The influence of silicon wafer loading conditions during the vertical furnace oxidation process, on both the chemical composition and thickness uniformity of sub-5-nm-thick oxide films is investigated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Loading wafers in pure nitrogen prior to oxidation effectively suppresses undesired preoxide growth offering controlled oxidation in the sub-5 nm regime. However, these wafers show a pronounced thickness nonuniformity, which correlates to the nitrogen incorporated in the oxide at the central part of the wafer. Loading wafers in a 1%-O 2 /99%-N 2 ambient prior to oxidation results in uniform oxide films. However, film thickness in the sub-5 nm regime is difficult to control due to an excessive preoxide growth during wafer loading. Loading wafers in a chemically inert Ar atmosphere or under controlled preoxidation conditions prior to oxidation results in uniform oxide films with controllable oxide thickness suitable for sub-5 nm thick oxides.

Vertical and cross-wind profiles of mean currents were measured systematically in vertical cross-sections of two wind-wave tanks with aspect ratios of order one to study the secondary flow in the tanks. A pair of Langmuir cells turned out to be driven by a close combination of the pressure gradient along the tank and the side-wall effects. That is, part of the adverse pressure gradient produced a parabolic cross-wind profile with the smallest downwind current at the centerline and the largest current along the two sidewalls. As a result, upwelling occurred in the center zone where the return flow was strongest, probably because of the entrainment action of the wind-driven current. In order to compensate for this upwelling, downwelling occurred along the two side-walls from the flow continuity. The resulting vertical circulation formed a pair of Langmuir circulations across the span and served to maintain the parabolic profile formed by the pressure gradient. A positive feedback mechanism is thus found between the primary and secondary circulations through upwelling of the return flow in the center zone. Vertical shears of the span-averaged downwind current measured in two tanks were found to be systematically different from each other. This difference seems to depend on the magnitude of the advective Reynolds stresses in the two tanks.

The effect of wind on an open-channel flow is investigated by changing the flow direction in the channel. It is found that the efficiency of momentum transfer from the wind to the primary flow in the channel depends strongly on whether the channel flow is favorable to or against the wind direction. This is because the wind-driven secondary flow that consists of a pair of Langmuir-like circulations not only controls the redistribution of horizontal momentum in the channel, but also markedly affects turbulent diffusion from the nearsurface toward the channel core.

The deuterated tris(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)neodymium(III) complex, Nd(HFA-D)(3), was obtained by ketoenol tautomerism reaction of Nd(HFA)3 in methanol-d(4). The emission of Nd(HFA-D)3 was observed in the following anhydrous deuterated organic solvents: methanol-d(4), acetone-d(6), THF-d(8), DMF-d(7), and DMSO-d(6). The intensity and lifetime of the emission in DMSO-d(6) are much superior to those in other deuterated solvents. The specific interaction of DMSO molecules with Nd(HFA)3 was confirmed by C-13 NMR and F-19 NMR analysis. The strong coordination ability of DMSO to Nd3+ ion in Nd(HFA-D)(3) led to the enhanced emission in DMSO owing to the suppression radiationless transition via vibrational excitation of D2O molecules in the vicinity of Nd(HFA-D)(3).

Two velocity components of subsurface flow, observed in a rectangular wind tunnel basin equipped with a water circulation pump system, are measured over a vertical cross-section of the basin. Measurements are carried out for three cases: 1) reference wind speed Ua=8.4m/s without water current; 2) Ua=8.4m/s with current velocity U=10cm/s; and 3) Ua=8.4m/s with current velocity U=-10cm/s. A pair of secondary circulations is observed in a cross-section of the flow in the basin for each case: in the case-1 and case-3, a downwelling zone is found along the sidewall and an upwelling zone in the centre of the basin; and in the case-2, an upwelling zone is found along the sidewall and a downwelling zone in the centre of the basin. It is estimated that the velocity of the secondary circulations would be about 7-50% of the mainflow velocity.

We performed angiography with indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) in the anterior segments of seven normal and 35 diseased eyes. ICG angiography revealed the radical stromal vessels and minor arterial circle in brown irides, which were not detected by fluorescein angiography. High penetration of infrared fluorescence through the pigmented tissue and absence of extravasation of ICG facilitated demonstration of the fine structure of iris rubeosis and its origins from stromal vessels. In 11 diabetic eyes, the iris rubeosis showed three basic patterns of location: along the pupillary margin; originating from the iris root; and arising from stromal radial vessels near the collarette. ICG gonioangiography with SLO showed fine structure of angle rubeosis because of its high resolution and greater depth in focus. Rubeotic vessels in the chamber angle were perfused by neovascular trunks which arose from the iris root in all 12 rubeotic eyes. Rubeosis in the iris and the angle consistently showed no extravasation of the ICG dye, while fluorescein quickly leaked out. ICG angiography with SLO in the anterior ocular segment proved to be a useful means to study the structure and the hemodynamics of normal and newly formed vessels.