CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers via existing offshore oil and gas production facility is an economic-viable method for long-term CO2 sequestration after CO2 capture. Offshore saline aquifers near source of CO2 emissions are of particular research interest. Wushi Sag located at the Beibu Gulf is a promising offshore CO2 sequestration location in the northwestern South China Sea with only 25 km away from the coast. Existing oil and gas production wells in the region is well-suited for CO2 injection. Thus, the feasibility of CO2 injection into saline aquifers and the long-term CO2 sequestration performance warrants investigation. In this study, we employ TOUGH-ECO2N to simulate CO2 injection in a deep saline aquifer using an existing production well for 5-year (rate at 0.3 Mt/a) and a subsequent 95-year sequestration. A large-scale heterogeneous geological model was established to describe the CO2 sequestration site, which consists of six formations and five different faults. We examine three key factors affecting CO2 long-term sequestration performance, i.e., CO2 injection sites, CO2 injection interval, and CO2 injection rate. Spatiotemporal evolution of supercritical CO2, dissolved CO2 and CO2 leakage are analyzed. During the injection stage, CO2 primarily remains in supercritical stage with 10.5 wt% dissolved CO2 at the plume fronts. During the sequestration stage, dissolution of supercritical CO2 is enhanced by density-driven fingering, increasing the ratio of dissolved CO2 to 42.7 wt%. Based on the sensitivity analysis, CO2 sequestration as dissolved CO2 for mineralization increases with longer CO2 injection interval, increasing CO2 injection depth and reduced CO2 injection rate. Findings of this study provide valuable insights on the criteria for CO2 sequestration site selection and the design of effective CO2 injection strategy for optimizing long-term stable and effective CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers.

The growing volume of wastewater produced by milk and butter factories makes it increasingly important to integrate effective water-recovery technologies into treatment systems. Bipolar-membrane electrodialysis (BMED)-systems have recently gained attention for their ability to treat wastewater efficiently while enabling water and chemical recovery. This study presents the technical and economic assessment of a hybrid treatment system combining batch reverse osmosis (BROS) with a BMED-system. The study is based on mechanistic process modelling and techno-economic analysis rather than experimental measurements. The core goal of this hybrid configuration is to recover both water and valuable chemicals from dairy-processing effluents. Unlike previously reported RO– BMED-systems, the proposed BROS– BMED-system uses a batch RO step to pre-concentrate wastewater before it enters the BMED-system. Raising the feed concentration strengthens the driving force for ion migration, which in turn improves both energy efficiency and cost performance. Through this approach, the system can simultaneously produce reusable water along with high-purity acids and bases, while reducing energy consumption due to the more concentrated feed entering the BMED-system. In the modeling approach, the BROS operates as a batch unit that gradually increases the feed concentration until reaching an FCL of 6.3, representative of typical dairy wastewater. The BMED-system stage is modeled under steady-state conditions at an optimized current density of 296 A m−2 using commercially available ion-exchange and bipolar membranes. A comprehensive comparison between integrated and standalone BMED-systems highlights major performance indicators such as water-recovery rate, acid/base purity, specific energy demand, and overall production cost. The model findings suggest that the optimized hybrid design has the potential to improve economic viability, projecting a reduction in total production costs of approximately 25.5% compared with a non-integrated setup. The simulation indicates a promising operating scenario at an FCL of 6.3 and a current density of 296 A m−2, resulting in a unit cost of 12.93 for the overall treatment process.

The treatment of lithium precipitation end liquors from salt lakes such as those in Qinghai, China, characterized by a high sodium-to-lithium ratio (Na/Li ≈ 87), requires efficient and selective extraction processes. While 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (PMBP) has been used with neutral organophosphorus synergists for lithium recovery and rare-earth extraction, its combination with trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO) has not been explored for high-sodium salt lake brines, and existing PMBP-based approaches often require pre-saponification, adding process complexity. In this work, a PMBP-TRPO synergistic system is proposed for this application, and a systematic process optimization is performed. Through single-factor experiments, optimal extraction conditions were determined to be: PMBP-to-Li molar ratio ≈ 1.77, TRPO concentration ≈ 13.3

SrTiO 3 is a robust photocatalyst for overall water splitting, but its activity is limited by inefficient charge separation and sluggish surface redox kinetics.

Hydrogen (H2) powers a low-carbon future with clean, dense energy. Solidified hydrate-based H2 storage is an emerging cost-effective method for large-scale applications. However, sluggish hydrate formation kinetics hinder its practical application, particularly in scale-up systems. In this study, we designed a novel stirred tank reactor with a vertical six-flat-blade impeller and 5.56 mol% THF was employed to investigate the effect of gas-liquid contact patterns on H2-THF hydrate formation. Specifically, two key variables on gas-liquid contact pattern in a stirred tank reactor, i.e., liquid phase volume and stirring rate on H2 gas uptake were systematically investigated by employing experimental observations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The experimental results suggest that the highest H2 gas uptake of 30.91 v/v was achieved at 300 rpm, with solution height slightly above the impeller with liquid volume of 84.8 mL. CFD simulations were conducted to analyze the gas-liquid interface and the flow field characteristics of liquid phase. The enhanced H2 gas uptake was attributed to increasing the gas-liquid interfacial area with dual vortices induced above the impeller, promoting gas-liquid mixing. A mechanism was further proposed to explain the effect of gas-liquid contact patterns on H2-THF hydrate formation in a stirred tank reactor. The findings suggest that rapid H2 gas uptake rate and superior H2 storage capacity can be achieved during scale-up by eliminating H2-THF hydrate film formation via continuous mechanical stirring at optimal rate. The results provide insights into key reactor design parameters for effectively scaling up hydrate-based H2 storage applications.

Electrodialysis holds immense potential for strategic applications, particularly in lithium extraction from salt lakes, yet membrane fouling remains a critical bottleneck impeding its large-scale implementation. As a representative specie co-existing with lithium, boron poses significant challenges, but its fouling mechanisms on ion exchange membranes remain elusive. This study reveals that boron fouling is fundamentally governed by the hybridization state of boron species (sp2 vs. sp3), a molecular-level mechanism that has remained elusive. Combining desalination performance tests with multidimensional characterizations and theoretical calculations, we found that boron fouling triggers a universal decline in performance, characterized by increased impedance, surface hydrophobicity, and pH disruption. Mechanistically, neutral sp2-hybridized B(OH)3 severely compromises cation exchange membranes by forming a robust hydrophobic blocking layer via hydrogen bonding with sulfonate groups, thereby hindering ion transport. Conversely, on anion exchange membranes, while neutral species exert minor effects, the sp3-hybridized B(OH)4- induces significant fouling. Its high dipole moment and polarizability facilitate stable complexation with amine groups through synergistic electrostatic and dispersive interactions. Ultimately, this work identifies boron fouling not as simple physical deposition, but as a structureperformance degradation process driven by molecular electronic architecture, providing a fundamental basis for developing anti-fouling strategies in lithium extraction.

The image shows that the Al/Co double-doped polyhedron SrTiO 3 with nanoclusters and satellite single atoms of Co offers a highly efficient photoreduction of Ni 2+ to Ni 0 . Most of the Ni elements are enriched in the (112) facet.

The fundamental dilemma hindering the industrialization of overall water splitting for hydrogen production under natural sunlight lies in the physical upper limit of the energy input (low energy density and insufficient photon flux), which defines the ultimate absolute hydrogen generation rate (AHPR). This physical constraint forces natural sunlight-driven hydrogen production systems to adopt a “catalyst area-for-yield” strategy, which brings severe systemic challenges including excessively large reactors, complicated gas collection and separation, and uncontrollable hydrogen-oxygen mixtures safety risks. Herein, we propose a new paradigm of sunlight-concentrated photocatalysis, which collects and focuses dispersed sunlight into a compact reactor to provide high-density solar energy as a robust driving force, boosting photogenerated carriers from a “sparse” state to a “massive” state via ultrahigh photon-flux injection. The key of this paradigm is the decoupling of AHPR and apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) under sunlight-concentrated illumination: trading partial efficiency for an order-of-magnitude leap in production rate, thereby breaking the linear scaling mode of “catalyst area-for-yield”. Benefiting from the positive correlation between AHPR and light intensity over modified strontium titanate (HSTO), and via a photocatalytic-thermocatalytic coupling strategy, this paradigm is validated on a large-scale sunlight-concentrated photocatalytic hydrogen production platform which achieves industrial-level performance with a AHPR of 7.89 m 3 /h and hydrogen purity exceeding 96.4%. This work demonstrates that the sunlight-concentrated photocatalysis enables multiple synergistic gains through architectural innovations, including reactor area compression, broad-spectrum energy synergy, and centralized safe operation, opening a new route toward the industrialization of solar-driven hydrogen production.

Offshore CO2 geological storage is a critical technical pathway toward achieving worldwide carbon neutrality. As large industrial emission sources cluster in coastal areas where onshore CO2 storage options are constrained, offshore CO2 geological storage offers a unique solution and is receiving ever-increasing attention. This approach offers distinct advantages, including reduced CO2 transport cost, large CO2 storage capacity, favorable reservoircaprock conditions, and enhanced long-term CO2 stability. However, its widespread deployment faces major challenges: (a) CO2 storage capacity quantification and application in offshore basins are insufficient; (b) unified quantitative standards for CO2 storage site evaluation are lacking; and (c) unclear ecological and environmental impacts from potential leakage during and after CO2 injection. To address these knowledge gaps, we provide a comprehensive review focusing on the above-mentioned aspects including four sections: (a) CO2 geological storage principles and key CO2 storage mechanisms in saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs; (b) a review of CO2 geological storage capacity estimation methods under different CO2 storage mechanisms with assessment of CO2 storage potential for China's three primary coastal basins and sags; (c) a review of quantitative multi-indicator evaluation system for offshore CO2 geological storage suitability, structured around CO2 storage capacity, injectivity, and containment; and (d) an assessment of the potential CO2 leakage pathways and the associated risks to marine ecosystems and carbonate equilibrium. In summary, this review aims to provide a systematic theoretical framework for future offshore CO2 geological storage engineering projects, guiding offshore CO2 storage site selection, optimal CO2 injection design and long-term stability evaluation with potential environmental risk mitigation.

The practical application of hydrate-based H2 storage is restricted by the slow formation kinetics of H2 hydrates. In this study, we propose the use of cyclopentane (CP) and Aerosol-OT (AOT) to synthesize a stable water-incyclopentane (W/CP) nanoemulsion that is capable to enhance H2 hydrate formation kinetics. At water cut of 10 vol% and AOT concentration of 20 wt%, nanoscale water droplets with an average diameter of 115 nm were achieved with excellent stability and cyclability, maintaining uniform dispersion for up to 15 days. The optimal W/CP nanoemulsion yields a maximum H2 uptake of 0.50 wt% (53.0 mmol H2/mol H2O) and achieves 90% of total H2 uptake within only 3.0 min. Furthermore, the in-situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopy reveals the simultaneous enclathration of both H2 and CP in sII hydrates. This study provides a simple but effective emulsion-based strategy to enhance H2-containing clathrate kinetics, thereby advancing our understanding and potential large-scale application of hydrate-based H2 storage technology.

Hydrate-based hydrogen (H2) storage technology (HyH2) offers notable advantages in the H2 storage and transportation for wind-to-H2 scenarios. However, the economic viability of HyH2 based on thermodynamic promoter solutions (TPS-HyH2) remains constrained by its slow formation kinetics. We proposed an innovative HyH2 utilizing nanoemulsion (NE-HyH2) which yields ultra-rapid kinetics within a 3-min cycle. In this study, we further conduct a techno-economic analysis of TPS-HyH2 and NE-HyH2 within a South China Sea wind farm scenario. Through a comprehensive evaluation of capital and operating costs, we observed a reduction in the levelized cost of H2 storage and transportation (LCOHST) from $1.82/kg to $1.09/kg. The effect of key operating parameters, H2 feed rate and transportation distance were analyzed, and the sensitivity analysis reveals that NE-HyH2 remains profitable operation distance up to 1350.0 km. Furthermore, the LCOHST and global warming potential (GWP) for NE-HyH2 and TPS-HyH2 were benchmarked with other H2 storage technologies, revealing that NE-HyH2 demonstrates economic superiority for transport distance up to 3196.5 km and a low-carbon emission feature with GWP of 0.38 kg CO2 eq./kg H2. Our findings suggest that NE-HyH2 is a cost-competitive and low-carbon maritime storage and transport method for offshore wind-to-H2 systems within regional transport distances.

Achieving global net-zero emissions necessitates advancements in sustainable CO2 sequestration technologies. CO2 sequestration in subsea sediments in the form of clathrates presents a promising option due to inherent reaction conditions, high CO2 storage capacity, and superior stability. However, the sluggish CO2 hydrate formation kinetics significantly constrains its field-scale application, particularly in the process of CO2 hydrate cap formation to prevent the CO2 leakage. Herein, we propose a biomolecular strategy by using the low-dose hydrophobic amino acid l-methionine to address this challenge. Combining morphological imaging and in situ Raman spectroscopy, l-methionine was found to disrupt the rigid CO2 hydrate films and induces self-organized liquid CO2 transport channels, significantly reducing CO2 mass transfer resistance. Molecular-level analysis further reveals that the hydrophobic group of l-methionine leads to a 70% decrease in the energy barrier of the CO2 diffusion. This biocompatible promoter enables ultrahigh CO2 uptake (120.6 v/v) with a 15-fold enhancement over pure water. Rapid CO2 hydrate formation for hydrate-sediment cementation was further validated using the acquired South China Sea clayey-silty marine sediments. This environmentally benign strategy demonstrates extraordinary CO2 hydrate formation kinetics from liquid CO2 compared to the state-of-the-art promoters, offering a promising and practical solution for long-term offshore CO2 storage to mitigate climate change.

Dinotefuran (DIN), a neonicotinoid insecticide with significant bio-accumulation potential, poses substantial ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems. The development of sustainable and efficient advanced oxidation processes for the removal of DIN from wastewater is therefore critical for minimizing its discharge and environmental impact. Herein, an ozone micro-nano bubbles (O3-MNBs) system was developed to explore the removal of DIN and its underlying mechanism. Results showed that the O3-MNBs system achieved superior performance compared to conventional ozonation, improving DIN removal efficiency by 23.4% and elevating the reaction rate constant by 113.1%. This enhancement is attributed to the MNBs-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), among which hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) served as the primary contributor to DIN degradation. Further evaluation of the system's performance under various water matrices revealed that higher solution pH, bicarbonate ions (HCO3- ), and humic acid enhanced degradation efficiency, whereas Cl- and NO3- exhibited inhibitory effects through reactive oxygen species scavenging. Furthermore, the degradation intermediates were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and three main degradation pathways were proposed, including hydroxylation of the tetrahydrofuran ring, cleavage/removal of the -NNO2 moiety, and demethylation of the molecule. Finally, O3-MNBs showed a good application prospect in the remediation of DIN-contaminated real wastewater. These findings provide a promising approach and mechanistic insights for the treatment of pesticidecontaminated aquatic environments.

Hydrate-based CO2 sequestration (HBCS) emerges as a promising strategy for long-term CO2 storage in marine sediments capitalizing on its remarkable CO2 storage capacity, long-term safety and stability. The range of pressures and temperatures beneath the seafloor is conducive to CO2 hydrate formation from liquid CO2. However, very few studies on CO2 hydrate formation kinetics from liquid CO2 were reported so far with significant challenge remaining in the quantification method. Sequestrating CO2 as hydrates in sands under different seawater depths has not been examined yet and warrants investigation. In this study, we developed a novel experimental apparatus with continuous water injection mode for quantifying the volume change during CO2 hydrate formation from liquid CO2. A series of experiments were designed to simulate liquid CO2 injection on top of a sand pack with subsequent CO2 hydrate formation under pressures from 6.0 MPa to 18.0 MPa. Experimental results suggest that increasing pressure was insignificant on the induction time of CO2 hydrate formation averaging similar to 4.6 h. Increasing pressure from 6.0 MPa to 18.0 MPa did not significantly enhance the CO2 hydrate formation kinetics. The highest CO2 storage capacity was 40.72 v/v at 6.0 MPa, which was 1.2 times of that at 18.0 MPa. A high-pressure microfluidic system was employed to observe CO2 hydrate growth behavior at pore scale. A mechanism is proposed explaining the effects of pressure on liquid CO2 transport and the associated CO2 hydrate formation kinetics. The findings provide fundamental understanding on the kinetics of CO2 hydrates formation from liquid CO2 at multi-scale. Insights can be gained on optimizing CO2 injection and the site selection for CO2 hydrate storage in marine sediments.

Membrane fouling, particularly Ca2+-induced scaling on cation exchange membranes (CEM), hinders the application of electrodialysis in lithium extraction. This study investigated the fouling mechanisms of Ca2+ coexisting with Cl- and SO42- on sulfonated CEM, using CaCl2 and CaSO4 solution as the targeted foulants. The conductivity, pH, turbidity, particle size distribution, chemical composition and morphology of the membrane surface were monitored to verify the evolution of the bulk solution and the membrane during the Ca2+-induced fouling. Online detection of conductivity and pH revealed distinct trends in fouling solutions containing Ca2+-Cl- and Ca2+-SO42-. Noticeable changes in turbidity and particle distribution were observed in the concentrated chamber of the highly saturated Ca2+-SO42- solution, whereas the concentrated chamber of the Ca2+-Cl- solution showed turbidity and particle size distribution similar to the initial values. SEM showed that there are different morphologies of scaling crystals in the two types of solution. These fundamental differences are the root cause of the distinct fouling mechanisms between the Ca2+-Cl- solution and Ca2+-SO42- solution. To further investigate the fouling mechanisms, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to differentiate the impedance of the electric double layer and diffusion layer, providing insights into the characteristics of the CEM-solution interfaces fouled by different lithium-containing solutions. Additionally, adsorption experiments, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and computational simulations (COMSOL, DFT) were conducted to provide detailed insights into the effects of fouling solutions on the properties of the desalted solution, the probability of crystal precipitation, and particularly the interaction between Ca2+ and the functional sites on the CEM. Finally, the Ca2+-induced scaling mechanism of CEM for enriching the lithium-containing solutions with and without SO42– was proposed, elucidating the synergistic effects of Ca2+-induced crystallization in the bulk solution and Ca2+ adsorption on the CEM surface. The research results could offer theoretical guidance for developing pollution control strategies.

A key to the application of hydrate-based biogas storage (primary components as CH4 and CO2) lies in elucidating the mechanism of the slow kinetics and seeking solutions to enhance the kinetics. In this study, the low-toxicity 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX) was employed to promote CH4/CO2 hydrate formation at various DIOX concentrations (CDIOX = 5.56 mol %, 3.00 mol %, and 1.00 mol %) under different gas mixture compositions (CH4/CO2 = 71.7 mol %/28.3 mol %, 47.5 mol %/52.5 mol %, and 23.9 mol %/76.1 mol %). The phase equilibria, cage occupancy, kinetics, and resulting morphology of CH4/CO2 + DIOX mixed hydrates were acquired for analysis. The thermodynamic promotion of DIOX diminishes as the CO2 composition increases and CDIOX decreases. An increase in the CO2 composition reduces the occupancy of CH4 in the sII hydrate 51264 cages. Additionally, CO2 dissolution in DIOX solution weakens the fractionation of the gas mixture due to hydrate formation. At CDIOX = 5.56 mol % and 3.00 mol %, two distinct stages of hydrate growth were identified based on morphology observation: (a) initial slow gas uptake due to the formation of hydrate film at the gas-liquid interface and (b) enhanced gas uptake stage due to the rupture of the hydrate film. Increasing the CO2 composition, employing solutions with a memory effect, and moderately reducing CDIOX can expedite hydrate film rupture and shorten the period of hydrate film formation. The findings offer insights into technical-feasible strategies to enhance the kinetics of CH4/CO2 hydrates for biogas and CO2-rich containing natural gas storage.

Hydrate-based CO2 sequestration (HBCS) is proposed as a promising way for storing large amounts of CO2 in solid hydrate form in marine sediments for climate mitigation. However, the interplay of liquid CO2 injection, liquid and dissolved CO2 migration, and the long-term stability of the formed CO2 hydrates in marine sediments at field-scale remain unclear and warrant investigation. To this end, we develop an in-house thermo-hydro-chemical (T-H-C) coupled numerical code for analysis of the liquid CO2 injection and CO2 hydrate formation processes in silty sandy medium in South China Sea. The fate of the injected liquid CO2 and the spatial and temporal evolution of CO2 hydrate, liquid CO2 and the dissolved CO2 are analyzed in details for the five-year CO2 injection stage and the 100-year CO2 sequestration stage. Moreover, we design a 3-by-3 sensitivity analysis on key formation thermophysical properties, i.e., permeability (k), salinity (X-s) and thermal conductivity (lambda(wet)) to elucidate their effects on CO2 hydrate stability and the CO2 sequestration efficiency. Only a small fraction of CO2 hydrate (mass ratio of 0.8 %) is formed during CO2 injection and the continuously growing CO2 hydrate cap over the 100 years is the primary CO2 storage medium. The formation of the low-permeable CO2 hydrate cap effectively restricts the upward migration of liquid CO2, while dissolved CO2 exhibits an extensive vertical migration above the CO2 hydrate cap. The conversion of CO2 hydrate from liquid CO2 increases with increasing lambda(wet), but decreases with increasing k and X-s, following the order of significance of X-s > lambda(wet) > k. The results of this study provide important guidance for the site selection and the operational design in future large-scale HBCS adoption in South Chin Sea.

Deepwater oil and gas transportation systems play a crucial role in energy supply, but also face the challenges of hydrate generation and blockage. The study observed hydrate generation and deposition at different subcooling degrees and flow rates by using a high-pressure fully visualized recirculation pipeline. It was found that the subcooling degree has a nonlinear positive correlation with the total amount of hydrate generated. The hydrate formation at 11.7 C-degrees subcooling was 4.5 times higher than that at 9 C-degrees subcooling. According to the hydrate conversion rate analysis, the hydrate growth process under low subcooling conditions directly transitions from the bubble-promoting zone to the termination point of hydrate generation. Combined with the deposition state of the pipe wall and the differential pressure change curves, the risk of blockage at different subcooling levels and flow rates can be assessed.

Hydrogen (H2) as the most abundant element offers a clean energy solution for a sustainable future. Thermodynamic hydrate promoters can enhance hydrate-based H2 storage under mild pressure conditions. 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX) as a low-toxicity promoter has attracted attention for its potential to improve H2 hydrate kinetics. However, the phase equilibria of H2-DIOX in the presence of DIOX and its thermodynamic promotion mechanism are not fully elaborated and warrant thorough investigation. In this study, the phase equilibria of H2-DIOX hydrates were measured for DIOX concentrations (CDIOX) ranging from 2.0 mol% to 5.56 mol%. The equilibrium temperature of H2-DIOX hydrates shifted rightward by 2.3 K at 15.0 MPa for 5.56 mol% DIOX compared to 2.0 mol% DIOX. The measured thermodynamic data were validated by fitting the H2-DIOX hydrate phase equilibira using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The cage occupancy of H2 and DIOX in H2-DIOX sII hydrates was revealed through Raman spectroscopy and DSC thermal analysis. Two types of hydrates (DIOX and H2-DIOX) were observed for all CDIOX. Single H2 molecules were enclathrated in the 512 cages of H2-DIOX hydrates and increasing CDIOX effectively enhanced DIOX molecules enclathration in the 51264 cages but had limited effect on the H2 molecules in the 512 cages. The findings of this study provide fundametnal thermodynamic data and cage occupancy charateristics for H2-DIOX sII hydrates below 15.0 MPa. The results provide guidance on the optimal thermodynamic promoter concentrations for future large-scale hydrate-based H2 storage application.

Hydrate-based CO2 sequestration is a promising method for long-term carbon storage, yet controlling CO2 hydrate formation kinetics remains a critical challenge. This study explores the tunable role of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids coupled with nucleation promoter magnesium (Mg) in CO2 hydrate formation. Four types of amino acids, i.e., two hydrophobic amino acids (L-Leucine, L-Leu; L-Methionine, L-Met) and two hydrophilic amino acids (L-Arginine, L-Arg; L-Glycine, L-Gly) were systematically evaluated for their effects on CO2 hydrate kinetics and morphology. Results show that Mg significantly reduced the induction time and enabled ultrarapid nucleation of CO2 hydrate in all systems. Hydrophobic amino acids effectively enhanced CO2 hydrate growth, with optimal CO2 gas uptake of 154.4 Vg/Vw, t90 of 62.2 min, and water conversion of 67.0 % at optimal 0.3 wt% L-Met. Hydrophobic amino acids promote water transport in CO2 hydrate, leading to massive CO2 hydrate wall-climbing growth. Conversely, hydrophilic amino acids (L-Arg, L-Gly) exhibit a weaker promotion effect on CO2 hydrate kinetics when coupled with Mg though commonly used as inhibitors. Mg corrosion induces directional CO2 hydrate growth along Mg by forming a porous layer that enhances water transport. The resulting CO2 gas uptake reached 39.6 Vg/Vw (0.3 wt% L-Arg) and 74.4 Vg/Vw (1.0 wt% L-Gly). We elucidate that hydrophobic amino acids synergize with Mg2+ to enhance CO2 hydrate rapid and massive formation, while hydrophilic amino acids regulate CO2 hydrate directional growth via corrosion-driven H2O transport. The findings demonstrate the potential of coupling Mg and amino acids to tune CO2 hydrate kinetics, enabling applications in near-well inhibition and far-well promotion of CO2 hydrate. This approach offers a promising pathway for effective CO2 injection and sequestration as hydrates for long term.