天育 108 在 2017 年 3 月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,并先后通过辽宁省、河北省、山西省、黑龙江省及内蒙古自治区引种备案,该品种具有较广泛的适应性.通过对天育 108 多年多点测试及耐密性分析表明,天育 108 在吉林省玉米推广种植区域具有较好的丰产性和稳定性表现,推荐生产种植密度为 60000～67500 株/hm2,在吉林省松原市耐密植(大垄双行、水肥一体化)试验表明,该试验条件下,种植密度在 70600～81500 株/hm2 之间具有较好的产量表现,可依据种植实践的投入产出比、自然条件和栽培方式等合理确定种植密度,以期达到高产和较高的收益.天育108 综合表现优良,具有较高的增产潜力,对保障粮食安全,推动农业产业升级,促进农民增收,推动科技创新与应用等方面有重要的意义.

黑土作为吉林中部平原粮食主产区主要土壤类型,其质量的优劣直接影响区域生态安全和农业可持续发展.该研究以吉林省典型黑土耕层土壤作为研究对象,采集1401个土壤样本,测定8项土壤理化指标及玉米产量.采用最小数据集法筛选评价指标,对于黑土耕层土壤进行质量评价,并综合土壤质量指数和产量提出评价指标的适宜范围.结果表明:吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由耕层容重、有机质、速效磷、pH构成,由全量数据集(Total Data Set,TDS)、重要数据集(Important Data Set,IDS)和最小数据集(Minimum Data Set,MDS)分别计算的土壤质量指数之间存在显著正相关关系,R2分别为0.716、0.771,表明MDS可以替代TDS对黑土耕层土壤质量进行评价.黑土玉米种植区耕层土壤质量指数分布在0.22～0.75之间,均值为0.53,呈现东部高西部低的趋势.土壤质量指数随产量先增加后降低.黑土耕层保持较高土壤质量及产量的评价指标适宜范围分别为:容重为1.23～1.43 g/cm3,酸碱度(pH值)为4.74～6.96,有机质为33.14～35.81 g/kg,有效磷为122.46～136.06 mg/kg.该研究结果可为吉林省黑土耕层土壤质量诊断、提高黑土肥力及选择适合农田管理措施提供理论及参数支撑.

本试验材料为‘翔玉998’,分别在松原和九台地区设秸秆全量深翻还田和秸秆不还田两个处理,研究玉米株高,穗位高、叶面积指数及干物质积累与分配的动态变化.结果 表明,松原和九台地区秸秆深翻还田下的株高及穗位高都大于秸秆不还田处理,但差异不显著.通过秸秆深翻还田处理下玉米叶面积指数的峰值有明显提高,都显著高于对照处理,同时成熟期的干物质量均明显大于对照处理.两地区地上部物质运转与分配上表现趋势一致,都是茎、叶中干物质运转率较高,且对籽粒贡献率也较大,但九台地区的干物质转运量相比对照提高最大;对比产量数据,两地区在秸秆深翻还田方式下的玉米产量都高于对照.最终得出结论秸秆深翻还田对玉米生长发育及产量的提升有一定促进作用,但是对其株高和穗位高影响程度不明显.本研究为建立区域秸秆还田体系提供理论帮助和技术支持.

本研究在大田条件下设置对照不还田CK、秸秆深翻还田两种处理模式,分析不同生育时期下玉米根系相关形态(根系长度,根系干重,直根数,须根数,胚轴长,气生根及其插入土气生根条数),生理特性(可溶性蛋白,伤流液)的动态变化.结果 表明,秸秆深翻还田能够提高玉米生育前中期根系增长的速度,对玉米中后期根系干重变化影响大;与对照不还田相比,秸秆深翻还田能够显著提高玉米生育前期直根数和须根数,加快胚轴缩短,同时显著增加了玉米气生根条数及插入土气生根条数;秸秆深翻还田能显著提高玉米前中期根系可溶性蛋白含量和抽雄期伤流液量.本研究通过秸秆深翻还田探索出促进根系生长发育的理论,进而对地上部植株生长发育及产量起到有利作用.

为了给吉林省玉米田最适秸秆还田方式提供一定的科学依据,试验采用随机区组法,通过与传统耕作相比较,秸秆深翻还田和秸秆覆盖还田,研究在不同生育时期秸秆还田对土壤含水量、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性及产量变化的影响.结果表明:随着玉米生长,秸秆深翻还田、秸秆覆盖还田、传统耕作在玉米生育期内土壤含水量和各土壤酶活性变化趋势相一致;在玉米抽雄期,深翻还田和覆盖还田较传统耕作土壤含水量分别增加33.57％、16.20％,过氧化氢酶活性分别增加14.91％、9.29％,蔗糖酶活性分别升高32.20％、20.26％,脲酶活性分别增加10.53％、5.84％,酸性磷酸酶活性分别升高19.79％、8.59％;产量分别增加5.59％和2.39％.因此秸秆深翻还田更有利于提高土壤酶活性和产量,可作为吉林省秸秆还田首选方式.

以富民985、泽玉501、泽玉8911、翔玉211、翔玉198、登海618、MC278、天和2号为种植材料,以品种为主区,以3个种植密度6万、7万、8万株/hm2为副区进行裂区实验,对8个不同品种在3个不同密度下其主要农艺性状以及产量的差异性进行研究.结果 表明,在合适的密度下翔玉211、翔玉198、登海618产量相对较高.综合因素分析,富民985、登海618两个品种呈现低密度且高产的趋势.试验数据得出,翔玉211在80000株/hm2处理下的产量最高,富民985在70000株/hm2处理下的产量次之,第3位的是登海618在80000株/hm2处理下的产量.试验结果表明,不同品种玉米在不同种植密度下产量不同,品种密度互作影响产量具有极显著差异.

以恒单188为试验玉米品种,2017年在吉林省西部半干旱地区滴灌试验田进行,试验设定了有膜和无膜两个处理组,5个氮水平:0、100 kg/hm2、200 kg/hm2、300 kg/hm2和400 kg/hm2,研究了不同施氮量对膜下滴灌和无膜滴灌栽培模式下玉米生长发育及产量的影响.结果 表明:氮肥有助于玉米的生长,但过量施用氮肥可能会抑制玉米的生长和产量的形成.在整个生长期内,有膜滴灌玉米的生长发育都优于无膜滴灌.其中在玉米的生育后期,有膜滴灌处理下,施氮量300 kg/hm2对叶面积指数、干物质量积累以及产量的形成影响最为显著,这为玉米科学种植提供参考.

In this research,we took maize varietyjidan 631 as test material to study the effects of different kinds of membranes on chlorophyll fluorescence and yield of maize leaves under the condition of drip irrigation.Research results showed that the basis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of fluorescence (Fo) numerical changed significantly at each growth stage of maize,but the overall trend was increased firstly and then decreased.The maximum fluorescence (Fm) values with two membranes treatment were lower than the control (CK),while the potential PS Ⅱ activity (Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values were higher (CK) than the control.There was a significant effect of membrane treatment on increasing yield of maize with,and the differences were remarkable of maize treated by NDF,DF,and CK,respectively.

大豆新品种“吉农46”是吉林农业大学2002年以“吉农15”为母本、“九农22”为父本,经品种间有性杂交,采用系谱法多年系统选育而成.2013-2014年参加吉林省中晚熟组大豆品种区域试验,平均产量2 870.4 kg/hm2,比对照“吉育72”平均增产4.3％.2015年参加吉林省大豆品种生产试验,平均产量3 287.4 kg/hm2,比对照“吉育72”增产11.0％.子粒粗蛋白质含量37.33％,粗脂肪含量21.20％.该品种于2016年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定.其突出特点是高产、抗病性强,适应性广,适于吉林省的四平、长春、吉林、通化、辽源、松原等中晚熟区种植.

大豆新品种“吉农44”是吉林农业大学2006年以CN05-9为母本、CN05-18为父本,进行品种间有性杂交,经系谱法多年系统选育而成.2013-2014年参加国家北方区春大豆中晚熟组品种区域试验,2年平均产量3 358.8 kg/hm2,比对照“吉育72”增产2.5％.2015年参加国家北方区春大豆生产试验,平均产量3365.6 kg/hm2,比对照“吉育72”增产2.4％.子粒蛋白质含量35.67％,脂肪含量23.32％(高油).该品种高产、高油,抗病性和抗倒伏能力强,于2016年7月通过农业部国家农作物品种审定委员会审定.该品种适宜在吉林省中南部、辽宁省东部山区春播种植.

研究紫苏[Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.]水提取物对高脂血症小鼠的降血脂和抗氧化能力的影响.SPF级健康雄性小鼠随机分为正常对照组和高脂血症组,分别给予普通饲料和高脂饲料饲养8周,测定小鼠体重及血清中血脂水平,判断小鼠高脂血模型是否建立成功.将建模成功的高脂血症组小鼠分为模型组及低、中、高剂量组,分别灌胃生理盐水10mL/(kg·d)及紫苏水提取物3g/(kg·d)、6 g/(kg·d)、9 g/(kg·d),连续灌胃6周.试验结束后检测小鼠血清和肝脏中血脂和抗氧化指标水平.结果表明,紫苏水提取物能降低高脂血症小鼠血清中胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平,提高血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,同时提高小鼠血清和肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,抑制丙二醛(MDA)活力,其中以高剂量紫苏水提取物的降血脂作用和抗氧化效果最好.紫苏水提取物对高脂血症小鼠有显著的降血脂和抗氧化作用.

The new soybean variety “jinong 43” was bred through crossing breeding of sing CN058 as female and CN05-13 as male,with pedigree method,by Jilin Agricultural University in 2002.The results of regional trials in northern region of China during 2012-2013 showed that its average yield was 3 177.0 kg/hm2,4.4％ higher than the control variety “jiyu 86”.Its yield of production trial was 3 061.5 kg/hm2 on average in 2014,8.0％ higher than the control variety “jiyu 86”.Seed protein content and oil content of “jinong 43” were 35.95％ and 22.98％,respectively.“Jinong 43” has the advantages of high yield and stable yield,high oil,strong disease resistance and lodging resistance ability.“Jinong 43” was approved and released to the farmers by National Evaluation Committee of Crop Variety in September 2014.It is suitable for spring sowing planting of the middle part of Jilin province,and Chifeng and Huhehaote areas of Inner Mongolia.

In order to explore the effects of spring maize growth and yield formation on different sowing datesin Jilin province,this experiments were carried out with three hybrids of Tongdan258,Huake425,Nonghua106 on five sowing dates,there were April 28(T1),May 4(T2),May 11(T3),May 18(T4),May 25(T5) respectively.The results showed that different varieties of maize growth period were shortened on different level with the sowing date delayed,and the sowing date was later,the dry matter accumulation was lower.The difference of LAI was not significant under different treatments before the flowering,however,the LAI of late sowing date decreases faster than early sowing date.The 100-seed weight,yield were declined with delay sowing date of varieties maize,there were significant differences on yield between the treatment of T1 and T4,T5.The early sowing on appropriate time was beneficial to improve the maize yield.

The aim of this study was to further confirm the influences of two recycling ways of straw mulching and straw deep burial on photosynthesis characteristic,fluorescence characteristic and water use efficiency of maize.In this research,we took spring maize as materials and the ordinary field without straw recycling as control,which were used to study the effects of two straw recycling ways on intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci),transpiration rate (Tr),net photosynthetic rate (Pn),stomatal conductance (Gs),key enzyme activity of photosynthesis,carbon metabolism and water use efficiency of maize leaves.The results revealed that the average Tr,Gs,Pn,qP and Fv/Fm of ear leaves in the way of straw deep burial were significant higher than those in the way of straw mulching after maize blossomed from 0～50 d,and the water use efficiency in the way of straw deep burial was significantly improved.

针对吉林省西部半干旱区的生态特点,研究氮素营养水平对膜下滴灌条件玉米净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、光合酶活性和产量的影响.结果表明,适宜的氮肥施用量可显著提高叶片光合性能,随着氮肥施用量的逐渐增加,叶片气体交换参数也逐渐升高;当氮肥超过300 kg/hm2时,各项指标开始下降.在荧光诱导动力学参数中,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)对种植模式的改变比较敏感,膜下滴灌下各处理平均Fv/Fm均显著高于同期普通生产田对照,随着施氮量的增加Fv/Fm增加;高氮处理穗位叶Fv/Fm无显著差异.施用氮肥均增加了玉米穗位叶PEP和RuBP羧化酶活性.在膜下滴灌模式下,玉米达到最高产量时的氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2,与300 kg/hm2时的产量无显著差异;非膜下滴灌玉米获得最高产量时的施氮量为300 kg/hm2.

The density experiments were conducted separately in two different ecology zones of Changchun and Songyuan to study the influence of density and ecological factors on maize yield.The results were as followed:(1) with the drop significantly of density,the thousand seed weight and ear kernel,the yield raised firstly and then decreased;both of two zones reached highest yield at the density of 7.5×104 plant/hm2.At the same density,the maize yield and the thousand seed weight of Changchun area was higher than Songyuan area.(2) Ecological factors had more impact on yield and thousand seed weight,thousand seed weight and accumulated temperature had positive correlation,which indicated heat shortage was the main factor limited the maize yield of Jilin area.(3) In Songyuan area where had abundant sunshine and low temperature,the planting density could suitably higher than Changchun area.

选择近年来吉林省西部半干旱松原地区广泛种植的玉米品种作为试验材料,对膜下滴灌玉米产量和水分利用效率进行了系统分析.结果表明,在20个玉米品种中,全生育时期内耗水高峰均出现在拔节—抽雄期和抽雄灌浆期.其中,郑单958、先玉335、铁研24、良玉66和良玉99整个生育时期内耗水量较低,在465 mm以下;农大364、禾玉3和宏育29耗水量较高,均在500 mm以上.群体水分利用率(WUE)和籽粒产量以良玉99和良玉66较高,而穗位叶水分利用率(L WUE)则以先玉335和郑单958最高.在实际生产中,可优先选择良玉99和良玉66玉米品种.

建立了苄嘧磺隆和仲丁灵在水稻样品中残留的高效液相色谱分析方法,并研究了二者在水稻样品中的贮存稳定性.贮存在-18℃和-20℃下水稻样品经提取净化后,采用高效液相色谱仪一紫外检测器,在240 nm波长下对试样中的苄嘧磺隆和仲丁灵进行分离和定量分析.结果表明,苄嘧磺隆和仲丁灵的峰响应面积与进样浓度呈现良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.999 7和0.999 9.苄嘧磺隆的相对标准偏差为0.5％～12.0％,回收率为77.2％～104.6％.仲丁灵的相对标准偏差为0.8％～7.6％,回收率为73.0％～106.4％.苄嘧磺隆和仲丁灵在水稻5种基质中贮存90 d后分解率小于5％,符合FAO/WHO联合标准的等同认定要求.苄嘧磺隆和仲丁灵具有良好的稳定性.

试验以玉米长期连作和玉米小麦轮作土壤为研究对象,采用网袋法设定秸秆覆盖和深埋2个还田处理,间隔不同时间取样,分析秸秆腐解特征及土壤微生物群落功能多样性.结果表明,针对不同土壤来说,玉米-小麦轮作土壤中2种秸秆还田方式下(T1和T2),玉米秸秆腐解速率、养分(N、P和K)释放率均高于玉米长期连作土壤(CT1和CT2);不同秸秆腐解时间下,土壤微生物群落功能多样性各处理表现不同.总的来说,T1和T2处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率、丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均高于CT1和CT2.在玉米长期连作种植区,秸秆深埋比秸秆覆盖能更有效提高玉米秸秆腐解率和改善土壤微生物群落结构的功能多样性.

The experiment was carried out in the artificial climate chamber to study the effects of low temperature on photosynthetic fluorescence and enzyme activity of carbon metabolism of maize varieties including ‘Dongdan213’ and ‘Hengyu709’ at booting stage. The results showed that with the decrease of temperature, net rate of photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximum photochemical efifciency (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efifciency (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching (qP), the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylse (PEP), sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase were decreased. The lower temperature, the higher reduction. At the same temperature and stress time, the reduction percent of above index was the biggest in‘Dongdan213’. When the temperature was 15℃, the sugar content of‘Hengyu709’ was only lower than the control at the 7th day of low temperature, and those of‘Dongdan213’ was lower than the control at the 5th and 7th day of low temperature. The decreasing of photosynthetic rate may be related to the damage of PSII reaction and the decrease of the activity of the related enzyme under low temperature stress.