蔬菜秸秆原位还田能够有效避免资源浪费和环境污染,但生产中缺乏专性降解菌群,且其对作物生长影响并不明确.本试验以黄瓜秸秆为试材,利用专化缺碳培养基筛选了能够高效降解黄瓜秸秆的协同菌群,并探究了其对黄瓜生长的影响.结果表明:筛选的协同降解菌群对黄瓜秸秆的降解率高达80.7％,对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别是78.8％、74.7％和49.4％,且纤维素酶活性峰值(0.1104 IU)出现在处理后9 d.协同降解菌群的优势种类共包括8个门和12个属,其可以利用31种碳源中的23种碳源物质.从协同降解菌群中分离出33个单菌株,其中15株具有纤维素降解能力.种子和幼苗测试结果表明,协同降解菌群的OD600达到0.4时即可有效促进黄瓜种子苗和幼苗的生长.综合来看,筛选的协同降解菌群不仅能够高效降解黄瓜秸秆,而且对黄瓜生长有促进作用.

针对烟台牟平区、福山区70位大樱桃种植户,采用调查问卷、电话采访的形式,对不同年龄、受教育程度、樱桃种植面积和收入等进行了调查.运用二元logistic模型,对不同家庭经营类型农户的销售渠道选择进行了实证研究,得出以下结论:专业化经营的农户更愿意选择销售给商贩,而兼业化经营的农户更愿意选择批发市场销售;种植面积大的农户偏向于选择批发市场销售的形式,且教育程度越高,互联网销售的程度越高;种植面积小的农户更倾向于以销往商贩的方式销售大樱桃.

对北京产的4种甜玉米BMB 380、昊白甜452、京白甜456、京双甜461的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、维生素C、叶酸、矿物元素及重金属含量进行分析,并对其营养价值进行评价.4种甜玉米每100g干物质含蛋白质12.08％、脂肪酸6.40％、可溶性糖68.4％、维生素C 73.2mg、叶酸385.1 μg、钙39.9 mg、硒112.5 μg,显著高于普通玉米、大米、面粉;含有人体必需的8种氨基酸以及婴儿必需的组氨酸和精氨酸,AAS值非常接近婴儿标准模式,与成人模式比大于1;不饱和脂肪酸占77.1％,ω-3脂肪酸占1.67％,比例合理,属于优质脂肪酸;每天吃200～400g鲜玉米粒可以满足成人对叶酸的需要,有助预防胎儿神经管缺陷.这4种甜玉米每百克铅、砷最高含量分别为3.10、1.45μg,远低于国家限量.鲜食甜玉米中色氨酸含量低,与一些色氨酸含量高的食物搭配食用更益于健康.

利用神经网络模型研究了品种产量与其他性状的关系,发现神经网络模型在不同次训练结果中的平均绝对误差和平均绝对相对误差的变异系数较小,但在不同次训练结果中的各个自变量相对重要性的变异系数较大.因此,神经网络较适合用于产量的预测,在用于研究各个性状对产量的相对重要性时,应采取多次重复求平均值的方法,以减少分析结果的误差.在所有的性状中,穗粗、穗长对产量的相对重要性最大,随后是百粒重、株高和生育期等.同时,还分析了使产量最大时各个性状的最佳组合.该研究结果对黄淮海地区玉米育种目标的制定具有一定的参考价值.

本研究通过选择难产率低的蒙贝利亚公牛与荷斯坦母牛杂交,比较蒙×荷杂种牛和纯种荷斯坦牛早期生长发育性状.结果表明杂种牛在初生～3月龄期间与荷斯坦牛各项指标差异不显著(P≥0.05);4月龄后,杂种牛体重、胸围、体高等性状都极显著高于同期的荷斯坦牛(P<0.01).相关性分析显示发育早期阶段,体重与胸围、体斜长、十字部高、尻长和腰角宽相关程度最高,相关系数为0.91以上(P<0.05).结果表明,选种难产率低的蒙贝利亚公牛与荷斯坦牛杂交,犊牛出生时体重与体尺与荷斯坦牛无差异,但杂种牛表现出更优的增长趋势,杂交效果明显.

为了探究叶面喷施外源物质对黄瓜商品苗贮运质量的提升效果,研究蔬菜育苗生产中常用的寡聚糖、壮苗1号和植物益生源对贮运0、3、6d黄瓜穴盘苗质量的影响.结果表明:与喷施清水的对照相比,壮苗1号可以抑制幼苗徒长,增加地下部干质量,维持较高的壮苗指数、比叶重和叶绿素含量,而植物益生源和寡聚糖对幼苗各生长指标的影响较小.因此,推荐叶面喷施壮苗1号来提高黄瓜商品苗的贮运质量.

利用气体传感信息,提出了一种蓝莓货架期预测方法.将蓝莓贮藏在0、5、22℃下,对贮藏微环境中的3种气体含量(氧气、二氧化碳、乙烯)进行了监测,同时将蓝莓5种理化指标(腐败率、硬度、pH值、可溶性固形物含量、失重率)作为传统的品质指示指标进行了获取,分析了贮藏微环境中气体含量变化和理化指标变化的相关性,并利用BP神经网络从气体角度建立了蓝莓的货架期预测模型.结果表明:蓝莓品质的变化受到贮藏温度的影响;气体含量的变化与蓝莓品质的变化存在明显相关性;利用BP神经网络建立的蓝莓货架期预测模型具有良好的预测效果.其中,0℃的预测误差为0.091 ～0.191 d,5℃的预测误差为0.069 ～ 0.302 d,22℃的预测误差为0.094～0.338 d,基本满足货架期预测需要.

对物联网技术在农业中的应用现状、存在问题和发展对策进行了综述.

[Objective] This experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of environmental factors on milk yield of first lactation Holsteins in Ningxia,and to estimate genetic parameters of test day milk yield using test-day model,to provide a theoretical foundation for genetic parameter and breeding value estimation of milk components and somatic cells,and provide basic parameters for optimal breeding scheme which is suited to the Holstein population in Ningxia.[Method] A total of 550 078 test-day milk yield records firom Holstein in Ningxia were collected,and the standards of calving month between 22-36 mo,the milk days between 5-305 d,and test day milk yield between 5.9-53.3kg were used to edit data,and finally a total of 127478 test-day milk yield records from 14320 Holstein heifers distributed in 24 herds between 2009 and 2013 in Ningxia were used in lactation curve mimicking and genetic analysis.Pedigree information of three generations were collected (father,mother,grandfather and grandmother from both father side and mother side) to form the pedigree file consisting 24 272 individuals.Microsoft Excel 2013 was used to manage the data to derive average milk production for each test-day,and NLIN procedure of SAS 9.1 was used to fit the Wood model and used to mimic the lactation curve to derive the population characters of milk yield.A random regression test-day animal model was employed and DMU 5.2 software was used for parameter estimation.The model included general fixed effect and fixed regression,random regression.In the present study,herd-test-day was the fixed effects,and a fixed regression were fitted for calving year and calving month combination effects,direct additive genetic,permanent environment were the random effects.Regression curves were modeled using Legendre polynomials of order 4.Based on climate characteristics in Ningxia,four calving seasons were categorized,spring (Mar.11th to May 20th),summer (May 21st to Aug.25th),autumn (Aug.26th to Oct.15th) and winter (Oct.16th to Mar.10th).[Result] The results showed that the average of test-day milk yield in Ningxia was 29.66 kg,milk yield reached its peak at about 90 days and peak yield was 31.84 kg.Through fitting lactation curves to first lactation cows in different seasons,calving years,and farms,the effect of these factors on lactation curves were quantified.Furthermore,lactation curves should be fitted as sub-models in the model for genetic evaluation.The heritabilities of 5-305 day milk yield were from 0.08 to 0.29,and the overall heritability of daily milk yield was 0.16.[Conclusion] The study mimicked lactation curves for first lactation Holstein cows in Ningxia using WOOD model,the proper model was defined for this population.Results of estimated heritability for daily milk yield was lower than the results in the literatures using similar models.To evaluate the performance of test-day model,the hypothesis for residual variance (e) and integrity of pedigree needs to pay attention.These estimates derived from current study will provide reference for evaluating milk components and somatic cell counts using random regression model,and further establishing breeding value estimation system for performance of Holstein in Ningxia.

This study was conducted to establish model for genetic analyses of adult body size and body weight in Sanhe cattle,and to estimate population genetic parameters,in order to provide foundational parameters for establishing breeding objective and forming selection index for Sanhe cattle.Body size and body weight data of 4 491 adult Sanhe cows were measured from 1997 to 2010,a total of 48 946 records were collected from Xiertala Cattle Farm of Inner Mongolia,where the nuclear herd for Sanhe cattle were located,and used for genetic analyses.The 15 body size and body weight traits included body height(BOH),body length (BI),chest girth (CG),cannon circumference (CC),body weight (BW),abdomen circumference (AC),back height (BAH),hip cross height(HCH),chest depth (CD),chest width (CW),hip width (HW),pin bone width (PBW),rump length (RL),head length (HL) and forehead width (FW).DMU package was used for genetic evaluation(AI-REML and EM algorithm) combined with multiple traits animal model,considering age of cow as fixed effect,farm-year-season and additive genetic effect as random effects.Heritabilities and genetic correlations were computed based on estimated variance components,and genetic trends of all traits were analyzed based on estimated breeding values.The results showed that the estimated heritabilities of BOH,BL,CG,CC,BW,AC,BAH,HCH,CD,CW,HW,PBW,RL,HL and FW in adult cows were 0.73±0.02,0.58± 0.02,0.43±0.03,0.51±0.02,0.41±0.03,0.51±0.03,0.60±0.03,0.69±0.03,0.55± 0.03,0.26±0.02,0.28±0.03,0.17±0.02,0.21±0.02,0.69±0.03 and 0.55±0.03,respec-tively.The genetic correlation coefficient among body size and weight traits for adult cows were from-0.19 to 0.92,and their phenotypic correlation coefficient were from-0.30 to 0.93.The genetic correlation coefficient among BOH,BAH and HCH were 0.79-0.88,and their phenotypic correlation coefficient were 0.76-0.93.Genetic correlation among HW,PBW and RL were low (0.11-0.34),and their phenotypic correlation were medium (0.50-0.83).The heritabilities of body size and body weight in adult Sanhe cows are medium to high inheritable traits in general.In which,low genetic correlation exists among traits related to reproduction performance,while higher genetic correlation exists among traits related to body structure.It is suggested that selection system for Sanhe cattle should be strengthened,so that genetic level of economically important traits could be improved steadily.

针对某型火箭第三级发动机尾喷管姿态控制的电动伺服机构可靠性验证试验方法开展研究,采用Weibull分布模型确定了电动伺服系统的可靠性验证试验的试验时间,同时在对电动伺服系统任务阶段的环境应力和工作应力做了详细分析的基础上,设计了电动伺服机构可靠性验证试验载荷谱.针对电动伺服系统可靠性验证试验中小样本、无失效数据情况,提出了累计失效率的Bayes估计评估的方法.

Genome-wide association studies(GWAS)based on high throughput SNPs genotyping technology provided basis for exploring genes associated with fertility traits in Chinese Holsteins.Data of 19 111 heifers with calving records over a period of 10years(2001-2011)were collected from Sanyuanluhe Dairy Cattle Breeding Center.Firstly,by AI-REML combined EM algorithm,DMU software(v 6.0)was used to estimate genetic parameters for age at first calving(AFC)based on animal model.Then GWAS was performed by the software PLINK(v 1.07)on the basis of the EBVs of calving traits of 2 172 Chinese Holstein heifers to identify genes affecting the fertility traits using the Illumina BovineSNPs50 BeadChip.The results showed that 1 700 SNPs was significantly associated with AFC at genome-wide level.Preliminarily,43 significant SNPs with P-valves smaller than 10-15 were chosen to do the bioinformatics analyses.Among the 43 SNPs,12were located on X chromosome,while some were within 1 Mb(20.42-21.52 Mb)on SSC7.In particular,the candidate genes of KLHL4,TRAM1,TRAM2,ZNF438 and MATK wererelated to some reproductive disturbances or diseases.The current study explored some novel SNPs as well as potential candidate genes associated with heifer calving traits,which can be used to unravel the genetic foundation of fertility traits in dairy cattle.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为了解受群体感应信号肽介导的产细菌素乳杆菌作为发酵剂的潜力,以前期研究获得的1株Lactobacillus paraplantarum L-ZS9菌株为研究对象,L.plantarum L-Y9为对照,将L.paraplantarum L-ZS9+AIP（信号肽）、L.paraplantarum L-ZS9和L.plantarum L-Y9分别复配商用木糖葡萄球菌制备发酵香肠,测定不同发酵剂条件下各组香肠的微生物指标、理化指标和感官指标。结果表明:L-ZS9+AIP组效果最佳,与L-Y9组有显著差异（P&lt;0.05）,但与L-ZS9组差异并不明显（P&gt;0.05）。L-ZS9作为发酵剂能够更迅速启动发酵,较好地抑制肠杆菌的生长,及丙二醛（MDA）的增加,同时提高发酵香肠的感官品质。</span>

文章从玉米耐密性的遗传改良、影响因素以及高密度的不利影响等方面,对国外玉米耐密性的研究进展进行了综述,指出现代玉米杂交种的产量提高主要归功于耐密性的增强;耐密性是一个复杂的生理性状,受很多因素的影响;高产性和稳产性的统一是现代优良杂交种的必备条件.

以中间型无花果优选系M105为试验材料,研究不同浓度赤霉素(GA3)处理无授粉条件的秋果,实现单性结实的赤霉素响应窗口期内对果实内源激素水平的影响,结果表明:GAs含量在100、250和500 μg/mL赤霉素处理后果实各部位均有提高.IAA含量在赤霉素处理后果实各部位均有所上升,第9天均高于对照.ZR含量均随着处理浓度的增大增值变大;4个部位中雌花含量最高,且在处理3d后上升幅度最大,果梗、果茎和果肉中提高趋势较稳定.ABA含量在赤霉素处理后各部位均有明显下降.100、250和500 μg/mL浓度赤霉素(GA3)处理后,座果率分别提高30.89％、46.67％和45.78％.

对内蒙古三河牛核心群泌乳牛和干奶牛乳房外观洁净度进行全面评分和系统分析,研究影响三河牛乳房外观洁净度的重要部位,分析各部位洁净度评分与体细胞数(Somaticcell count,SCC)和体细胞评分(Somatic cell score,SCS)的相关关系,为三河牛乳房外观洁净度评分体系建立及隐性乳房炎防治提供数据参考.通过采集内蒙古海拉尔区三河牛基础母牛群201头泌乳牛及干奶牛的789份图像信息,在建立三河牛乳房外观洁净度评分体系基础上,对三河牛左后肢、左躯体、左乳区、右后肢、右躯体、右乳区、后乳区和尾部等8个部位进行5个等级的评分,同时进行整体洁净度评分,并运用SAS 9.1.3进行了系统的统计分析.三河牛8个部位洁净度评分之间存在极显著相关(P＜0.01),其中左后肢、左乳区、右乳区、后乳区和尾部等5个部位极显著影响整体洁净度评分(P＜0.01).通过主成分分析将8个部位洁净度评分变量降维至3个主成分.逻辑回归分析和方差分析得出,三河牛体况评分对SCC有极显著影响(P＜0.01),右乳区评分对SCC有显著影响(P＜0.05),胎次效应对SCS影响极显著(P＜0.01).本研究建立了包含8个部位的三河牛乳房外观整体洁净度评分体系(5分制),其主要部位是右后肢、右乳区和尾部,尤其是右乳区洁净程度.右乳区评分对隐性乳房炎指标SCC的显著影响提示其有望作为预防三河牛隐形乳房炎发生的直观选择指标.

奶牛的繁殖力为数量性状,由微效多基因控制,受到遗传、管理、营养等多方面因素的影响.由于奶牛的繁殖力与产奶性状呈负遗传相关,并且低遗传力将导致选择效果不理想,使得奶牛繁殖性能在过去的20年间呈现缓慢衰退趋势,尤其在高产奶牛群体中表现突出 近年来,多个国家相继将部分繁殖性状引入奶牛综合选择指数,通过给予权重期望实现平衡育种的目标.本文从数量遗传学角度解析传统育种中对繁殖性状的选育,综述其与产奶性状以及其他功能性状的相关性,展示基因组选择时代繁殖性状的研究策略及应用前景.

[Objective]The aim was to analyze the relation between cold resistance of wheat varieties and its physiological characters. [Method] With six wheat varieties from different temperature zones,field experiments for identification of cold resistance and yield performance were conducted in four locations of different ecological area,Anhui Bozhou,Hebei Wuqiao,Beijing Haidian and Beijing Yanqing. At the same time, physiological traits at seedling stage under low temperature treatment were determined. [Result]The results showed that,there was a big difference of the yield and overwintering mortality among the six wheat varieties at different locations. Meanwhile their physiological characters,such as photosynthetic characteristics SPAD value and the relative conductivity of seedlings under low temperature treatment also varied. While the physiological characters of seedling under low temperature treatment and field performance were not consistent. [Conclusion] The study has an important reference value for selection and identification of wheat cold resistant varieties.

In order to obtain a bacteriocin producing strain,lactic acid bacteria were separated and screened with dissolve calcium circle and oxford cup double-plate method from premium fermentation meat.Morphological,physiological biochemistry method,16SrDNA and specific gene PCR amplification were used to identify the strain to species,and the bacteriocin related gene was analyzed to determine bacteriocin types.The results showed that,after eliminating organic acid,hydrogen peroxide and other interference factors,L-ZS9still had antibacterial activity among the 92strains and its antibacterial substances were sensitive to protease(acid protease,protease K,trypsin,pepsin,neutral protease),while insensitive to alpha amylase.Therefore,L-ZS9 was recognized as bacteriocin producing bacteria and identified as Lactobacillus paraplantarum.Further bacteriocin related gene PCR amplification showed that L-ZS9contained Ⅱb plantaricins EF,JK,Ⅱc plantaricin A and plantaricin N encoding gene.The mature peptide sequences of plnF,plnK were identical with Lactobacillus plantarum C11(X94434)and only one amino acid mutation occurred in plnE,plnJ mature peptide sequences.Therefore,the Lactobacillus paraplantarumL-ZS9was a nature multibacteriocinogenic strain.

通过在高寒地区引入全混合日粮(TMR)搅拌车饲喂三河牛,并与传统饲喂方式下的产奶性能、饲喂成本、收益进行对比,结果显示TMR饲喂方式能够提高三河牛日平均产奶量2.2kg,平均每产1kg牛奶节约饲草0.52kg、精料0.05kg、青贮0.29kg,大大增加了牛场的经济效益.