The water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) is essential for hydrogen production and CO removal, yet its low-temperature application is hindered by sluggish kinetics. To address this limitation, a non-thermal plasma-enhanced Cu-Mn catalytic system was developed for low-temperature WGSR. A series of Cu-Mn-Al-Zr composite oxides with varying Cu/Mn ratios were synthesized, and the effects of discharge mode, catalyst composition, steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C), discharge power, and temperature were evaluated. At 170 °C, Cu1Mn2Al0.5Zr0.5 achieved only ∼5% CO conversion under thermocatalytic conditions, whereas plasma activation increased conversion to 75.4%. Control experiments distinguished the contributions of plasma activation, dielectric packing, and catalyst introduction. Characterization results show that varying the Cu/Mn ratio alters the surface chemical states of Cu and Mn species, reducibility, surface basicity, and CuO crystallite characteristics. DFT calculations reveal stronger H2O adsorption and lower dissociation barriers on Cu1Mn2Al0.5Zr0.5 compared to Cu2Mn1Al0.5Zr0.5, indicating improved water activation.

Graphene is a promising additive for cementitious composites, yet conventional synthesis routes remain costly and complex. Flash Joule heating (FJH) provides a rapid, low-cost, and scalable approach to convert carbon-rich biomass into graphene without water or chemical reagents. In this work, rice husk, rice straw, and corn straw were transformed into flash graphene (RH-FG, RS-FG, and CS-FG) and incorporated into cementitious composites. Raman, TEM, and XRD confirmed that all products were low-defect turbostratic flash graphene with high quality. FG significantly enhanced mechanical performance, with CS-FG showing the greatest improvement. At 0.12 wt%, CS-FG increased flexural strength by 23.52 %, 21.40 %, and 22.16 % and compressive strength by 40.71 %, 43.59 %, and 41.85 % at 3, 7, and 28 days. Its superior effectiveness is attributed to its relatively large sheet size, high crystallinity, and stable interlayer structure, which promote microcrack filling, reduced porosity, and a denser matrix. FJH offers a cost-effective and sustainable route for biomass valorization and performance enhancement of cement-based materials.

To address the dual challenges of battery waste and climate change, a sustainable method for high-value cathode recovery and carbon emission reduction was devised. Lithium in cathodes was converted to lithium carbonate via roasting in a CO2 atmosphere, achieving 94.17 % leaching efficiency in water. Subsequently, Ni, Co, and Mn were co-leached using nitric acid, reaching over 98 % efficiency. The resulting leachate was used to synthesize a Ni5Co5/3Mn5/3 trimetallic catalyst by co-precipitation. The catalyst exhibited excellent dry reforming of methane (DRM) performance at 800 degrees C, with CH4 and CO2 conversion rates of 98.01 % and 98.12 %, respectively. In a 50 h stability test, the catalytic efficiency exhibited only a slight decline. Structural characterization revealed the formation of a Ni-Co-MnOX interface, in which Ni and Co formed a solid solution during the reduction process. Together with the presence of Mn3+, these features contributed to enhanced resistance to carbon deposition and improved catalytic activity. This integrated approach not only enables efficient metal recovery from waste batteries but also converts them into functional catalysts for greenhouse gas utilization. The process is environmentally friendly and offers new opportunities for linking energy recovery, recycling, and CO2 reduction in the circular economy of LIBs.

Phosphogypsum generated from phosphoric acid production causes severe environmental pollution due to its massive stacking. The carbothermal transformation of its primary component, CaSO4, into CaS is a promising method of its high-value utilization. Conventional carbothermal methods suffer from high energy consumption owing to long calcination time. Herein, we report a flash Joule heating-driven method transforming phosphogypsum into high-activity CaS with a conversion rate up to 98 % within 0.1 s. The maximum conversion rate was achieved at Ca/C molar ratio of 1:2.5 and capacitor voltage of 140 V, with the peak temperature reaching 3200 degrees C. However, no higher conversion rate was achieved under the condition with peak temperature of 3600 degrees C. During FJH process, a new mechanism of solid-liquid reduction lead to the formation of CaS with higher specific surface area and smaller particle size, thereby resulting in 2.97 times higher reactivity than that produced via tube furnace heating. The impurities of Al2O3 and Ca3(PO4)2 in phosphogypsum showed significant inhibition in the transformation of CaSO4 into CaS, followed by Fe2O3 and SiO2. Compared with conventional method, FJH-driven method consumes only 1/80 of the electrical energy, reduces carbon emissions by 98.7 % and produces high-activity CaS, making it a green strategy of phosphogypsum upcycling.

Industrial by-product gypsum, such as flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and phosphogypsum (PG), are primarily utilized in construction materials. However, their utilization is limited by market saturation and low economic returns. In this study rapid Joule heating (RJH) method was employed to convert the CaSO4 in FGDG and PG into high-value CaS. For stable heating, the optimal carbon-to-calcium mole ratio of 2.5-3.0 was identified. The complete conversion of CaSO4 was achieved within only 10 s at 600 degrees C using RJH-360 times faster than conventional tube furnace treatment, which required 1 h at 1000 degrees C. The influence of impurities was systematically investigated: Al2O3 and Fe2O3 were found to promote the conversion reaction, while SiO2 exhibited a notable inhibitory effect. RJH demonstrated extremely low energy consumption, with energy use for FGDG treatment being only 3.7 % of that required by the tube furnace. Furthermore, due to the rapid cooling rate of RJH, carbon coating was effectively minimized. The RJH-derived CaS products exhibited enhanced reactivity, as evidenced by significantly higher H2S release rates, particularly in the initial reaction phase. These findings highlight RJH as a scalable, energy-efficient, and economically attractive method for the valorization of industrial by-product gypsum.

The rapid expansion of the electric-vehicle sector has rendered the recycling and reuse of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries increasingly critical. In this study, we doped the full-component thermolysis mixture with 15 wt% carbon black, which enabled the efficient reduction of nickel, cobalt, and manganese in spent LiNiCoMnO2 (LNCM) cathode material to elemental Ni and Co as well as MnO, while converting lithium into water-soluble Li2CO3. Subsequent leaching tests demonstrated that the lithium extraction efficiency reached up to 88 %. Preliminary trials of alternative high-entropy alloy compositions revealed significant shortcomings: the CrAl-NiCoMn system suffered from poor meltability due to the oxidation of aluminum to Al2O3, and the CrFeNiCoMn alloy exhibited pronounced elemental segregation attributable to unfavorable mixing enthalpy effects. To address these issues, we introduced iron and copper to establish a quinary FeCuNiCoMn alloy system and subjected the mixture to a Joule-heating alloying process. Under conditions of 2000 degrees C for 10 s, the resulting FeCuNiCoMn alloy exhibited a dense surface morphology and a uniformly distributed elemental composition without any discernible segregation. This approach achieved the highly efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries and successfully produced a high-entropy alloy, thereby offering a viable pathway for the resource-oriented and value-added utilization of solid wastes.

Chemical looping reforming (CLR) at low- and mid-temperatures can effectively retard the sintering of the oxygen carrier (OC), however, the reactivity and oxygen migration in the OC in this condition become bottlenecks. Plasma-assisted chemical looping reforming (PACLR) offers a promising alternative for thermochemical conversion of fuels at mid-temperatures (<600 degrees C) due to its high efficiency even. In this study, the reforming properties of NiMn2O4 in PACLR were investigated using benzene as a tar model compound. The results showed that the decrease in specific surface area, as well as the decrease in oxygen vacancy concentration, resulted in a decrease in benzene conversion from 85.38 % for NiMn2O4-600 to 78.90 % for NiMn2O4-900. The benzene conversion firstly increased and then decreased with the reaction temperature, reaching a maximum of 85.38 % at 550 degrees C, corresponding to a total gas yield of 3150.76 mL/g. The increase in S/C helped to eliminate carbon deposition, which decreased from 10.34 % at S/C = 0.5 to 0.80 % at S/C = 2.0. The electronegativity of water and competition for the active site resulted in a decrease in benzene conversion at S/C > 1.0. The plasma played an important role in improving the reaction efficiency, and the benzene conversion was significantly increased by 711.60 % when the discharge power was set at 77 W compared to 0 W. The results of the XRD and XPS characterization showed that the plasma promoted the reduction of the OC from NiMn2O4-*(NiO)0.25(MnO)0.75 to NiMn2O4 -* Ni0 + MnO. In addition, NiMn2O4 has excellent stability and regeneration properties over 10 cycles. The excellent mid-temperature reforming performance is attributed to plasma destruction of benzene and water molecules and promotion of lattice oxygen migration.

Catalyst deactivation is a non-negligible problem in the biomass tar steam reforming process. The two-stage catalytic approach optimizes the reaction conditions and reduces unnecessary side reactions. Moreover, the bimetallic is able to utilize the synergistic effect to significantly extend the catalyst life. In this paper, the reaction performance of tar steam reforming in a two-stage system was evaluated using benzene as a model tar compound. The synergistic effect of metals and the evolution of carbon deposition were investigated by metal ratio, reaction temperature and S/C (Steam/Carbon ratio). The results showed that the increase in Fe doping significantly enhanced the benzene conversion from 80.07 % for Ni5-HAP (Hydroxyapatite, HAP) to 99.51 % for Ni5Fe8-HAP. With Ni5Fe2-HAP, the gas production of the two-stage system increased by 112.64 % over the single-stage system. Using Ni5Fe5-HAP and S/C = 1, the benzene conversion increased from 66.48 % to 97.56 % when the temperature of the second layer was increased from 650 degrees C to 700 degrees C. Elevated temperature of the first layer improves the pretreatment effect. When S/C is increased from 1 to 2, the benzene conversion increases by 12.25 %, however, the H-2 yield decreases by 20.46 %. Stability tests showed that the catalyst with Ni5Fe5-HAP in both layers still had a total gas yield of 2129.88 mL/g after 100 h. Although carbon deposition was produced, it did not cover its active site.

Employing machine learning to predict the Pb2+ adsorption capacity of biochars is an innovative pursuit in hazardous materials. This study compared artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF) for Pb2+ adsorption capacity by biochar from a fluidized bed system. Besides developing correlations for comparison, the RF model (R-2 = 0.984, RMSE = 0.054) outperformed both ANN (R-2 = 0.908, RMSE = 0.316) and SVR (R-2 = 0.667) in predicting higher adsorption capacity. Based on the superior performance, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were employed on RF. SHAP global explanations indicated that adsorption conditions contributed 69.03% and biochar characteristics contributed 30.21%to adsorption capacity, highlighting Dosage (D) and Carbon (C) as the crucial factors. Regarding biochar characteristics, element compositions contributed 76.59%. The single samples demonstrated that the final predictions align with the experimental results. The synergistic effect of dependence plot explains the Pb2+ adsorption under varying parameter conditions, such as D < 1 g/L, C<45%, Pb-in>100 mg/L, H < 2.5, t > 12h, T > 25 degrees C, pH > 9, H/C > 0.4, the SHAP value is positive, contributing to an increase in adsorption capacity. Furthermore, a graphical user interface (GUI) leveraging SHAP model parameters predicts adsorbent performance, providing novel insights into optimizing biochars production. The obtained findings narrow the search for optimal biochars adsorbents and might guide laboratory experiments and engineering application of Pb2+ removal using biochars.

To enhance biomass utilization, this study conducts rice straw air gasification in a two-stage fluidized bed, focusing on gasification temperature (600 degrees C-800 degrees C), equivalence ratio (0.15-0.24), secondary oxygen ratio (0-38.11 %), and dilute phase temperature (730 degrees C and 800 degrees C) on gasification characteristics (gas composition, gas yield, heating value, carbon conversion efficiency and gasification efficiency) and exploring the influence of secondary oxygen ratio (0-7.62 %) on tar characteristics. Gas composition and tar characteristics are analyzed by GC, MRU gas analyzer and GC-MS. Results show increased temperature boosts gasification. Conversely, increased ER has an opposing effect. Introducing secondary oxygen (0-7.62 %) rises gasification efficiency (38.24 %-42.95 %) and carbon conversion rate (70.27 %-74.59 %), promoting the gasification process. However, as secondary oxygen ratio increases (7.62 %-38.11 %), gas yield (1.18 m3/kg - 1.00 m3/kg) and gasification efficiency (42.95 %-40.14 %) decrease. The optimal secondary oxygen ratio is 15.24 %, achieving 75.21 % carbon conversion, when the gas yield, heating value, and gasification efficiency are 1.144 m3/kg, 5.34 MJ/m3, and 42.78 %, respectively. Besides, higher temperature in dilute phase region promotes the gasification process. After introducing secondary oxygen (0-7.62 %), tar content decreases (16.69 g/m3 - 11.01 g/m3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons increase (25.55 %-42.63 %) and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decrease by 15.02 %. Tar aromatization enhances. This study offers green rice straw process for low-tar, high-quality syngas, guiding biomass gasification research.

Tar is a key issue hindering the commercial application of biomass gasification. Graded post-plasma catalysis (GPPC) provides a new idea for tar treatment. The system solves the paradox of plasma discharge intensity and catalyst activity for temperature setting. The effects of GPPC system operating parameters (graded temperature, discharge power and S/C), catalyst configurations (metal ratio and intervention) on the catalytic activity and stability were investigated in conjunction with multiscale characterization of the catalyst. The results show that the benzene conversion of the system can be improved by adding appropriate amount of steam, loading Fe first and then Ni, and shortening the distance between the two reaction intervals. In the GPPC system, there was no significant change in activity after the catalyst oxidation regeneration cycle, and the H2 yield was consistently exceeded 70 %. Compared with in-plasma catalysis (IPC) and thermal catalysis (TC), GPPC has excellent performance with an effective gas yield of 3757.25 mL/g at 48th hour and a H2 yield of 72.1 %, especially with minimal carbon deposition. IPC system at 10 h, the effective gas yield and H2 yield have been reduced to 1261.52 mL/g and 27.2 % respectively. The results of the study further confirmed that GPPC is more capable of utilizing the advantages of non-thermal plasma (NTP) and catalysts than conventional IPC.

Following the power and steel industries, nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the cement industry have become an important part of the next stage of air pollutant control. Consequently, the multiphase flow simulation of an in- line coal gasification denitration system was carried out using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Among them, the solid phase is simulated by the Multiphase Particle-In-Cell (MP-PIC) method, and the gas phase turbulence is accurately captured by the large eddy simulation (LES) method. The flow field characteristics distribution and the reaction kinetic of NO under different parameters (coal, raw meal, tertiary air) in the gasifier were investigated, and the operating condition values for guiding industrial applications are obtained. The simulation results show that the gasifier can completely remove NOx from the rotary kiln at 2.8 kg/s for coal, 30 kg/s for raw meal and 2.5 kg/s for tertiary air. The application results show that under 1.6 kg/t.cl of ammonia water combined with SNCR, NOx emission and ammonia slip can be controlled below 50 mg/Nm3 and 5 mg/ Nm3, respectively. Compared to similar denitrification technologies, this technology shows the potential to achieve ultra-low NOx emission levels in the cement industry.

The traditional uniform parallel microchannel structure in PV/T system results in the formation of high-temperature zones in a silicon cell. This paper proposes using the iterative optimization to change the uniform arrangement of microchannel width to a non-uniform arrangement, making the temperature distribution more uniform. A vertical Z-shape structure is selected as the optimization object for its relatively good performance. Its middle path resistance is high, resulting in a high-temperature zone in the middle-upper part of a silicon cell. Three characteristic parameters are compared to select the optimal monitored variable for the iterative calculations. Specific flow rate is found to be the best characteristic parameter, followed by flow rate, while flow velocity cannot be used for iteration. The optimization significantly improves the uniformity of temperature distribution in the silicon cell. The air layer further enhances the performance of the PV/T system, with a thickness of 7 mm being optimal. At the ambient temperature from −15 °C to 40 °C, the outlet water temperature ranges from 37.7 °C to 53.7 °C, and the overall efficiency ranges from 40.8% to 73.0%, showing good application potential.

Combining pulverized coal gasifiers with cement kiln production is promising for application in low-cost and efficient NO reduction. This paper presents a pulverized coal gasifier catalytic denitration technique and investigates the homogeneous reduction (by CO and CH4) and heterogeneous catalytic reduction (by coke, CaO, MgO, and Fe2O3) of NO. A combination of Chemkin simulations and fixed-bed experiments is used to elucidate the reaction pathways and key intermediates of NO reduction by carbon-based gases. In addition, the activation energies for different catalyst combinations were analyzed via reaction kinetics. The results demonstrate that the presence of small amounts of O2 inhibits NO reduction by CO but promotes NO reduction by CH4. The NCO• radical is essential for the NO reduction process, and the generation of this radical depends on the CH4 cleavage intermediate and O• radical. CaO and Fe2O3 exhibit more significant catalytic effects on NO reduction by carbon-based gases than the other catalysts tested. The presence of a small amount of O2 in the reacting gas mixtures facilitates the NO reduction reaction. The activation energy is reduced to 1.02 kJ/mol, and the NO conversion reaches 99.80

In this study, a simple and effective Non-thermal Plasma (NTP) treatment was used to produce Ni-Mo catalysts, with Attapulgite (ATP)-Derived Mobil Five Instructure (MFI) zeolite (ADM) as the support. The catalytic activity and resistance to carbon deposition in the DRM reaction were separately investigated in terms of the effects of adding Mo and the NTP treatment. Structural characterization confirmed the successful integration of Ni and Mo species within the attapulgite-derived MFI framework. Catalysts containing Mo exhibited significantly higher initial catalytic activity compared to Mo-free ones. H2-TPR results demonstrated that the addition of Mo strengthened the metal-support interactions, and NTP treatment increased the proportion of metals in the catalyst that could function as active sites. CO2-TPD analysis showed that Mo addition enhanced the ratio of weakly basic and medium basic sites, and this tendency was further reinforced by NTP treatment. Under continuous operation for 100h, the plasma-treated Ni7Mo1-ADM-P catalyst exhibited exceptional stability with CH4 conversion rates maintained at 90.4 %. At the GHSV of 90,000 mL center dot gcat-1 center dot h-1, the CH4 and CO2 deactivation rates were merely 0.011 % h- 1 and 0.008 % h- 1, respectively. After 100 h of reaction, the characteristic peaks of MFI molecular sieves could still be detected in the used catalysts, reflecting their high stability. Additionally, Ni7Mo1-ADM-P had a higher degree of graphitization defects, making its carbon deposits easier to remove. This study could offer a reference for further enhancing catalyst performance through NTP treatment.

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), containing heavy metals and dioxins that can migrate and accumulate in the biosphere, is harmful to human health and the environment. Thermal treatment can effectively purify MSWI FA, but it is not widely used due to high energy consumption and long calcination time. Herein, we report an ultrafast carbothermal process to heat ash to 3600 degrees C within 0.03 s for FA purification and valuable elements recovery. After one time of ultrafast heating, 99.91% of the dioxins were removed, and the purified ash met the leaching standards. After three ultrafast heating cycles, the removal efficiencies of heavy metals were up to 71% for Zn, 86% for Pb, 71% for Cu, 62% for As, 100% for Hg, 93% for Cd, and 70% for Ni. The ultrafast carbothermal process also promoted chlorine removal by an ash washing process due to the decomposition of CaClOH. The condensate of volatiles was a good urban mining resource, higher than the minimum industrial grade of ore deposit. Compared with the traditional carbothermal treatment, it consumed only 1/110 of energy and needed 1/1920 of the furnace volume. The ultrafast carbothermal process provides an efficient and environmentally friendly way for FA purification and valuable elements recovery.

Chemical looping reforming (CLR) provides a novel solution for clean and efficient utilization of biomass tar. The versatility of oxygen carrier (OC) is essential for improving reforming efficiency. The properties of Mn-based spinel OCs (AMn2O4, A = Ni, Co, Cu) were investigated in the CLR process using benzene as a tar model compound. Detailed characterization and experimental results demonstrate the excellent structural stability of Mnbased spinel. The NiMn2O4 showed the most prominent reforming effect on benzene with the highest conversion of 95.77 % at 850 degrees C, S/C = 1.0, and WHSV = 3.0 h- 1. After 40 cycles, NiMn2O4 and CoMn2O4 maintained significant catalytic activity for benzene reforming, achieving conversions of 92.96 % and 90.07 %, respectively, in the final cycle. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the addition of H2O increases the activity of NiMn2O4. Compared to benzene adsorption alone, the adsorption energy decreased from -2.20 eV to -2.54 eV after the addition of H2O. The migration path of NiMn2O4 (100) reactive oxygen species in the presence or absence of H2O is directly demonstrated. In the absence of H2O, the activation energy barrier for direct oxidation of C6H5* by NiMn2O4 lattice oxygen is dominant (0.98 eV), but OH* produced by dissociation of H2O exhibits high activity, and oxidation of C6H5* to produce the key intermediate product C6H5O* has an activation energy barrier of only 0.35 eV. In addition, H2O has a predominant role in the replenishment of oxygen vacancies. The elucidation of the oxygen migration mechanism provides new guidance for the design of efficient OCs for catalytic oxidation.

Thermal separation of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) is a promising approach for both fly ash purification and heavy metal recovery. However, its commercial viability is hindered by excessive energy consumption. In this study, we introduce carbothermal reduction for MSWI FA treatment as an innovative strategy to enhance heavy metal volatilization and reduce the required heating temperature. By incorporating carbon (FA/Carbon = 1:0.2), the volatilization fractions of Pb, Cd and Zn reached 96.5 %, 100 %, and 63.9 %, respectively, when subjected to 900 degrees C for 2 h. Remarkably, these volatilization amount surpassed the volatilization fractions attained when raw fly ash (RFA) was independently calcined at 1000 degrees C for 2 h: Pb (90.2 %), Cd (92.9 %) and Zn (30.2 %). Conversely, Cu volatilization was impeded by carbon inclusion. Comparable trends were shown in washing fly ash (WFA). Notably, concentrated carbothermal reduction led to substantial concentrations of Pb (2.5-7.1 %) and Zn (4.9-20.7 %), rendering them amenable for recycling through metallurgical routes. Intriguingly, higher carbon content (FA/Carbon = 1:0.3) hindered rather than enhanced heavy metal volatilization from RFA. We found that condensation of NaCl and KCl occurred in carbon pores, causing the formation of molten eutectic which trapped the heavy metals at high temperatures. Therefore, more carbon showed more enhancement of heavy metal volatilization from WFA which was free of NaCl and KCl. Ultimately, two comprehensive pathways for the resourceful utilization of fly ash based on carbon thermal reduction were proposed and compared. This study demonstrates carbothermal reduction as an effective approach for simultaneous purification and metal recovery of MSWI FA, exhibiting promising potential for industrial application.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) coupled Ni-based catalysts show significant potential in reforming of biomass tar for syngas production. Carbon deposition on catalysts remains a troubling problem. Ce doping can contribute to the improvement of oxygen vacancies and oxygen activity, which is expected to solve this challenge. In this study, Ce-doped Ni-based catalysts with HAP as support have been prepared. Benzene was selected as a tar model and the effects of Ni/Ce, steam to carbon ratio (S/C), reaction temperature, discharge power, Ni/Ce intervention order and catalysts preparation method on catalytic activity and stability were investigated in NTP-catalytic system. The results show that Ni3/Ce5-HAP-C exhibits the best catalytic activity at a reaction temperature of 450 degrees C, an S/C of 1.6, and a discharge power of 86 W with benzene conversion of 94.99 %, total gas yield of 3501.20 mL/g(benzene) and energy efficiency of 8.75 g/kWh. An increase in Ce proportion significantly enhances the reducibility of the metal oxides and the mobility of the oxygen species, and effectively reduces the catalyst carbon deposition. The increase in temperature significantly enhances the catalyst reactivity and selectivity. The order of metal intervention of Ce followed by Ni proves to be favorable for the Ni-Ce bimetallic catalysts, and the first intervening Ce is able to enhance the lattice oxygen activity and the dispersion of Ni metal. Characterization of the spent catalysts indicates that graphitic carbon is the main type of carbon deposition, and reducing the conversion of benzene and its intermediates into graphitic carbon is crucial to enhance the stability of the catalysts.

Respiratory infections are currently understood to be caused by pathogens released through the nose or mouth of an infected individual, and subsequently transmitted to susceptible hosts. These pathogens are enclosed in liquid particles that are aerosolized from the respiratory tract during activities such as breathing, speaking, sneezing, and coughing. These particles vary widely in size, ranging from submicron to several microns. While past research has largely overlooked the human respiratory system, recent analysis has revealed that the actual structure of the nasal cavity significantly influences the prediction of aerosol transmission during exhalation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to analyze the aerosol transmission generated during exhalation from the nasal and oral cavities. Realistic nasal and oral cavity structures were taken into account, and authentic temperature distributions were applied to the surfaces. Additionally, inhalation conditions for susceptible individuals were established to evaluate the risk of inhalation-generated exposure. Through various simulation scenarios, we separately discussed the impact of environmental wind speed, separation distance, and exhalation flow rate. The simulation results indicate that environmental wind amplifies the complexity of the flow field and the transmission and deposition of particles between two individuals. Under ambient wind velocities of 0.5 m/s and 1 m/s, it was observed that over 80% of the particles with a diameter of 1 µm inhaled through the nasal cavity accounted for the total deposition on the infected individual. Furthermore, high exhalation flow rates exhibited higher deposition ratios at close distances, in line with our expectations. Therefore, it is advisable to minimize close contact as much as possible during periods of frequent respiratory infections, and to wear masks in order to reduce the risk of inhalation exposure.Implications: During the activities such as breathing, speaking, sneezing, and coughing, liquid particles containing pathogens are aerosolized from the respiratory tract and are released from nose or mouth through the nebulization. In this study, we investigated the transmission of aerosols from human exhalation in the outdoor environment, innovatively taking the real oral-nasal structure and the active inhalation of vulnerable people into consideration, and explored the human-to-human transmission of respiratory viruses. The results are beneficial for public health assessment and policy development.