目的 评估2020年长江流域洪涝灾害对下游沿江地区血吸虫病传播风险的影响,为制定防治对策提供科学依据.方法 选择镇江市丹徒区沿江4个乡镇的8个重点环境作为评估区域,于2021年对螺情、人畜病情、环境野粪、放牧及野鼠感染等开展调查,综合分析评估洪灾后血吸虫病传播的风险程度.结果 在8个环境中,共查出有螺面积60.60hm2,活螺密度在0.51～2.07只/0.1 m2之间,无感染性钉螺;共发现野粪155份,未查到阳性野粪;共捕获野鼠8只,无阳性.4个村居民血清学检查阳性率为3.71％,船民阳性率23.68％,未查出粪检阳性病人;共检查家畜177头(只),无阳性家畜.8个环境中,属中等传播风险的为5个,低传播风险的为3个.结论 2020年长江流域洪灾后,长江下游血吸虫病传播风险有所上升,建议加强江滩环境的螺情监测与控制,并加强江滩禁牧及人群健康教育等综合性防控措施,降低血吸虫病传播风险.

目的 了解镇江市丹徒区居民死亡情况,为政府制定防控措施提供依据.方法 应用死亡率、标化死亡率、死因顺位、期望寿命、去死因期望寿命、早死概率、死亡率差别分解等定性定量指标,对居民死亡资料进行分析.结果 2013-2019年丹徒区居民平均粗死亡率为802.56/10万,呈上升趋势(APC=1.59％,t=2.67,P=0.044),标化死亡率为426.56/10万,呈下降趋势(APC=-5.24％,t=-4.06,P=0.010).死因顺位前5位为恶性肿瘤(占35.51％)、循环系统疾病(占34.22％)、呼吸系统疾病(占9.32％)、内分泌营养代谢疾病(占6.16％)和损伤中毒(占6.13％).期望寿命由2013年77.61岁上升至2019年81.72岁.恶性肿瘤、循环系统疾病、慢阻肺标化死亡率均呈下降趋势(P值均＜0.05),糖尿病死亡率呈上升趋势(P＜0.05).死亡率差别分解显示,促进该四类重大慢性病死亡率的升高的人口因素大于阻碍死亡率的升高的非人口因素.四类重大慢性病早死概率呈下降趋势(P＜0.05),预测丹徒区居民2030年四类重大慢性病早死概率为4.70％,能够达到"健康中国2030"早死概率8.97％的目标值.结论 人口老龄化是丹徒区居民死亡率上升的主要原因,四类重大慢性病对丹徒区居民期望寿命、早死概率影响较大,需重点防控.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the sensitivity of adult worms of filial generations from praziquantel-resistant and -sensitive Schistosoma japonicum mixed infections to praziquantel.METHODSMice were infected with the cercariae of an experimentally generated praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate [median effective dose (ED50) = 277.4 mg/kg] and a laboratory-maintained praziquantel-sensitive S. japonicum isolate (ED50 = 99.6 mg/kg) at a mixture ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, which was maintained in the laboratory via the mouse-snail cycle for 8 generations. Then, mice were infected with the cercariae of the 8th filial-generation parasite, and grouped 35 days post-infection. Mice in the 5 treatment groups were given praziquantel treatment by gavage at a single oral dose of 37.5, 75, 150, 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, while animals in the control group was administered orally with 2.5% cremophor EL. All mice were sacrificed 14 days post-treatment and adult worms were collected by perfusion of the portal vein. The worm burden reductions and praziquantel ED50 values were calculated. The praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate generated from experimental induction with 12 rounds of praziquantel treatment with sub-curative doses was maintained in the laboratory via the mouse-snail cycle, and mice were infected with the cercariae of the 8th filial-generation parasite. The praziquantel ED50 value against the 8th filial-generation adults was measured.RESULTSAfter mice were infected with the mixture of cercariae of PZQ-resistant and -sensitive S. japonicum isolates at a ratio of 1:1, the praziquantel ED50 was 135.2 mg/kg against the adults of the 8th filial-generation parasite. After mice were infected with the mixture of cercariae of PZQ-resistant and -sensitive S. japonicum isolates at a ratio of 2:1, the praziquantel ED50 was 129.2 mg/kg against the adults of the 8th filial-generation parasite. In addition, the praziquantel ED50 was 208.4 mg/kg against the adults of the 8th filial-generation S. japonicum without the selection pressure of praziquantel.CONCLUSIONSCompared with the experimentally induced praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate, the adult worms of the filial-generation S. japonicum show a reduced sensitivity to praziquantel in the same host following infection with the mixture of cercariae of praziquantel-resistant and -sensitive S. japonicum isolates. The adult worms of the filial generation of the praziquantel-resistant S. japonicum isolate without the selection pressure of praziquantel may still maintain the resistance to praziquantel.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the prevalence and changing patterns of Schistosoma japonicum infections in goats in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City, so as to provide the scientific data for the management of in livestock.METHODS:The S. japonicum infections were detected using a miracidial hatching test (one test for one stool specimen) in goats grazed in settings with snail habitats in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City at spring and autumn of each year from 2004 to 2019, and the prevalence and intensity of S. japonicum infections were estimated.RESULTS:A total of 21 836 goat stool samples were detected from 2004 to 2019, and 86 were positive for S. japonicum (0.39% prevalence). The highest prevalence of S. japonicum infections in goats was seen in 2004 (1.25%) and no infections were detected in goats since 2013. S. japonicum-infected goats were identified in marshland-type endemic areas and plain regions with waterway networks, and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in goats between these two types of endemic areas (0.50% vs. 0.15%; χ2 = 11.566, P < 0.05). The prevalence of S. japonicum infections was significantly greater in goats at ages of more than 10 months (0.51%) and over 10 months (0.44%) than in other goats (χ2 = 13.088, P < 0.05), and higher prevalence was found in autumn than in spring (0.54% vs. 0.27%; χ2 = 9.597, P < 0.05). In addition, there were 76.74% of S. japonicum-infected goats with intensity of"+++"and"++++".CONCLUSIONS:Although the high prevalence of S. japonicum infections has been effectively controlled in goats in Dantu District, goat remains to be an important source of S. japonicum infections that should be given a high priority for control to consolidate the schistosomiasis control achievements.

目的 掌握镇江市丹徒区沿江地区羊血吸虫病疫情情况,为制定羊血吸虫病防治策略提供科学依据. 方法 2009-2019年每年对沿江地区羊血吸虫病病情、江滩环境羊粪、羊敞放区域水体感染性、居民病情、螺情和防治措施等开展纵向观察并进行分析. 结果 2009-2019年在沿江地区共检查羊12 076只,查出粪检阳性羊57只,感染率为0.47％;粪检阳性羊感染强度高,“+++”和“++++”共查出46只,占阳性总数的80.70％.江滩环境羊粪占总野粪数的96.30％,阳性率为9.10％,其他野粪未查出阳性.沿江高危水域监测发现2009-2011年有6处哨鼠阳性.共对居民开展血清学查病124 009人次,查出粪检阳性3人,居民血吸虫病感染率为0.003％.累计查出江滩钉螺面积1 066.40 hm2,2009年查出阳性钉螺13.56 hm2.采取淘汰粪检阳性羊、羊圈养、以禽代羊、人畜化疗、灭螺和灭蚴和健康教育等综合性防治措施后,2009年之后未再查出感染性钉螺、2011年之后未再监测到阳性水体和粪检阳性病人、2012年之后连续7年未再查出粪检阳性羊和阳性羊野粪. 结论 监测区内羊血吸虫病疫情已经得到有效控制,但沿江江滩仍然存在大面积的钉螺和敞放羊的羊粪,羊血吸虫病的综合防控和监测工作需进一步加强.

目的 评价5％杀螺胺乙醇胺盐颗粒剂在不同类型环境的灭螺效果,为实施钉螺控制措施提供应用技术.方法 选择江滩、水网、山丘地区各1处作为试验现场,每种不同类型的环境分成试验Ⅰ、试验Ⅱ和空白对照3个组别,其中试验Ⅰ组用5％杀螺胺乙醇胺盐颗粒剂,剂量为40 g/m2;试验Ⅱ组用4％氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂,剂量为50 g/m2;空白对照组不进行现场灭螺处理.比较不同环境类型、不同施药时间钉螺死亡率和密度的差异程度,绘制变化趋势图.结果 5％杀螺胺乙醇胺盐颗粒剂喷撒7d后,江滩、水网、山丘3类现场钉螺死亡率分别为84.97％、87.57％和86.01％,其钉螺校正死亡率分别为84.55％、87.41％和85.80％;4％氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂喷撒7d后现场钉螺死亡率分别为83.75％、85.42％和87.68％,其钉螺校正死亡率分别为83.37％、85.27％和87.55％;2种剂型药物在同一环境中灭螺后钉螺死亡率差异均无统计学意义(x2=3.528、2.910、0.015,均P＞0.05).江滩、水网、山丘3类环境中,5％杀螺胺乙醇胺盐颗粒剂喷撒15d后现场钉螺平均密度分别下降了88.42％、91.25％和85.57％,4％氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐粉剂喷撒15 d后现场钉螺平均密度分别下降了83.91％、85.29％和86.67％.5％杀螺胺乙醇胺盐颗粒剂在江滩、水网和山丘3类环境中,灭螺后3～15d钉螺总死亡率分别为84.12％、87.68％和85.74％,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.440,P=0.040),以水网沟渠灭螺效果最好.结论 5％杀螺胺乙醇胺盐颗粒剂在江滩、水网、山丘均有较好的灭螺效果,可作为不同类型环境现场灭螺备选药物之一.

目的 对镇江市丹徒区消除疟疾达标考核评估结果进行分析,为巩固消除疟疾防治成果提供依据.方法 查阅2010 ～2016年区级消除疟疾相关资料,核实国家疾病监测信息报告管理网报和寄生虫病信息专报系统疟疾疫情资料;现场血片复检并考核临床医生疟疾诊治知识和检验人员疟原虫镜检技能.结果 镇江市丹徒区2010 ～2016年网报和专报疟疾实验室确诊病例3例,均为境外感染的输入病例,7年间未发生本地疟疾病例;共血检发热病人24 219人次,血检率为1.23％,血检阳性3人,阳性率为0.01％;血片复检3 921张,复检率为16.20％.现场考核,血片复核得分9.75分(10分制),疟疾诊治知识和镜检技能考核合格率100％,消除疟疾考核总得分为99.45分.结论 镇江市丹徒区通过消除疟疾达标考核,在今后巩固消除疟疾的防治成果工作中需继续抓好血检质量、主动病例侦查和输入性疟疾的防治等工作.

Objectives To implement schistosomiasis surveillance and alerts,prompt responses to outbreaks,and integrated interventions in key aquatic regions in the City of Zhenjiang's Dantu district (the transmission of schistosomiasis was previously controlled in the Dantu district) along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River during seasons of high prevalence in order to provide scientific evidence for creation of a system for surveillance of schistosomiasis and responses to that disease.Methods Based on a baseline epidemiological database and identification of risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission,a total of 7 surveillance and sentinel sites were selected along 68.9 km of marshlands in the Dantu district along the Yangtze River.A snail survey and a study of schistosomiasis among humans and livestock were performed between March and May from 2009 to 2016.Infectivity of water-borne schistosomes was determined using sentinel mice between May and September.In addition,human and livestock contact with the river was observed,and the contamination of water with miracidia was detected using sentinel snails from 2009 to 2011.If infected snails,acute cases of schistosomiasis,patients with Schistosoma eggs in their feces,infected sentinel mice,or infected sentinel snails were detected,alerts were immediately issued and a prompt response was initiated.Results During the period from 2009 through 2016,no infected snails were detected at the 7 surveillance and sentinel sites.A total of 3 643 sentinel mice were tested at the 7 sites,and 30 mice tested positive at a rate of 0.82％.In addition,a bioassay of sentinel mice revealed 6 instances of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the aquatic regions at 3 surveillance and sentinel sites.A total of 9 000 sentinel snails were released from 2009 to 2011,32,490 snails shed cercariae,and 5 191 snails were dissected,with no miracidia detected.To respond to the detection of S.japonicum infection in sentinel mice at the 3 surveillance and sentinel sites,alerts regarding the infectivity of water-borne parasites were issued 6 times.A total of 2 262 high-risk patients were examined at surveillance and sentinel sites where S.japonicum was detected,and 128 patients tested positive according to a DDIA at a rate of 5.66％.Ten patients had Schistosoma eggs in their feces,for a rate of infection of 0.44％.The sero-positive rate was 6.8％ for men and 3.71％ for women,and the rate of infection was 0.56％ for men and 0.24％ for women.The sero-positive rate (x2 =9.42,P ＜ 0.01) and the rate of infection (x2 =6.21,P ＜ 0.01) differed significantly between men and women.No acute cases of schistosomiasis were detected.A total of 228 sheep were examined,and 12 sheep had Schistosoma eggs in their feces,for a rate of infection of ().26％.The 128 patients who tested positive according to a DDIA,10 patients with Schistosoma eggs in their feces,and 12 sheep with Schistosoma eggs in their feces were treated with praziquantel.Plots of 10 hm2 were treated chemically and cercariae were promptly controlled in aquatic sections of 19 hm2.Integrated interventions were implemented,including health education,individual protection,water sanitation,and disposal of feces.Conclusion In marshlands where the transmission of schistosomiasis was previously controlled,schistosomiasis surveillance and alerts in key aquatic regions and initiation of effective responses and interventions effectively inhibited the development and spread of schistosomiasis outbreaks.A bioassay of sentinel mice is a sensitive and feasible tool with which to detect the infectivity of water-borne parasites.

Objective To explore the feasibility of interrupting schistosomiasis transmission with an integrated control strategy based on the elimination of Schistosomajaponicum-infected goats in schistosomiasis-endemic regions with the infected goats as a major source of infection.Methods A field study was conducted in Wudun Village,Jiangxin Township,Dantu District of Zhenjiang City,Jiangsu Province.From 2004 to 2010,the control measures were carried out,including the Oncomelania hupensissnail survey and control,schistosomiasis examination and treatment,health education and elimination of water infectivity.Since 2011,all the goats were eliminated in addition to the conventional interventions.The changes of endemic situation of schistosomiasis were compared from 2004 to 2016,so as to evaluate the effect of eliminating the infected goats on the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission.Results From 2004 to 2011,the positive rate of stool examinations was 0.4％ to 1.4％ in humans,the area with schistosome-infected snails was 180 000 m2 to 250 000 m2,and the infection rate of sentinel mice was 3.3％ to 18.0％ in key water regions.From 2004 to 2008,the schistosome-infection rate of goats was 0 to 7.3％,and the rate increased to 32.0％ to 54.3％ between 2009 and 2011.A total of 239 wild feces were examined,in which the goat feces consisted of 96.3％ (230/239),with 15.5％ to 22.9％ of positive rate.Since 2012,the infection rate was reduced to 0 in both human and domestic animals,and no infected humans,domestic animals,sentinel mice or snails were detected for 5 successive years (2012 to 2016),achieving the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission interruption.Conclusion In transmission-controlled marshland endemic regions,the understanding of the predominant sources of infection and the implementation of eliminating the major source of infection in combination with conventional integrated interventions is an important strategy to achieve the goals of schistosomiasis transmission interruption and elimination on schedule.

目的 观察利用集卵孵化法与Kato-Katz法不同检查次数诊断血吸虫病的效果.方法 选取2000年6月~2017年6月对血吸虫病流行村有疫水接触史居民200例,分别利用集卵孵化法和Kato-Katz法进行诊断检查,比较两种检查方法不同检查次数对血吸虫病的诊断效果.结果 Kato-Katz法z送3检2送6检的血吸虫卵检查结果为阳性的居民分别有38例和44例,阳性检出率分别为19.00%和22.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同一份粪样,Kato-Katz法1送3检的血吸虫卵和集卵孵化法孵化法血吸虫毛蚴的阳性检出率分别为18.00%和17.00%,Kato-Katz法两送六检与Kato-Katz法联合集卵孵化法的阳性检出率为22.00%和23.00%,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 在联合应用Kato-Katz法1送3检和集卵孵化法诊断效果十分显著,可以完全取代Kato-Katz法2送6检,值得在现场应用过程中进行病原体检查.

目的 调查丹徒区市售凉菜与熟肉中金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠菌群污染情况,探讨凉菜的卫生标准.方法 选取市售的熟肉制品300份,凉菜制品100份作为检测样品,按GB4789.10-2010方法增菌分离、培养和鉴定样品中的金黄色葡萄球菌,按GB/T4789.3-2003方法检测样品中的大肠菌群.结果 400件熟肉与凉菜样品中,金黄色葡萄球菌阳性74件,总检出率达到18.5％,凉菜检出率为4.0％,熟肉检出率达到23.3％,两者差异具有统计学意义;大肠菌群凉菜超标率达到86.0％,熟肉超标率达到62.7％,其MPN/100 g≤150所占比率具有统计学意义.结论 目前我区市售的凉菜与熟肉中,熟肉类制品要防范金黄色葡萄球菌污染;凉菜大肠菌群污染更突出.凉菜和熟肉中的污染菌成分存在较大差异,提示熟肉评价标准可能并不完全适用于凉菜评价.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and mosquito vector density in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City,so as to provide scientific evidence for the development of the malaria elimination strategy.Methods The data pertaining to the network reporting malaria epidemics,blood examinations of fever patients,indirect immunoinfluscent assays in primary school students,epidemiological investigations of malaria cases,foci investigation and treatment forms,and mosquito populations were collected in the malaria surveillance sites in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City from 2001 to 2016,and analyzed.Results A total of 16 malaria cases were detected in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City from 2001 to 2016,including 7 local cases,6 imported cases from other provinces of China,and 3 oversea-imported cases.During the study period,a total of 56 285 patients with fever received blood examinations,with a rate of 1.27％.Of the 51 709 local residents detected,5 cases were positive for the blood examinations,with a positive rate of 0.01％,and 8 out of the 4 576 mobile populations were positive for the blood examinations,with a positive rate of 0.17％.There was a significant difference detected in the positive rate of blood examinations between the local residents and mobile populations (P＜0.01).From 2001 to 2011,a total of 2 459 and 2 892 filter paper blood spots were collected from key populations and primary school students,and 31 (1.26％ positive rate) and 39 (1.35％ positive rate) were positive,with no significant difference seen in the positive rate of filter paper blood spots between key populations and primary school students (P＞0.05).A total of 1 744 mosquitoes were captured between 2001 and 2016,and all were identified as Anopheles sinensis.Conclusions No local malaria case has been detected in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City since 2008.However,in the presence of vectors transmitting malaria,there is a possibility of malaria transmission upon an importation of source of infection may cause.Further malaria surveillance and control is therefore required to consolidate the control achievements.

OBJECTIVE:To quantitatively estimate the range and area of environmental contamination by the feces of Schistosoma japonicum-infected that were freely grazed, so as to provide the theoretical evidence for the scientific assessment of the role of the freely grazed goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and development of control strategy.METHODS:All the fecal samples excreted by the infected goat at daytime (12 h) were collected by using a self-made goat fecal collector, weighed and counted. The quantity and dispersal of the feces excreted by the freely grazed goat at daytime under a natural condition were investigated, and the walking route and speed of the freely grazed goat at daytime were recorded with a multifunction GPS data logger. The maximum range and area of the environment contaminated by the feces of the freely grazed goat at daytime were estimated, and the maximum range and area of the Oncomelania hupensis snails that may be infected by the schistosome miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat at daytime were calculated.RESULTS:During the walking along the marshland at daytime (12 h), the quantity of the feces execrated by the freely grazed infected goat was (232.8 ± 39.8) g per goat, and the fecal samples were composed of (819.2 ± 152.1) pellets. The goat had a mean walking speed of (0.522 7 ± 0.099 7) km/h, and the longest distance, largest radius and largest range of walking activity were (6.272 4 ± 1.195 8) km, 3.136 2 km and (3 191.113 0 ± 1 189.709 4) hm2 at daytime, respectively. The area of the snails that may be infected by the miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat (range of key regions for infected snails detection and control) at daytime was estimated to be (3 210.717 5 ± 1 190.907 3) hm2.CONCLUSIONS:The intensity of environmental contamination by the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely grazed goat is linked to the number of infected goat. The contamination range caused by the feces of the freely grazed goat with fixed fences is relatively stably kept within the walking range at day-time, and the range and area of goat fecal contamination is associated with the number of households that breed goat and the distribution of goat fence. The area of the snails that may be infected by the miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat is larger than the area of setting contaminated by the eggs in the goat feces, indicating that the range of infected snail examination and control is larger than the range of goat feces detected.

OBJECTIVE:To describe the growth and development of Schistosoma japonicum in goat and the intensity and temporal distribution of eggs excreted by goat feces, so as to provide baseline data for the control and elimination of the role of goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis.METHODS:The goat animal models of schistosomiasis were established, and stool samples were collected for parasitological examinations. The number of adult worms recovered, variation of schistosomes in goat at different time points post-infection, number of eggs in schistosomes, variation in number and temporal profiles of eggs excreted from goat feces were observed.RESULTS:Of the 6 schistosome-infected goat, 415 adult worms were recovered, with a mean adult worm recovery of 34.58% (range, 23.00% to 45.50%). Among the 5 goat infected with 200 cercariae each, 47, 93, 77, 74 and 73 adult worms were recovered 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 months post-infection, respectively. There were (200.00±42.33), (226.20±45.88), (168.20±25.85), (183.80±55.13) and (190.80±53.53) eggs detected in female schistosomes. The mean prepatent period of eggs excreted by 10 infected goat was (37.7±3.02) d. From 2 to 14 months post-infection, 7 batches of goat feces were hatched, and there were 30, 23, 14, 1 and 2 times for miracidium intensity of "++++", "+++", "++", "+" and "-", respectively, with 42.86%, 32.86%, 20.00%, 1.43% and 2.86% constituent ratios of miracidium intensity.CONCLUSIONS:Approximately 1/3 S. japonicum cercariae may develop to adults in goats post-infection, and the prepatent period of eggs is (37.7±3.02) d. There is no remarkable decrease seen in the number of adult worms, eggs in female schistosomes and eggs in goat feces within 14 months post-infection. Our findings suggest a long duration for infected goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis, and there is no evidence to prove the "self-cure" phenomenon in goat, indicating that goat is an important source of infection for schistosomiasis japonica.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a simple, feasible goat feces collector to improve the collection accuracy and integrity of goat fecal samples without pollution, and to modify the miracidium hatching test with a plastic tube to achieve simple, standard and comparative procedures, so as to provide technical support for pathogenic diagnosis and scientific research of goat schistosomiasis japonica.METHODS:According to the body features of goat in marshland regions, a goat fecal collector, which was made of coarse fabric cottons, was devised, which was able to be fixed onto the goat buttocks and avoid urine pollution. Prior to miracidium hatching test, the goat fecal samples were pieced by using a mechanical method instead of the conventional artificial piecing method, and the effect of mechanical piecing treatment on miracidium hatching was evaluated. A filter membrane was added between the tube and rubbery ring to block the floater in fecal residues into the tube. The effects on miracidium hatching by using thin fat-free cotton, thick fat-free cotton, nylon gauze at 100 pores/25.4 mm2 and 150 pores/25.4 mm2 were compared.RESULTS:The goat feces collector was composed of foreleg fixing garment, hindleg fixing garment and stool bag. The functions of the fixing garment were as a fixed collector to allow non-shift and tolerance of weight during goat activity, while the major function of stool bag was in storage of stool. The goat activity did not affect by the use of collector, and all fecal samples were excreted to the bag. This collector was easy to perform and could avoid urine pollution, which was reusable after cleaning. Prior to miracidium hatching, the goat fecal samples, together with water, were pieced at 18000 to 23000 r/min for successive three times in a cooking machine, of 10 s each time at an interval of 5 s. Mechanical piecing had no clear-cut effect on miracidium hatching of eggs in fecal samples. A total of 541, 620, 344 and 211 miracidia were detected by using the miracidium hatching test with nylon gauze at 100 pores/25.4 mm2 and 150 pores/25.4 mm2, thin fat-free cotton and thick fat-free cotton respectively, indicating a better detection efficacy by using nylon gauze at 100 pores/25.4 mm2 and 150 pores/25.4 mm2.CONCLUSIONS:The goat fecal collector is a easy-to-perform, accurate, unpolluted and reusable device to collect goat feces, which is suitable for pathogenic diagnosis of goat schistosomiasis. Mechanical piecing and use of nylon gauze at 150 pores/25.4 mm2 allow a simple, accurate and stable technique for parasitological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica, which provides a reliable tool for schistosomiasis control and research.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the survival of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in goat feces in natural marshlands and the factors affecting its survival, so as to provide evidences for understanding of the role of eggs in goat feces in the transmission of schistosomiasis and the development of the interventions pertaining to disease control and elimination.METHODSThe goat animals of schistosomiasis japonica were modeled in laboratory, and the feces of infected goat were collected. In laboratory, the effects of environmental temperature and water content in goat feces on egg hatching were evaluated, and in the field, the effect of duration of goat feces on marshland on egg hatching and the effect of direct sunshine on egg survival were evaluated.RESULTSAt 25°C in laboratory, the hatching rate of eggs in goat feces washigh-positively correlated with the water content in goat feces (r = 0.87). If the water content reduced to 7.6% in goat feces, the eggs in goat feces lost the ability to hatch. Under the same water content in goat feces, the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces to -5 °C, which reduced to 0 following 5 h exposure. At 5, 15 and 25 °C, the hatching rates of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces, and themiracidium hatching ratesof eggs were 2.3%, 5% and 0.9% respectively following the exposure for 52 d. At 35°C, the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure, which reduced to 0 following 13 d exposure. In winter (-2-10 °C), the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces on marshlands, which reduced to 0 after 21 d of exposure, and in spring (16-19 °C), the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces on marshlands, which reduced to 0.9% after 5 d of exposure. At the same time point on the same marshland, the hatching rate of eggs in goat feces exposed to marshlands with direct sunshine was lower than that without direct sunshine.CONCLUSIONSThe survival of S. japonicum eggs in goat feces is associated with environmental temperature and water content (humidity) in goat feces, and the temperature and humidity are major natural factors affecting egg hatching.

OBJECTIVE:To master the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province.METHODS:According to the scheme of the national schistosomiasis surveillance, the Shicheng Village of Yangzhong County and Sanzhou Village of Dantu District were selected as the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites, and from 2005 to 2010, the schistosomiasis morbidity and Oncomelania hupensis status were surveyed and the results were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:In 2010, in the Shicheng Village, the reduction rates of mean living snail density, infected snail density, area with infected snails, and positive blood tests in residents were 98.4%, 0, 0, 71.8% respectively, and in the Sanzhou Village, the reduction rates were 70.4%, 100%, 100% and 81.5%, respectively compared with those in 2005. No acute infections were found in the 2 villages during the period of 6 consecutive years.CONCLUSION:In the national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City, the schistosomiasis morbidity has been effectively controlled. However, the areas with snails change little. Therefore, the comprehensive management of snail environment in the marshland should be strengthened in the future.

目的 掌握镇江市丹徒区高桥镇安丰村土源性线虫病的流行动态和流行规律,为制订防制策略和措施提供依据.方法 采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查土源性线虫卵,3~12岁儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵.结果 五年来监测点内共监测5 304人,发现土源性线虫感染者17人,总感染率为0.32%.逐年的感染率分别为0.97%、0.29%、0.18%、0.09%和0.10%.虫种为蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫,均为轻度感染.未发现蛲虫感染者.结论 监测点内土源性线虫感染率呈下降趋势,感染率水平处于低位,但监测区内的健康教育、改水改厕工作仍然需进一步加强.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effectiveness of mid- and long-term schistosomiasis control plan and explore the consolidation strategy in marshland endemic regions, so as to provide an effective approach for interrupting and eliminating schistosomiasis in the regions. METHODS:A prospective field study was designed. Dantu District of Zhenjiang City, a marshland schistosomiasis endemic region, was selected, and the "key village, key environment, and key water regions" comprehensive control strategy was implemented according to the endemic level of schistosomiasis. The morbidity due to schistosomiasis in humans and domestic animals, and Oncomelania hupensis snails were surveyed, and the data of the implementation of control measures were collected. The schistosomiasis morbidity and snail status were compared before and after the implementation of the mid- and long-term plan for schistosomiasis prevention and control, and the changing trends of human, domestic animal and snail infections were plotted. RESULTS:During the implementation of the plan from 2005 to 2014, 16.84 km concrete and bank protection and 9 snail sinks were built, 10 culverts re-built, 3.85 hm2 fences were constructed, 29.5 thousand domestic animals were examined and treated, 170 cattle were eliminated, 4930 hm2 fishing farms were built for snail control, 1 560.00 hM2 land were improved, and 376.00 hm2 forests were built for snail control. In addition, 19,364.80 hm2 snail areas were surveyed, 4694.6 hm2 area received molluscicide, 207.9 thousand of people (person-times) received the examination and treatment, 69.1 thousand of harmless toilets were built, 282.2 thousand health education materials and protection materials were allocated, 958 warning signs were established, and 5435 slogans were pasted or hung. After the implementation of the mid- and long-term plan, the percentages of human, bovine and snail infections appeared decline tendencies year by year, and reduced from 0.08%, 1.28% and 0.13% in 2005 to 0 in 2014, respectively, while the areas with snails and infected snails reduced from 284.34 hm2 and 55.10 hm2 in 2005 to 73.60 hm2 and 0 hm2 in 2014, with reduction rates of 74.12% and 100%, respectively. The infection rate of sheep appeared a fluctuation between 2005 and 2014, with the rate of 1.13% in 2005, 0 in 2007 and 2008, rising in 2009 and then between 0.25% and 0.95% from 2009 to 2012, and reducing to 0 in 2013 and 2014. During the 10-year period, the number of cattle reduced year by year from 2005 to 2010, and slightly increased after 2011, showing an overall stable level, while the number of sheep increased year by year after 2006, peaked in 2010, and appeared a decline tendency since 2011, which was almost consistent with the fluctuation of schistosome infection rate in sheep. CONCLUSIONS:The sustainable comprehensive control strategy with the "key village, key environments, and key water regions" is an effective approach for schistosomiasis control in marshland endemic regions. However, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is extremely easy to repeat. The prevention and control of the impact of sheep and wild animals on schistosomiasis transmission should be strengthened in order to consolidate the schistosomiasis control achievements gained.

Objective To understand the infectiion status of schistosome in water body of risk areas in order to early release the warnings and implement comprehensive measures to prevent the prevalence of acute schistosomiasis. Methods The data were collected on the endemic status of schistosomiasis in Dantu District of Zhenjiang City from 2006 to 2008, and 6 surveillance sites were determined at the focal waters distributed in the towns of Dantu area. Surveillance was performed over the snail infestation, water infectivity, prevalence of miracidia of Schistosoma japonicum in the focal water body from May to September between 2009 and 2010, and the positive were released in timely manner. Emergency measures were implemented, including intensive monitoring over the water infectivity, investigation on the status of snail infestation and its eradication as well as health education. Results Infested snails were free during the period of surveillance. A total of 1200 senti?nel mouse were distributed, and 1126 were recovered(93.83%), in which 13 were found positive(1.15%). Three sites were potentially infested, and one site was suspected in consecutive 2 surveillances in June and July of 2010. 5 500 sentinel snails in 6 000 were recovered(91.67%), in which 3 311 received detection by the cer?caria-shedding test, and showed no infections. Four times of warnings were released on the positive results. Screening examination of the 1 482 subjects contacted with the infested water by dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA), positive results were found in 82(5.53%), and 7 were positive stools(0.47%). Seven in 169 herds of sheep were detected with infection(4.14%). A total of 15hm2 of water body within the monitoring sites were surveyed, where showed no snail infestation. Eradication of the snails and miracidia was performed respectively in 20hm2 and 11hm2 of water body. No single case of acute schistosomiasis occurred in two-year period of surveillance. Conclusion Surveillance over the water body of risk areas may effectively control the incidence of schistosomiasis endemic through early warning and emergency management.