为拓宽生物质材料在油水分离领域中的应用,以新疆廉价的大宗废弃葵花杆为原料、壳聚糖为复合材料、硬脂酸为疏水改性剂,通过简单的冷冻干燥-常温浸渍法合成了一种具有超疏水性的杆茎纤维/壳聚糖复合气凝胶.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),接触角测量仪对气凝胶进行表征,并评价了其吸油性能和循环使用性能.研究结果表明:当葵花杆纤维与壳聚糖质量比为6:1,硬脂酸加量为1.64％,浸渍时间为2.5 h时,复合气凝胶静态水接触角最大,为150.9°.对煤油等不同油品的吸附容量为12.34～21.85 g/g,并且经10次循环使用后仍保持稳定的吸油性能和疏水性能.研究成果不仅为油水分离材料的制备提供了一种新的方法,而且也为新疆丰富的秸秆高值化利用拓宽了途径.

针对塔河油田油藏储层深且高温、高盐的储藏条件,目前无机硅酸盐水玻璃凝胶易高温老化脱水,使得封堵效果变差.鉴于此,亟需研发一种在高温、高矿化度条件下具有老化稳定性好、强度高和封堵性能好的凝胶堵剂.制备了有机-无机复合凝胶,采用成本低廉的工业腐植酸与水玻璃复合,尿素做延迟交联剂,制备了腐植酸-水玻璃复合凝胶,以基液粘度、pH、成胶时间、成胶强度和高温老化稳定性为依据优选最优配方,以注入性能和封堵性能评价凝胶封堵效果.结果表明,最佳配方3％腐植酸+3％尿素+20％水玻璃,基液粘度14.2 mPa·s,pH为11.68,在130℃条件下,成胶时间90-120 min,成胶强度为0.07 MPa,30 d内不脱水,具有较好的注入性和封堵性.在单管填砂管中注入0.5 PV该体系后,1 100 mD渗透率填砂管的封堵率大于90％.

《化工原理实验》是培养学生工程观念,加强学生实践能力、创新意识和能力的基本教学环节,流体流动综合实验是该门课程的基础.本文结合化工类教学质量国家标准和工程教育专业认证指标体系的对人才培养要求,在不增加、不改造原有实验装置的基础上,通过实验之前总管路和测压导管系统排气时阀门开关合理设计,学生既学习了原有验证和测量不同粗糙度直管、局部阻力以及泵的特性参数综合实验内容,又掌握了串并联管路的压降和流量特性、泵的扬程与流量间关系和流量与管道内流体湍动程度间的关系.通过此综合实验培训,提高学生综合应用化工基本原理、基本概念解决工程复杂问题的能力.

在水浴环境下通过碱溶酸析方法获得腐植酸絮体,考察了腐植酸絮体使用量、pH、温度、时间对絮体腐植酸吸附Fe(Ⅲ)的影响.结果表明,最佳吸附条件为:腐植酸絮体使用量为0.1 g,pH=6,T=40℃,t=3 h,吸附铁量达到11.80 mg/g,远高于直接使用固体腐植酸吸附文献值0.79 mg/g.

以聚苯胺(Polyaniline,PANI)为前驱体,高温焙烧制备含氮多孔碳材料催化剂,并以固定床反应器对催化剂进行乙炔氢氯化催化性能研究.结果 表明,聚苯胺在900℃下焙烧3h所得催化剂活性最优,在优化的反应条件下,乙炔转化率高达41.42％,而相同乙炔空速下,汞催化剂的乙炔转化率最高为41.60％,催化效果相差无几.BET、XPS、SEM和TG表征结果表明,该催化剂拥有丰富的比表面积和高含氮量,以石墨氮(Graphitic N)为主要活性位点,氮含量与氮官能团十分稳定,不随反应的进行而改变,催化剂失活的主要原因是积炭.

通过使用表面改性、金属氧化物、有机物、不同碳源等多种方法对膨胀石墨进行改性,使其吸附性能得到明显提高,同时,增强了对污水中的油类、重金属、色素和酚类等难降解物质的处理能力,对多种典型废水处理具有良好的处理效果.

采用化学氧化法,以粒径为180μm的天然鳞片石墨为原料,在混酸(乙酸酐-磷酸-高氯酸)混合固体助氧化剂(高锰酸钾-重铬酸钾)体系下制得无硫可膨胀石墨.确定最佳合成条件为:m(鳞片石墨):V(混酸):m(高锰酸钾):m(重铬酸钾)=1(g):4(mL):0.1(g):0.1(g),50℃反应60 min,40℃干燥2 h.在此条件下得到初始膨胀温度为200℃的无硫可膨胀石墨,在500℃下的最大膨胀体积高达665 mL/g.通过SEM、FT-IR、XRD及TGA测试对鳞片石墨、可膨胀石墨和膨胀石墨进行结构、形貌、官能团分析.结果表明:可膨胀石墨片层间距增大,成功插入高氯酸、磷酸、乙酸酐;且经膨化后,得到纯度较高、孔隙较发达且片层晶体结构未改变的无硫高膨胀体积膨胀石墨.

以L-丙交酯和水滑石(LDHs)为原料、辛酸亚锡(Sn(Oct)2)为催化剂,采用反应性挤出法合成了聚乳酸(PLA)/LDHs纳米复合材料,并透过正交试验优化得到最佳工艺条件.结果表明,最佳反应挤出工艺条件为LDHs用量0.4％,Sn(Oct)2用量2％,螺杆转速20 r/min,反应温度170℃.通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对所制PLA/LDHs纳米复合材料进行了分析,结果表明,通过反应性挤出法合成的PLA/LDHs纳I米复合材料分子量为38 289 g/mol,且具有α-晶型结构.此外,PLA/LDHs纳米复合材料力学性能测试结果表明,复合材料的力学性能得到显著提升;热重(TG)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)结果表明,PLA/LDHs纳米复合材料的热稳定性和结晶性能均得到明显改着.反应动力学研究结果显示,PLA0和PLA/LDHs纳米复合材料的表观反应速率常数分别为7.639×1 03和8.496×103 g/(mol·min),表明LDHs可以提高PLA的聚合反应速率.

Bi-ZSM-5 heteroatom zeolite catalyst is prepared by gas-solid isomorphous substitution for the catalysis of acetylene hydrochlorination with ZSM-5 as the parent zeolite and BiCl3 as the precursor.The effect of the isomorphous substitution temperature,time and carrier gas flow rate is studied.The optimal conditions are:600℃ and 24 hours of isomorphous substitution temperature and time,respectively,10 mL/min of carrier gas flow rate.The catalytic performances of Bi-ZSM-5 for acetylene hydrochlorination is obviously higher than that of industrial mercuric chloride catalyst.The XRD,TG and FT-IR results suggest that the Bi is inserted in the framewok of ZSM-5 zoelite and coke deposition is the main reason for the catalysts deactivation.

针对硫化钠法处理后含汞水样,利用聚硅酸锌絮凝剂(PZSS)进行絮凝处理,并与聚合氯化铝的絮凝效果进行对比.结果表明,PZSS的去浊和除汞效果明显优于聚合氯化铝.同时,对PZSS中的SiO2质量分数、锌硅摩尔比、活化时间、投加量、pH等因素对絮凝效果和除汞效率的影响进行了研究.

Poly-zinc silicate became the research hotspot that it had excellent flocculant property and lower metal remaining. Poly-zinc silicate was made by sodium silicate,zinc sulfate,etc.,and its optimal preparation condition and influencing factor to flocculant property were researched. The results indicated that the removal residual turbidity efficiency was culmination when w(SiO 2 %) = 3. 0%,n(Zn/Si) = 1. 5,activation time was 0. 5 h,the optimal dose was 1. 0 mL/L, pH range of application was 6. 4 ~ 10. 0 and flocculation sedimentation time was 10 min. It had wider pH range of application,sedimentation time and the rate of flocculating constituent grew up than that of poly-aluminum silicate flocculant.

对聚硅酸锌絮凝剂(PZSS)中硅锌物质的量比、投加量、水样pH值、絮凝慢搅时间及搅拌强度、沉降时间等因素对其絮凝性能、处理后清液和滤液残锌量的影响进行了研究,同时通过光子相关光谱法(PCS)、紫外吸收(UVA)扫描法对其粒径分布、Zn2+和Zn2+水解聚合物与聚硅酸的作用进行了进一步证明.结果表明,硅锌比1∶1、投加量1mL/L、水样pH 7.0、慢搅时间10 min,沉降10 min的条件下,即可得到浊度和溶液中残锌量符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准的处理液.

国标GB/T 5750.6-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》中双硫腙分光光度法测定水中锌离子的方法复杂、影响因素多,难以操作.通过使用比色管替换分液漏斗,将试样由配制一批改成逐个配制和把双硫腙四氯化碳溶液吸光度值调整为0.400±0.005等方面的改进,能够提高试验的重复性和精度,降低测试操作难度、工作量和成本.

This paper introduces the performance of nanosized HZSM-5 and micronsized HZSM-5 in straight-run gasoline isomerization in a fixed bed under reaction conditions.The characterization of two molecular sieves were conducted by XRD,NH3-TPD and BET analysis.It is found that the nanosized HZSM-5 is more suitable for catalytic isomerization of straight-run gasoline than micronsized HZSM-5.This is because nanosized HZSM-5 has more external acid sites which favor the cyclization of paraffin and riches in secondary pores allowing more coke deposition.At 320—360 ℃ and WHSV of 1 h-1,nanosized HZSM-5 shows the best catalytic performance.Nanosized HZSM-5 can be used as an efficient catalyst for straight-run gasoline isomerization.

Advance in straight-run gasoline isomerization catalysts and the use in China are introduced in this paper.At present,straight-run gasoline isomerization catalysts are focused on metal catalysts loaded on porous carrier,especially bifunctional catalysts loaded on molecular sieves.The most suitable catalyst carrier,the balance between loaded metal and carrier acid center,and the use of common metals instead of noble metals are the hot topics of research.The application of straight-run gasoline isomerization catalysts in refineries shows a diversified situation.A variety of different catalysts with their own characteristics are used by different refineries.

Solubilities in the system Na+,K+,Mg2+//Cl-,SO2-4,NO-3,H2O saturated with NaCl were investigated by isothermal method at 25 ℃.According to experimental data,the phase diagram was plotted.In this system,there are 8 double salts,15 regions saturated with two salts,and 25 invariant points.In these invariant points,one is an incongruent point saturated with Mg(NO3)2·6H2O,NaCl,MgCl2·6H2O,MgSO4·(1—6)H2O,KCl·MgCl2·6H2O,and the others are reaction points.Based on these results,the sequence of crystallization of salts from the brine during evaporation process was discussed.

应用等温溶解平衡法,研究了Na+,K+,Mg2+//Cl-,SO24-,NO3-,H2O六元体系在25℃的氯化钠饱和溶液中的相平衡关系,测定了溶解度,并绘制出相应的相图.研究结果表明,在25℃时,该体系在氯化钠饱和溶液中存在8种复盐,有15个二盐结晶区,25个零变量点;其中只有1个共结点,为Mg（NO3）2.6H2O,NaCl,MgCl2.6H2O,MgSO4.（1～6）H2O和KCl.MgCl2.6H2O五盐共饱点,其余均为反应点.在此基础上,研究了新疆硝酸盐卤水矿蒸发析盐规律.

Solubilities in the system Na+, K+, Mg2+ // Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, H2O saturated with NaCI were investigated by isothermal method at 25 degrees C. According to experimental data, the phase diagram was plotted. In this system, there are 8 double salts, 15 regions saturated with two salts, and 25 invariant points. In these invariant points, one is an incongruent point saturated with Mg(NO3)(2) . 6H(2)O, NaCl, MgCl2 . 6H(2)O, MgSO4 . (1-6) H2O, KCl . MgCl2 . 6H(2)O, and the others are reaction points. Based on these results, the sequence of crystallization of salts from the brine during evaporation process was discussed.

The neodymium based cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber catalyzed(NdBR)-toluene solution was prepared.The effects of the three factors of mass fraction of NdBR rubber in toluene(C),temperature(T) and shear rate(γ) on the apparent viscosity(η) of the rubber solution were studied,and the fluid constant(a) and zero shear viscosity(η0) were examined by extrapolation method.The results showed that the influence sequence of the three factors on η was C≥γ≈T.The regression equation were ln η=0.815 2+3.533 5 ln C+13.405 4/T-0.210 8 ln γ at C of 8.00%-10.00%,γ of 4.40-25.00 s-1;and ln η=-6.593 7+6.751 9 ln C+13.466 9/T-0.212 0 ln γ at C of 10.00%-12.00%,γ of 0.88-15.00 s-1.The appropriate T of the two regression equation were all 30-70 ℃.The a=0.000 635,and the empirical equations of η0 was ln η0=-5.674 2+6.464 4 ln C+12.289 2/T,and the sequence of influencing η0 for the two factors was C≥T.