Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) have been responsible for major pandemics affecting the shrimp farming industry. Shrimp samples were collected from eight farms in Hainan Province, China, during 2007 and analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or reverse transcriptase PCR methods to determine the prevalence of these viruses. From the eight sampling locations, only samples from one farm did not show any indication of infection with WSSV, TSV or IHHNV, while samples from one additional farm exhibited evidence of infection with TSV only. Surprisingly, evidence of co-infection with TSV and IHHNV was found among samples at two farms while evidence of co-infection with all three viruses (WSSV, TSV and IHHNV) was detected among shrimp samples at four farms. To further elucidate the molecular characteristics of WSSV in China, we further analysed genomic features of WSSV isolates based on the ORF23/24 variable region. From these data, we identified two novel WSSV strains which contain nucleotide deletions of 5657 and 11093 bp, respectively, when compared with the largest WSSV-TW isolate.

Topsoil samples from 56 sites around the Guanting Reservoir, China, were measured for HCH and DDT concentrations. The total soil HCH content (including α -, β -, γ -, and δ - isomers) in these soil samples ranged from 0 to 7.33 ng.g− 1, with a mean of 0.69 ng.g− 1. These levels were considerably lower than those of the total DDT soil contents (including pp′-DDE, pp′-DDD, op′-DDT, and pp′-DDT), which ranged from 0 to 76.01 ng.g− 1, with a mean of 9.46 ng.g− 1. DDT was also found to be the major pollutant in the soil samples, accounting for ∼ 93% of the total organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contents. Several environmental factors including land use, soil texture, soil taxonomy, and microbial biomass were considered to be responsible for the OCP levels observed. The data provide some insight into the effects of environmental conditions such as soil formation, agricultural cultivation, nutrient enrichment, and other anthropogenic activities on the degradation of OCPs in soils. Although the OCP residues currently are below the maximum limits set for use on agricultural land in China, and only rarely would such levels pose significant ecological concern, OCPs are highly persistent in soil and bioaccumulative. The data provided in this study are considered crucial for reservoir remediation, especially since the Guanting Reservoir will serve as one of the main drinking water sources for Beijing in the foreseeable future.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have become serious environmental problems of global concern, and actions for reducing and controlling those compounds have been proposed or taken in many countries. This paper examines the historical background of POPs production and contamination in China and the related legal framework that has evolved as part of the development process for effective POPs management. China is still lacking effective and imperative measures for POPs management, especially for those not used as pesticides. However, as a major signatory, China has paid much attention to POPs control and initiated a series of activities to control POPs. The Convention has been taken into force in November 2004 in China and substantial work has been done in terms of international cooperation on POPs control and reduction. Some strategies for the reasonable and effective management of POPs are presented based on the available information on their production, contamination, and management in China.

Up to now, there have been few studies in the annual fluxes of greenhouse gases in lakes of subtropical regions. The fluxes of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) across air–water interface were measured in a shallow, hypereutrophic, subtropical Lake Donghu (China) over a year cycle, using a static chamber technique. During the year, Lake Donghu emitted CH4 and CO2; the average flux of CH4 and CO2 was 23.3±18.6 and 332.3±160.1mgm−2d−1, respectively. The fluxes of CH4 and CO2 showed strong seasonal dynamics: CH4 emission rate was highest in summer, remaining low in other seasons, whereas CO2 was adsorbed from the atmosphere in spring and summer, but exhibited a large emission in winter. Annual carbon (C) budget across air–water interface in Lake Donghu was estimated to be 7.52±4.07×108g. CH4 emission was correlated positively with net primary production (NPP) and temperature, whereas CO2 flux correlated negatively with NPP and temperature; however, there were no significant relationships between the fluxes of CH4 and CO2 and dissolved organic carbon, a significant difference from boreal lakes, indicating that phytoplankton rather than allochthonous matter regulated C dynamics across air–water interface of subtropical lake enriched nutrient content.

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts (e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with international guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, life-cycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the science-based decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing world and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.

Sediment core samples were collected in the largest urban Lake Donghu (Stations I and II) in China, and the activities of 210Pb, 226Ra and 137Cs were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. The sedimentation rates, calculated by 210Pb constant rate of supply (CRS) model, ranged from 0.11 to 0.65 (average 0.39) cm. y-1at Station I, and from 0.21 to 0.78 (average 0.46) cm. y-1at Station II. Sedimentation rate calculated by 137Cs as a time marker was 0.55 cm. y-1at Station II. Based on the average sedimentation rate, we obtained 769 and 147 t. y-1for nitrogen and phosphorus retentions in Lake Donghu sediments, respectively.

This research represents an assessment of the current state of pollution from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China. Various environmental media including sediment, water, organism and soil were analyzed and the spatial character of PCB pollution in each environmental medium was determined. On a national basis, PCB levels in all environmental media were relatively low, with little evidence of major contamination in China’s main regions and rivers. However, there were some locations with high PCB concentrations. Sediments in Pearl River (83.1 ng/g) and its estuary (58.9 ng/g), Dalian Bay (58.1 ng/g) and Songhua River (36.8 ng/g) had relatively high level of PCBs. There were also some areas, which were mainly the industrial pollution sites or PCB equipment storage locations, remained seriously polluted with the highest PCB residue level of 150 000 ng/g. In addition, Minjiang Estuary (985.2 ng/g) and Taihu Lake (631 ng/g) had high levels of water pollution, while Pearl Estuary (635.7 ng/g) and Jiaozhou Bay (273.3 ng/g) had relatively high PCB levels in organisms. PCB pollution in soil was limited to a few special pollution areas with the highest PCB level of 4.5448 × 106 ng/g. Point source pollution was the common pattern of contamination, influenced primarily by local geographic, economic and historical factors. Analysis of PCB concentrations from the 1980s to 1990s shows an increasing trend, possibly due to the improper disposal of and leakage from PCB containers, chemical transfers, and the general rise of industrial pollution.

The occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a typical process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were investigated systematically in this study. P5CDFs and H6CDFs were the main congeners of PCDD/Fs, while only low levels of other PCDD/Fs were detected in the samples. The concentrations of PCBs were up to 4614ng/g in the semi-manufactured products, and 1797ng/g in the product p-DCB. It was also found that high chlorinated PCB congeners increased with the further chlorination. The levels of PCDD/Fs decreased obviously in the purification process, while PCBs could not be removed effectively. Polychlorophenols and other important dioxin precursors (1,4-dichloro-2-phenoxybenzene and 2-phenyl-2′,5,5′-trichlorophenol) were also analyzed. Polychlorophenols which ortho- and para-positions of the hydroxyl were substituted by chlorine were the main congeners. In addition, a possible pathway of the formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the production of p-DCB was presented. The results of this article suggest that re-estimation on the risk of using p-DCB products, especially the products for daily use such as mothballs, is expected.

[Ni(H2O)(6)][H2N(C2H4)(2)NH2](SO4)(2) is an inorganic-organic compound with a new open framework synthesized by hydrothermal method, and characterized by means of single-crystal diffraction and spectroscopic data. The compound crystallized in a monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 1.29089(2) nm. b = 1.06301(3) nm. c = 1.33202(4) nm, beta = 114.0870(10)degrees, V = 1.67127(8) nm(3), Z = 4, and was solved by using the direct method and the least-squares refinement converged at R = 0.0214[I>2sigma(I)]. The structure consists of isolated Ni(H2O)(6) octahedra and SO4 tetrahedra, with both of them hydrogen-bonded to piperazine cations.

Using THF and water as solvent, piperazine as a template, a novel two-dimensional layered zinc phosphate [C4N2H 12]1.5[Zn2(PO4)(HPO 4)2]·H2O has been prepared solvothermally, and its structure is determined at 293K by Siemens Smart 1000 CCD diffractometer monoclinic, P21/c, a = 0.81244(3) nm, b = 2.61706 (12) nm, c = 0.83775(3) nm, β = 110.981(2)°, V = 1.66313(11) nm 3, Z = 4, R = 0.0285, wR = 0.0719. The structure consists of vertex-sharing ZnO4, HPO4, and PO4 tetrahedra, and double-protonated organic cations, which results in formation of undulating 4-ring chains and 12-ring sheets. A network of hydrogen bonds involving both layer-to-layer and layer-to-amine interaction holds the phosphate layer together. CCDC: 200374.

The formation of ( t-BuCp)(2)ErOEt was discussed. Its single-crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The crystal is monoclinic, P2(1)/c space group, a = 1.0191(2), b = 1.6203(5), c = 1.2118(3) nm, beta = 102. 960( 10)degrees, V = 1.9500 (nm(3)), Z = 2, D-c = 1.566 mg . m(-3), R = 0.0450, R-w = 0.1363. The complex is monomeric and solvent-free in the solid state. The erbium ion is coordinated by two tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl rings and one oxygen atom of ethoxy group to form a seven-coordinated complex.

In this paper, we will report the preparation of a mixed-valence polyoxometalate compound (Bu4N)(4)[PMo12O40].2DMF.H2O (TBA = tetrabutylammonium; DMF = N,N-dimethyl formamide). The title compound has been photochemically synthesized and characterized by using elemental analysis, IR, solid diffusion reflectance electronic spectra, ESR spectra, XPS, CV and X-ray single-crystal analysis. The crystal lographic data are as follows: monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 14.124(3), b = 17.481(4), c = 22.744(5) Angstrom, beta = 101.66(3)degrees, V = 5500(2) Angstrom(3), C70H160Mo12N6O43P, M-r = 2956.29, Z = 2, D-c = 1.785 g/cm(3), F(000) = 2970 and mu(MoKalpha) = 1.412 mm(-1). The structure has been refined to R = 0.0638 and wR = 0.1975 by full-matrix least-squares methods. The title compound is composed of four tetrabutylammonium cations, one [(PMoMo11O40)-Mo-V](4-) heteropoly anion, two N,N-dimethyl formamide and one H2O molecule.

The title complex [(VB(1))(2)DMFHPMo(12)O(40).5DMF, VB(1) = vitamin B(1) (thiamine chloride), DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide] has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis, electron spin resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. The X-ray crystal structure revealed that there is one independent molecule in the unit cell of the title complex that contains one mixed-valence heteropolyanion, two VB(1)(+) cations and six DMF molecules. The title complex possesses a centrosymmetrical arrangement in the unit cell, with the P atom at the symmetry center of the heteropolyanion and with eight O atoms surrounding the central P atom, such that two sets of PO(4) tetrahedra are formed. The PO(4) tetrahedra and MoO(6)(6-(7-)) octahedra are disordered in the heteropolyanion. The bond distances of P-O(a) and Mo=O(d) are in the ranges 1.57 (4)-1.70 (4) A and 1.61 (2)-1.67 (2) A, respectively.

The title heteropoly blue, (Bu4N)(6)H-10 [(PMo11MoO40)-Mo-VI-O-V](4) . H2O has been photochemically synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis, solid diffusion reflectance electronic spectra, CV, ESR, XPS, IR spectra, conductivity measurement and X-ray single crystal analysis. The crystallographic data for C96H218Mo48N6O169P4 are as follows: M-r = 8889.76, triclinic, P (1) over bar, a = 1.4142 (3) nm, b = 2.6027 (5) nm, c = 2.6403(5) nm, alpha = 113.96(3)degrees, beta = 90.05(3)degrees, gamma = 105.71(3)degrees, V = 8.481 (3) nm(3), Z = 1, D-c = 1.741 g/cm(3), F (000) = 4264, mu = 1.798 mm(-1). The X-ray crystal structure analysis reveals that there Is one independent molecule in the unit cell of the title heteropoly blue which contains four mixed-valence heteropoly anions, six tetrabutylammonium cations and one water molecule. Its molecular structure possesses a centrosymmetrical arrangement in the unit cell. The phosphorus atom is In the crystallographic inversion center of the heteropoly anion and the eight oxygen atoms surrounding central phosphorus atom comprise of a distorted hexahedron. Heteropolyanion has two equal sets of PO4 tetrahedron. The PO4 tetrahedron and the MoO6 octahedron in the polyanion are greatly distorted.

On the basis of developing a new technology to synthesize sodium diacetate(SDA) successfully without any pollution,the culture of bigger crystal in perfect shape and single crystal of small dimension suitable for X- ray diffraction was attained. The results of crystal structure determinated by Four-Circle Diffractometer and elementary analysis correct some mistakes in the writing of the molecular formula of SDA, besides, a reasonable molecular formula of SDA is also suggested.

The novel amino-acid-containing polyoxometalate K6［Cu(Ala)2(H2O)2］2［Cu4(H2O)2\5(AsW9O34)2］*16H2O was synthesized from the rea ction of K10［Cu4(H2O)2(AsW9O34)2］*20H2O with β-alanine. Its structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with a=1.196 3(2) nm, b=1.536 5(3) nm, c=1.591 4(3) nm, α=93.97(3)°, β=110.88(3)°, γ=101.07(3)°, V=2.651 8(9) nm3 and Z=1. Least-squares refinement of the structure leads to R and Rw factors of 0.067 3 and 0.162 8, respectively. An unusual structural feature of the compound is that the polyanion ［Cu4(H2O)2(AsW9O34)2］10- is linked with the amino-acid complex of Cu2+ by a μ-oxygen atom.

The title supramolecular compound, [HMDH2][H2PMoVMo11O40] ·2AA ·3H2O ·DMF(HMD = hexamethylene diamine; AA=acetaldehyde; DMF=N,N-dimethyl formamide), has been photochemically synthesized by using elemental analysis, IR, solid diffusion reflectance electronic spectra, ESR spectra and X-ray single-crystal analysis. The crystallographic data: triclinic, P1 , a=14.092(2), b=14.347(3), c= 14.358(3)Å, α = 75.10(3), β = 80.70(3), γ = 80.73(3)° , V = 2746.6(10)Å3, Z = 2, Mr = 2081.68, Dc=2.517g/cm3, F(000) =1970, μ(MoKα) =2.766mm-1. The structure has been refined to R =0.0832 and wR=0.2638, by full-matrix least-squares method. The title compound is composed of hexamethylene diamine, two acetaldehyde molecules, three water molecules, one N,N-dimethylformamide and [H2PMoVMo11O40]2- heteropoly anion.

Anhydrous SmCl3 reacts with two equal of Li(1,3-tBu2C5 H3)to give a complex(1,3-tBu2C5H3)2Sm(μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2(C34 H58Cl2LiO2Sm,Mr=726.99),monoclinic,space group P21/n,a=10.615(2),b=21.037(4),c=17.166(3)A,β=93.60(3)°,V=3825.7(13)A 3,Z=4,Dc=1.262Mg/m3,μ=1.699mm- 1 and F(000)=1508,final R=0.0387 and wR=0 .0741 for 5320 observed[ I≥2σ(Ⅰ)] reflections.The average Sm- C distance is 2.73 A .Sm - Cl1 and Sm - Cl2 distances are 2.719(2)and 2.697(2)A,respectively.Two 1,3-tBu2C5H3-ring centroids and twoμ2-bridging chloride atoms around Sm atom form a distorted tetrahedron.

Three title compounds were prepared and the structure of title compound 2 was characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, Sn-119 NMR spectroscopy and the crystal structure of compound 2a was determined by X-ray analysis with the final R indices[I >2 sigma (I)] R-1 = 0.0350 and R-2,R-omega = 0.0888. The crystal of compound 2a belongs to triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 1.0598(6) nm, b = 1.307 4(10) nm, c = 1.378 6(10) nm, alpha = 62.666(7)degrees, beta = 72.530(2)degrees, gamma = 80. 680(2)degrees, V = 1.618 0 nm(3), D-x = 1. 444 g (.) cm(-3), Z = 1, F (000) = 728. The bond length of Sn1-O1 is 0. 2076 nm and Sn1 . . . O2 distance is 0.301 3 nm. The coordination about the tin atom can be considered as a distorted tetrahedral. The detail values of H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, Sn-119 NMR, (2)J(119Sn-1H) and J(119Sn-13C) were obtained. delta (119Sn) = 23.836, (2)J(119Sn-1H) = 88.0 Hz, (1)J(119Sn-13C) = 347.1 Hz, (2)J(119Sn-13C) = 45.6 Hz.