Sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor (SUL) and imidazole fungicide prochloraz (PRO) are frequently applied together or in succession in crops pollinated by honey bees. However, the mechanisms underlying their joint toxic risk remain poorly characterized. To address this gap, our study investigated the biochemical and molecular responses of Apis mellifera following co-exposure to SUL and PRO. The results revealed that the pesticide mixture elicited pronounced synergistic acute toxicity in honey bees. This toxic effect was accompanied by marked disturbances in the activities of catalase (CAT), caspase-3 (CASP-3), α-amylase (α-AMS), and trypsin, as well as significant alterations in the expressions of crucial genes, including nAChRα2, vtg, and CRBXase. These genes are associated with oxidative stress regulation, apoptotic signaling, neural and digestive functions, detoxification, and longevity pathways. Our findings provided compelling evidence that the interactive effects of SUL and PRO amplified physiological stress in honey bees, leading to heightened biochemical and transcriptional disruptions. The interaction-based hazard index (HIint) was employed to robustly characterize potential synergistic effects arising from pesticide mixtures, thereby enabling a more precise and realistic environmental risk assessment of combined exposure to SUL and PRO. This study offered important mechanistic insights into the risks posed by pesticide combinations and highlighted the urgent need to reassess current regulatory practices. By elucidating the sub-lethal and synergistic impacts of commonly co-applied pesticides, our research supported the formulation of more comprehensive policies aimed at protecting pollinator health and preserving ecological balance.

Pesticides are recognized as prominent toxicants in aqueous ecosystems, which frequently impact aquatic life. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (LDC) and the triazole fungicide difenoconazole (DFC) are frequently co-detected in many water sources. However, the joint harmful effects of these chemicals on fish are still poorly understood. In this study, a 30-day co-exposure experiment was conducted using LDC and DFC on the hook snout carp (Opsariichthys bidens) to assess their toxic impacts on hepatic tissues. Biochemical assays demonstrated a significant increase in catalase (CAT) and caspase-3 (CASP-3) activities of hepatic cells following exposure to either LDC or DFC alone, as well as their combination. Notably, the combined exposure group exhibited a more pronounced elevation in these enzymatic activities compared to individual exposures, suggesting enhanced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. At the molecular level, exposure to both pesticides, either individually or in combination, caused erβ1 and socs3a to be downregulated and cxcl-c1c to be upregulated. Consistent with the biochemical findings, the combined exposure had a more substantial impact on gene expression than the individual exposures, indicating heightened immunotoxic and endocrine-disrupting effects. The synergistic interaction between LDC and DFC suggested that their co-presence exacerbates toxicity in fish liver, revealing underlying mechanisms of oxidative damage, mitochondrial impairment, and immune dysregulation. These findings provide insightful knowledge that could inform chemical regulatory guidelines for pesticide application and management in agricultural settings, aiming to mitigate the environmental impact of these commonly used agrochemicals.

Concurrent hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and chlorfenapyr contamination in aquatic environments poses risks to environmental organisms. A parental zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposure model with multi-omics analyses was used to elucidate molecular and transgenerational effects. Combined exposure decreased intestinal tight junction transcription (zo-1, and occludin), caused morphological damage, and activated pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1β, il-6, il-8, and TNF-α). 16S rRNA sequencing revealed reduced butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Coprococcus), while untargeted metabolomics showed declines in phospholipid precursors (choline, and glycerophosphocholine), implicating disrupted gut barrier metabolism. Hepatic transcriptomics identified downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation components (atp5l, atp5mc3b, atp5po, and ndufs7) and antioxidant enzymes (gpx, and mn-sod), correlating with decreased ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased apoptosis. F₁ offspring exhibited aberrations in gene transcriptions associated with oxidative phosphorylation and inflammation, suggesting the presence of intergenerational toxicity. These results highlighted the gut-liver axis and mitochondrial function as targets for molecular biomarkers and inform eco-safety regulation addressing chemical mixture hazards.

The widespread application of pesticides in modern agriculture has been recognized as a key driver of declines in honey bee populations. Butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone (FLU) and triazole-based plant growth regulator uniconazole (UNI) are frequently found together in agricultural ecosystems, raising serious concerns about their combined toxicological impacts on pollinators. FLU and UNL mixture elicited an acute synergistic toxic effect on A. mellifera, significantly enhancing physiological stress. Enzymatic activity assays revealed notable alterations in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), indicative of intensified oxidative stress, impaired detoxification mechanisms, and compromised immune function. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses showed that the expression of five key genes, abaecin, domeless, relish, vitellogenin (vtg), and CRBXase, was more profoundly affected under combined exposure compared to individual treatments, highlighting disruptions in immune regulation, longevity pathways, and detoxification processes at the molecular level. These results provided compelling evidence that the co-occurrence of FLU and UNI posed a heightened biochemical and genetic threat to honey bees, likely due to synergistic interactions that amplified their individual toxicities. This study offered crucial insights into the ecological hazards of pesticide combinations. Such informed approaches are vital for minimizing pollinator risk and safeguarding ecosystem services essential to sustainable agriculture.

Introduction Microencapsulated pyraclostrobin (PYR-CS) has gained widespread adoption in agriculture owing to its extended efficacy and reduced risks for non-target organisms. However, knowledge remains limited regarding its degradation in soil and effects on soil microorganisms. Objectives This study investigates the hypothesis that microencapsulation alters pyraclostrobin degradation and reshapes soil microbial communities compared with conventional formulations, including emulsifiable concentrate (PYR-EC) and technical material (PYR-TC). Methods We investigated the degradation behavior of three pyraclostrobin formulations—PYR-CS, PYR-TC, and PYR-EC—in five distinct soil types using LC-MS analysis. The influence of soil sterilization, moisture content, and temperature on degradation rates was systematically assessed. To evaluate formulation-induced microbial shifts, 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted, followed by PCoA, taxonomic composition analysis, LEfSe, and co-occurrence network analyses. Results The results showed that PYR-CS had a significantly longer degradation period in soil, likely due to the microencapsulation barrier that prevents direct microbial contact until the capsules rupture and release the active ingredient. The study further revealed that elevated temperatures and low soil moisture accelerated PYR-CS degradation, suggesting that these factors may promote the rupture of microcapsules in soil. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing data revealed that PYR-CS treatment induced changes in the composition of soil microbial communities. Specifically, a significant increase in the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Planctomycetota was observed at 21 days. In contrast, PYR-EC and PYR-TC caused notable short-term changes in microbial composition and structure but lacked lasting effects. Conclusion These findings offer critical insights into the soil ecological risks of microencapsulated pesticides from the perspective of formulation-degradation behavior-microbial interactions, providing a critical theoretical foundation for precisely formulating environmentally-friendly pesticide application strategies.

The widespread agricultural use of dimethomorph (DMO) and difenoconazole (DFC) leads to their frequent joint detection in aquatic environments. However, their combined transgenerational toxicological impacts remain largely unexplored. This study delved into the combined effects of DMO and DFC on zebrafish (Danio rerio) across multiple generations. Based on the 96-hour LC50 values obtained from zebrafish embryo acute toxicity tests, chronic exposure concentrations were established (DMO: 0.0114 mg/L; DFC: 0.0049 mg/L). Parental zebrafish (F0 generation) were exposed for 60 days prior to breeding, followed by a 7-day exposure of their F1 offspring to evaluate the transgenerational effects of individual and combined pesticides. F0 exposure precipitated pronounced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and dysregulation of key detoxification enzyme activities, including significant alterations in malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Caspase-3, carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Intriguingly, these biochemical perturbations persisted in F1 progeny with amplified effects under continued exposure. Moreover, co-exposure elicited endocrine disruption, evidenced by elevated thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4) and the upregulation of vtg, crh, and tshb transcripts, implicating profound dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Our findings demonstrated that DMO and DFC induce significant toxicological effects in zebrafish, affecting both the directly exposed parental generation (F0) and their unexposed offspring (F1), offering critical insights for safeguarding aquatic biodiversity.

Pesticides are typically present as combinations within soil ecosystems and have detrimental effects on untamed surroundings. However, the collective impacts and fundamental mechanisms of pesticides on soil living beings are currently inadequately assessed. In our current work, we evaluated the interactive consequences of clothianidin (CLO) and prochloraz (PRO) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) using several toxicological tests, such as acute adverse effects, biocatalytic activity, and alterations in transcriptional activity. The findings revealed that CLO (with a 14-day LC50 value of 6.08 mg kg-1) exhibited greater toxicity compared to PRO (with a 14-day LC50 value of 79.41 mg kg-1). Moreover, the combinations of CLO and PRO had synergistic acute effects on E. fetida. Additionally, the activities of POD, CAT, and GST were significantly varied in most instances of single and mixed treatments when compared to the control. Surprisingly, the transcriptional levels of four genes (gst, sod, crt, and ann), related to oxidative load, metabolic detoxification systems, endoplasmic reticulum, and oxytocin neuropeptide, respectively, were also altered in response to single and mixture exposures, as compared to the control. Alterations in enzyme activity and gene transcriptional level could serve as early indicators for detecting co-exposure to pesticides. The findings of this research offered valuable holistic understanding regarding the toxicity of pesticide combinations on earthworms. Further research should be conducted to investigate the persistent effects of pesticide mixtures on terrestrial invertebrates in order to draw definitive conclusions about the associated risks.

To reveal the toxicological mechanisms of pesticide mixtures on soil organisms, this study concentrated on evaluating enzymatic activity and gene expression changes in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826). Despite being frequently exposed to multiple pesticides, including the common combination of abamectin (ABA) and carbendazim (CAR), environmental organisms have primarily been studied for the effects of individual pesticides. Acute toxicity results exhibited that the combination of ABA and CAR caused a synergistic impact on E. fetida. The levels of MDA, ROS, T-SOD, and caspase3 demonstrated a significant increase across most individual and combined groups, indicating the induction of oxidative stress and cell death. Additionally, the expression of three genes (hsp70, gst, and crt) exhibited a significant decrease following exposure to individual pesticides and their combinations, pointing toward cellular damage and impaired detoxification function. In contrast, a noteworthy increase in ann expression was observed after exposure to both individual pesticides and their mixtures, suggesting the stimulation of reproductive capacity in E. fetida. The present findings contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the potential toxicity mechanisms of the ABA and CAR mixture, specifically on oxidative stress, cell death, detoxification dysfunction, and reproductive capacity in earthworms. Collectively, these data offered valuable toxicological insights into the combined effects of pesticides on soil organisms, enhancing our understanding of the underlying risks associated with the coexistence of different pesticides in natural soil environments.

The intensive and widespread application of pesticides in agroecosystems can lead to the simultaneous exposure of non-target aquatic organisms to insecticides and herbicides. However, the underlying mechanisms through which aquatic organisms undergo metabolic reprogramming to withstand the combined effects of the insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) and herbicide sulfentrazone (SUL) remain poorly elucidated. This study employs metabolomics to investigate the effects of individual and combined exposures to IMI and SUL on zebrafish (Danio rerio), aiming to simulate complex environmental conditions. Metabolomics analysis revealed extensive metabolic reprogramming in larvae induced by the selected agrochemicals. Both individual and combined exposures disrupted nucleotide metabolism, inhibited glycolysis, and led to the accumulation of acetylcholine through the shared modulation of differential metabolites. Notably, individual exposure exhibited a unique mode of action. Larvae exposed to IMI alone showed mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially stemming from interference with the electron transport chain, while SUL-induced disruptions were associated with glycerophospholipid accumulation, marking it as a critical target. Additionally, calculations of the metabolic effect level index indicated antagonistic interactions between SUL and IMI mixtures at an overall metabolic level. The results obtained through investigating the lethal and sub-lethal effects also revealed that the simultaneous application of SUL and IMI may have the potential to diminish acute and developmental toxicity in zebrafish. This study underscores the significance of metabolomics as a valuable and effective strategy for deciphering the toxicity and interactions of agrochemical mixtures.

Studying the toxic effects of pesticides on bees has consistently been a prominent area of interest for researchers. Nonetheless, existing research has predominantly concentrated on individual toxicity assessments, leaving a gap in our understanding of mixed toxicity. This study delves into the individual and combined toxic effects of abamectin (ABA) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCY) on honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) in laboratory settings. We discovered that ABA (96 h-LC 50 value of 0.079 mg/L) exhibited greater acute toxicity to honey bees compared to LCY (96 h-LC 50 value of 9.177 mg/L). Moreover, the mixture of ABA and LCY presented an acute antagonistic effect on honey bees. Additionally, our results indicated that exposure to LCY, at medium concentration, led to a reduction in the abundance of gut core bacterium Snodgrassella . However, an increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium was noted when exposed to a medium concentration of LCY and its mixture with ABA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant regulation of certain genes in the medium concentration of all three treatments compared to the control group, primarily enriching in metabolism and immune-related pathways. Following chronic exposure to field-relevant concentrations of ABA, LCY, and their mixture, there were significant alterations in the activities of immunity-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE). Additionally, the expression of four genes ( abaecin , cyp9e2 , cyp302a1 , and GstD1 ) associated with immune and detoxification metabolism was significantly altered. These findings suggest a potential health risk posed by the insecticides ABA and LCY to honey bees. Despite exhibiting acute antagonistic effect, mixed exposure still induced damage to bees at all levels. This study advances our knowledge of the potential adverse effects of individual or combined exposure to these two pesticides on non -target pollinators and offers crucial guidance for the use of insecticides in agricultural production.

Prostaglandins (PGs) are critically important signaling molecules that play key roles in normal and pathophysiological processes. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been found to suppress PG synthesis; however, studies about the effects of pesticides on PGs are limited. The effects of two known endocrine disrupting herbicides, acetochlor (AC) and butachlor (BC), on PG metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio) females and males were studied using widely targeted metabolomics analysis based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC—MS/MS). In total, 40 PG metabolites were detected in 24 zebrafish samples, including female and male samples, with and without exposure to AC or BC at the sub-lethal concentration of 100 μg/L for 96 h. Among them, 19 PGs significantly responded to AC or BC treatment, including 18 PGs that were upregulated. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in zebrafish showed BC could cause significant upregulation of an isoprostane metabolite, 5-iPF2a-VI, which is positively related to the elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study guides us to conduct a further study to determine whether PG metabolites, including isoprostanes, could be potential biomarkers for chloracetamide herbicides.

Pesticides represent one of the largest intentional inputs of potentially hazardous compounds into agricultural soils. However, as an important vegetable producing country, surveys on pesticide residues in soils of vegetable production areas are scarce in China. This study presented the occurrence, spatial distribution, correlation between vegetable types and pesticides, and ecological risk evaluation of 94 current-use pesticides in 184 soil samples from vegetable production areas of Zhejiang province (China). The ecological risks of pesticides to soil biota were evaluated with toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) and risk quotient (RQ). The pesticide concentrations varied largely from below the limit of quantification to 20703.06 μg/kg (chlorpyrifos). The situation of pesticide residues in Jiaxing is more serious than in other cities. Soils in the vegetable areas are highly diverse in pesticide combinations. Eisenia fetida suffered exposure risk from multiple pesticides. The risk posed by chlorpyrifos, which exhibited the highest RQs at all scenarios, was worrisome. Only a few pesticides accounted for the overall risk of a city, while the other pesticides make little or zero contribution. This work will guide the appropriate use of pesticides and manage soil ecological risks, achieving green agricultural production.

The interplay between pesticides plays a critical role in ecotoxicology since these chemicals rarely emerge as single substances but rather in mixtures with other chemicals. In the present work, we purposed to clarify the combined toxic impacts of pyraclostrobine (PYR) and metiram (MET) on the zebrafish by using numerous indicators. Results exhibited that the 4-day LC 50 value of MET to fish embryos was 0.0025 mg a.i. L −1 , which was lower compared with PYR (0.019 mg a.i. L −1 ). Combinations of PYR and MET presented a synergetic impact on fish embryos. Contents of POD, CYP450, and VTG were drastically increased in the plurality of the single and joint treatments relative to the baseline value. Three genes, including vtg1 , crh , and il-8 , related to the endocrine and immune systems, were also surprisingly up-regulated when fish were challenged by the individual and mixture pesticides compared with the baseline value. These results afforded valuable information on the latent toxicity mechanisms of co-exposure for PYR and MET in the early growth stage of fish. Moreover, our data also revealed that frequent application of these two pesticides might exert a potentially ecotoxicological hazard on aquatic ecosystems. Collectively, the present study provided valuable guidance for the risk evaluation of chemical combinations.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are organic pollutants that are persistent and undegradable in the environment. To investigate their residual concentrations, spatial and temporal distributions, and the relationship with the crops planted, 12 individual OCPs in 687 soil samples from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces of southeast China were examined. The detection frequencies of OCPs in the studied areas were 1.89%-64.9%. The concentrations of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfans ranged from 0.01 to 5659 μg/kg, 0.03-3.58 μg/kg, and 0.05-3235 μg/kg, respectively. Jiangsu was mainly contaminated by p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and endosulfan sulfate, Zhejiang was more polluted by OCPs except δ-HCH, and Jiangxi was more vulnerable to the contamination of OCPs except o,p'-DDE. The partial least-squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) model with RX2 36.3-36.8% revealed that compounds with similar chemical properties tended to appear in the same year and month. All crop lands were polluted by DDTs and Endosulfans. The highest concentrations of DDTs and Endosulfans were found in citrus and vegetable fields, respectively. This study offers new insight into the layout and partitioning of OCPs in agricultural land and into insecticide management on public health and ecological safety.

The heavy use of agrochemicals is considered a major factor contributing to the decline in wild honeybee populations. Development of low-toxicity enantiomers of chiral fungicides is the key to reducing the potential threats to honeybees. In this study, we evaluated the enantioselective toxic effects of triticonazole (TRZ) on honeybees and its molecular mechanisms. The results showed that after long-term exposure to TRZ, the content of thoracic ATP decreased significantly, by 41 % in R-TRZ treatments and by 46 % in S-TRZ treatments. Furthermore, the transcriptomic results indicated that S-TRZ and R-TRZ significantly altered the expression of 584 genes and 332 genes, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated that R- and S-TRZ could affect different genes expressed in GO terms and metabolic pathways, especially the transport GO terms (GO: 0006810) and pathways of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, and pentose phosphate. Additionally, S-TRZ had a more pronounced effect on honeybee energy metabolism, disrupting a greater number of genes involved in the TCA cycle and glycolysis/glycogenesis, exerting a stronger effect on energy metabolic pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. In summary, we recommend reducing the proportion of S-TRZ in racemate to minimize the threat to the survival of honeybees and protect the diversity of economic insects.

Based on high surface areas, adjustable porosity and microbicide activity, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) HKUST-1 are widely used as drug release carriers for their slow degradation characteristics under slightly acidic conditions. In this work, porous HKUST-1 was reacted rapidly by cholinium salt (as the deprotonation agent and template) in an aqueous solution at room temperature. A novel antimicrobial system based on an imazalil encapsulated metal organic framework (imazalil IL-3@HKUST-1) was established. Imazalil IL-3@HKUST-1 could achieve synergism in inhibiting pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Moreover, six days after treatment, the slow and constant release of imazalil from imazalil IL@HKUST-1 exhibited better sustainability and microbicidal activity than imazalil. We believe that the method may provide a new strategy for related plant diseases caused by bacteria or fungi.

昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂甲氧虫酰肼在农业生产中大量广泛使用对生态环境的毒副作用逐渐表现出来,但对蚕桑业的潜在不利影响研究仍然不够深入.为了明确甲氧虫酰肼在蚕区桑园及其周边农田使用对蚕业生产安全性的影响,本研究采用定量喷雾法评价了甲氧虫酰肼对家蚕的急性和慢性毒性效应,并根据风险商值法进行初级风险评估.急性毒性研究结果表明,甲氧虫酰肼对家蚕二龄幼虫168 h-LC50为0.134 mg·kg-1(以单位桑叶质量计),属于剧毒级别.慢性毒性研究结果表明,当药剂浓度≥1.04×10-2 mg·kg-1时,二眠和三眠蚕体质量等生长发育指标与对照相比均显著降低(P<0.05);当药剂浓度≥2.74×10-2 mg·kg-1时,全茧量、茧层量、茧层率和结茧率等重要经济性状指标与对照相比均显著下降(P<0.05),表明甲氧虫酰肼对家蚕具有较强的慢性毒性效应.结合甲氧虫酰肼田间推荐剂量计算风险商值(RQ),初级风险评估结果表明,甲氧虫酰肼对家蚕的风险为不可接受(RQ>1).因此,鉴于甲氧虫酰肼对家蚕具有极高的急性毒性和慢性毒性效应,且生态风险为不可接受,在害虫综合治理中应当禁止其在桑园及其周边农田使用,或采取有效措施降低其使用风险,以免该药剂对蚕业生产造成严重不利影响.

Metribuzin and tebuconazole have been widely used in agriculture for several decades. Apart from endocrine disruption, little is known about their toxicological effects on organisms without thyroid organs, at the transcriptional level. To explore this toxicity, model earthworm species Eisenia fetida, hatched from the same cocoon and cultured under identical environmental conditions, were independently exposed to the two chemicals at non-lethal concentrations in OECD artificial soil for 48 h after exposure. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze and compare the gene expression profiles of earthworms exposed to metribuzin and tebuconazole. The functions of differentially expressed genes and their standard response patterns of upregulated and downregulated expression for both pesticides were verified. The findings demonstrated that metribuzin and tebuconazole are both potentially toxic to earthworms. Toxicological effects mainly involved the nervous system, immune system, and tumors, at the transcriptional level, as well as the induction of cytochrome P450-dependent detoxification and oxidative stress. In addition, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase gene was identified as a biomarker, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway was verified to be a part of the adverse outcome pathway of metribuzin and tebuconazole and their structural analogs. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Background Pesticides are usually applied as mixtures, and their joint impacts can generate substantial toxicity to organisms. Although exposures to chemical pesticide mixtures make up most occurrences of pesticide exposures, minimal concern has been given to their combined toxicity and interplays to date. In the present study, endpoints of multiple levels were determined to examine the combined toxic impacts of phoxim and deltamethrin on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Results Our study showed that the LC 50 values of phoxim obtained over a 96-h exposure period for D. rerio during different life stages ranged from 0.24 (0.12–0.33) to 3.39 (2.58–4.86) µM, and those of deltamethrin ranged from 0.0041 (0.0031–0.0060) to 2.97 (1.56–4.69) µM. Combinations of phoxim and deltamethrin displayed synergistic effects on zebrafish embryos. The activities of T-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, POD, and CarE varied dramatically under most administrations of phoxim, deltamethrin, and phoxim + deltamethrin combinations relative to the baseline value. Nine genes, namely, Mn-sod , Cu/Zn-sod , cas3 , dio1 , tsh , ERα , vtg1 , cyp17 , and crh , related to antioxidation, cell apoptosis, immunity, and the endocrine system were altered to a greater degree under the mixture administration compared with the individual administrations. Conclusions In summary, our current data offered a detailed insight into the combined toxic impacts of pesticide mixtures at various endpoints and over a wide range of concentrations. The results emphasized the necessity to consider the administration mixtures during the ecological risk assessment of pesticides.

为明确75％戊唑·嘧菌酯可溶性粉剂对意大利蜜蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和家蚕的急性毒性和初级风险.采用国标《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》(GB/T 31270—2014)中的4种方法,包括饲喂法(蜜蜂经口)、点滴法(蜜蜂接触)、药膜法(赤眼蜂)和浸叶法(家蚕),分别测定了该农药对上述3种非靶标昆虫的急性毒性,并根据国标《农药登记环境风险评估指南》(NY/T 2882—2016)把这些结果用于该药的初级风险评估.结果表明,75％戊唑·嘧菌酯可溶性粉剂对意大利蜜蜂的急性接触毒性48 h半致死剂量(48 h-LD50)为>105μg·蜂-1,急性经口毒性48 h-LD50为65.9μg·蜂-1,对蜜蜂的风险可接受(风险商(RQ)=0.135≤1).对玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性24 h半致死用量(24 h-LR50)为2.81×10-6 mg·cm-2,对玉米螟赤眼蜂的农田内和农田外喷雾场景风险均不可接受(危害商HQin=1199>5,HQoff=24.2>5).对家蚕的急性毒性96 h半致死浓度(96 h-LC50)为596 mg·L-1,对家蚕的喷雾场景下的最外围桑树风险不可接受(RQ=7.47>1),次外围桑树风险可接受(RQ=0.457≤1).对不可接受的风险,宜采取风险减轻措施,如喷雾施药期间禁止释放赤眼蜂,避免在桑园周围喷雾法施药等,以达到保护非靶标环境生物的目的.