the impact of China's development on the changing pattern between the North and South and the human development index. The factors and related regimes behind these phenomena are discussed and a conceptual model is constructed, providing a meta-analysis of the evolution of China's role, based on the structural interpretation of external impetus and barriers, as well as internal advantages and shortcomings. The authors' long-term projections show that the rise of the South, led by China, will be the most important shift in the world's landscape with respect to the development of the emerging world, perhaps leading other large developing economies to play a more prominent role in international development in the future, bringing common development, common prosperity and common progress to the world.

国有企业是中国社会主义市场经济体系的重要组成部分。其竞争力评价方法论是构建"一个标杆、三个层次、五个维度、一种综合指数"的国有企业竞争力评价模型,从国际比较的视角出发,应用统计数据对2003年至2011年国有企业竞争力进行定量评价。国有企业特别是中央企业的经营规模和资产规模大幅度提高,与欧美日企业的相对差距迅速缩小,并实现了对日本的超越;利润水平持续保持在较高水平,行业领军企业不断涌现,但与欧美日企业相比,市场集中度水平还有待进一步提升;科技研发投入大幅增加,科技研发支出强度显著提升,海外资产规模持续扩大,成为是中国"走出去"战略的主力军;节能减排领域仍存在较大挑战,单位营业收入能源消耗量和二氧化碳排放量与欧美日企业的相对差距较大;对社会和谐的贡献突出,公共财政贡献和就业创造贡献产生了极为显著的正外部性。

<正>六、世界科技创新强国进入20世纪90年代中期,中国政府明确提出了科教兴国战略,极大地促进了中国科技发展,也加速了中国的科技追赶步伐,大大提高了科技创新力。进入21世纪,中国不仅保持了持续的经济高增长,在过去十年GDP年平均增长率达到11.1%,而且出现了前所未有的科技创新成果爆炸性增长,在世界总量比重不断提高,在世界中的位次不断提升,正在打破长期以来由西方主导的世界经济、

胡鞍钢教授最新著作《2030中国:迈向共同富裕》,从人类历史总体进程、国内国际大视野分析了走向2030年的中国与世界的大发展、大变动、大趋势。本书以高瞻远瞩的战略眼光,专业化的国情与世情研究,分析中国与世界之间的互动影响;本书传承中华文化精神,张扬社会主义共同富裕理念,表达全人类追求共同繁荣的梦想,向全世界表明中国学者的中国观、世界观、未来观。本书核心观点是:2030年的中国将是十几亿人民共同富裕之国、共同强大之国、共同创新之国、共同分享福祉之国、共同构建绿色家园。中国将成为真正意义上的世界经济强国,经济总量(GDP)相当于美国的2.0～2.2倍,人类发展总值(GHDI)相当于美国的3.2倍。胡鞍钢这部著作对开阔我们的视野、坚定不移推进现代化大农业建设具有很大的启发借鉴意义。征得作者同意,本刊有针对性地撷取部分章节,分两期刊载,便于读者用最短时间了解主要观点。衷心感谢胡鞍钢教授!敬请读者提出宝贵意见建议。

China has showed notable differences in state planning comparing with other countries.Moreover,China has grown from a planning-model imitator to an innovator owing to the continuous efforts on reforming.This paper is put to find out and explain the so-called differences,besides examine the experience and lessons during the long-term practice of national five-year plan.With empirical study,the authors believe that decision-making philosophy is a key factor,and the core of it should be Shi Shi Qiu Shi.The main idea of Shi Shi Qiu Shi is discussed,and a comparison with pragmatism is made as well in this paper.A point is raised that Shi Shi Qiu Shi is a key to the success of decision-making which leads to the success of five-year plan.It also emphasizes that scientific decision-making is very important for today's China.

<正>中国人民大学出版社2011-10-20伟大的国家有伟大的梦想,伟大的时代有伟大的梦想。中国梦就是建设共同富裕社会与大同世界。本书从人类历史总体进程、国内国际大视野分析了走向2030年的中国与世界的大发展、大变动、大趋势。本书以高瞻远瞩的战略眼光,专业

Urban-rural disparity and regional disparity are the biggest challenges for China to reach an overall harmonious and sustainable development pattern. It is crucial to see clear the formation and evolution of and relationship between the two disparities,so as to provide a basis for making the related policies. By analyzing and reviewing of two types of disparities,urban-rural disparity is a key factor in regional disparity. Differences between industrial structure in urban and rural communities,gaps between urban and rural social governance mechanisms and infrastructure constructions,and rural-urban migration are the main causes of nowadays widening regional disparity. There is big influence of administrative tiers on regional disparity. The results are quite different by using different tiers' statistical data to measure regional disparity. Intra-provincial disparity is the main contributor to the total regional disparity. Thus,Regional policy makers should both promote harmonious development among regions and solve intra-provincial disparities,with careful considerations on complex patterns of urban-rural and regional disparities,and illustration of disparities by multi-level statistical data in China.