Surface modification is one of the most straightforward and efficient approaches for enhancing the specific properties of polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, such as biofouling resistance, in the context of conventional wastewater treatment processes. However, its secondary effects on other properties, such as antiorganic and inorganic fouling behaviors, have rarely been discussed. Here, the polyethyleneimine (PEI) was physically deposited (C-PEI) or covalently grafted (G-PEI, via carbodiimide crosslinking chemistry) on top of the commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (SW30, Dupont company). Characterization indicated negligible changes in the desalination performance and surface morphology of both RO membranes using these two methods; however, a simultaneous increase in surface positive charges and hydrophilicity was observed. In terms of fouling type, both PEI-modified membranes exhibited exceptional biofouling resistance, maintaining an antibacterial ratio of >59.9 % under static biofouling tests and >58.9 % flux retention under dynamic biofouling tests, far surpassing that of the conventional SW30 membrane. Such enhancement in the anti-bacterial properties was primarily attributed to the increased hydrophilicity and the protonated amines (-NH3+), which electrostatically disrupt both the potential and osmotic equilibrium of bacterial cells. Conversely, PEI decoration showed minimal efficacy against inorganic scaling and organic fouling because protonated amine groups may even attract negatively charged foulants via electrostatic attraction. In a confirmatory trial of municipal tailwater (effluents from the secondary sedimentation tank), the C-PEI and G-PEI membranes retained approximately 70.2 % and 78.0 % of their initial fluxes over continuous operation for 120 h (vs. 60.4 % for the SW30 membrane), while achieving nearly 100 % rejection of COD, TN, TP, and microbiology, exceeding China's Class 1-A reuse standards.

This study aims to identify microbial strain resources capable of degrading diflufenican and elucidate their degradation characteristics, with the goal of mitigating the phytotoxicity hazards associated with the prolonged use of this persistent herbicide. A degradation strain was isolated, purified, and screened from wheat field soils that had been subjected to diflufenican treatment using an enrichment culture method. The taxonomic classification of the strain was determined through a comprehensive analysis of its morphology, physiology, biochemistry, as well as its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The results demonstrated that the screened bacterial strain 88-1 could utilize diflufenican as its metabolic carbon source and was identified as Enterobacter hormaechei, a facultative anaerobe. The degradation efficiency of strain 88-1 on diflufenican was closely associated with cultivation time, the initial concentration of the herbicide, temperature, pH, and inoculation amount of the strain. Additionally, the degradation rate exhibits a positive correlation with the biomass of the strain. Under optimal conditions (40 mg/L diflufenican, 30 °C, pH 8.0, 10% inoculum), the highest observed degradation efficiency and viable cell density over the 120 h incubation period were 55.11% and 8.05 × 106 CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, rapid biotransformation commenced within 24 h, yielding a cascade of metabolites, with 2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyridine-3-carboxamide identified as the primary metabolite. These findings suggest that strain 88-1 holds promise for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with diflufenican.

In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to establish a rapid and sensitive detection method for spirotetramat and its metabolites B-enol, B-keto, B-Mono, and B-glu in vegetables and soil matrices. The limit of quantification was 0.01 mg kg-1 and the retention time ranged from 1.8 to 3.5 minutes. The behavioral characteristics of spirotetramat and its metabolites on various substrates in the two absorption pathways were investigated. The degradation rate of spirotetramat in root irrigation mode was higher than that observed in foliage spray applications. Subsequently, the ecological risk of spirotetramat to soil earthworms was evaluated using both Risk Quotient (RQ) and Toxicity Exposure Ratio (TER) frameworks, while dietary and non-carcinogenic risks to various population groups were assessed via deterministic and probabilistic models. The assessment revealed that spirotetramat posed a potential ecological risk under worst-case scenarios, with RQ values ranging from 1.906 to 11.546, consistently exceeding the critical threshold of 1. Notably, the ecological risk associated with root irrigation was 3.6–4.9 times higher than that of foliar spraying. Conversely, spirotetramat did not pose unacceptable acute (0.060–3.113%) or chronic (0.144–87.779%) dietary exposure risks to the Chinese population, indicating that dietary intake remains within safe regulatory margins. Based on the evaluated exposure levels ranging from 0.063% to 33.250%, the current data suggests that the non-carcinogenic risk of spirotetramat to the exposed populations in China remains within acceptable safety margins under the studied application conditions. These results underscore the urgency of establishing tomato-specific MRLs and prioritizing application methods that balance pest control with soil safety.

In many applications, organic fouling poses a significant limitation to polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Extensive efforts in the past have mostly provided macroscopic-scale experimental validations; however, a deep understanding of the existing co-ion fouling mechanism is still in its infancy. Herein, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we report how specific surface functional groups (-COOH, -NH2, and -CONH-) on the RO membrane surface work and contribute to organic fouling. Our results indicate that functional groupinitiated organic fouling is mainly ascribed to electrostatic interactions, supplemented by ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the RO system containing carboxylic acid groups was subject to a "bridge-effect" to typical foulants (e.g., alginate) on the membrane surface, whereas the amino groups had an even increased probability of bonding to alginate in solution, both of which were markedly influenced by the electrostatic interaction, exacerbating the organic fouling. In contrast, a hypothetical RO system with neat amide linkages was proven to have the least number of interactions between the membrane surface and contaminants, resulting in notably enhanced fouling resistance. Overall, our simulations offer a dynamic framework for elucidating molecular-level fouling mechanisms, which may navigate the future development of antifouling reverse osmosis membranes.

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are pivotal for textile wastewater treatment because of their ability to separate ions and molecules. However, conventional polyamide NF membranes used for treating textile wastewater in extreme pH environments have limited acid/alkalinity and fouling resistance. Herein, a polyurea NF membrane was prepared through interfacial polymerization using 2,2-benzidinedisulfonic acid (BDSA, aqueous reactant) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI, organic reactant). With regulation of the monomeric concentrations, the optimal BDSA-TDI membrane exhibited an ultrahigh pure water permeance of 90.8 L m(-2) h(-1) bar(-1) and a high rejection of 98.9 % to a common dye molecule (Direct Red 23), while maintaining low salt rejections to both NaCl (2.1 %) and Na2SO4 (12.6 %). Compared to the commercial NF270 membrane (Dupont Company), the BDSA-TDI membrane maintained its structural integrity over a wide pH range of 0-13.0 after a 15-day immersion test, as indicated by minimal variations in its separation performance and surface characteristics. Owing to its smooth and hydrophilic surface and uniformly distributed pore structure, it exhibited flux decline ratios (FDRs) of <44.6 % and flux recovery ratios (FRRs) of >88.6 % when desalinating textile wastewater under varying pH conditions (2.0, 6.6, and 13.0), substantially outperforming commercial acid-resistant polyethersulfone membranes (FDRs >45.6 % and FRRs <67.7 %) with similar separation selectivity. This study provides a new class of NF membranes with exceptional resistance to extreme pH and fouling, offering a promising solution for the zero-liquid discharge of saline textile wastewater.

The results demonstrated that among the total 365 investigated samples, the proportion of samples detecting three target herbicides simultaneously, two herbicides, one herbicide, and none were 0.3%, 6.4%, 65.2%, and 23.2%, respectively. For samples with only one detected herbicide, the detection rates in Jiyuan, Luohe, Puyang, Luoyang, Xuchang, and Hebi were relatively high (ranging from 44% to 100%), whereas those in Sanmenxia, Nanyang, Xinxiang, and Kaifeng were relatively low (ranging from 6% to 20%). Regarding individual herbicides, the detection rates of mesosulfuron-methyl, quinclorac, halosulfuron-methyl, diflufenican, imazethapyr, pyroxasulfone, imazapic, fomesafen, and atrazine were 1.2%, 3.8%, 5.5%, 6.1%, 8.7%, 8.7%, 10.4%, 11.0%, and 33.9%, respectively. Based on these findings, the current reliance on long-acting effect herbicides for weed management in China’s agricultural management practices was systematically analyzed. Within the framework of agricultural sustainability, it is proposed that there is an urgent need to promote the concept of scientific herbicide use among farmers and that pesticide scientists must recognize the extreme importance of continuous innovation and the development of alternative herbicides with new mechanisms of action as a long-term strategic goal.

Diamide insecticides represent a class of highly efficient compounds that have been widely employed in plant protection in recent years. The potential risk of exceeding residue limits in agricultural products should not be disregarded but the molecular structure of diamides dictates that the currently widely used QuEChERS cannot be extended to the analysis of their residues in food. The aim of this work is to develop a multi-residue method for diamides in vegetables using an alternative to traditional plant pigment removers. A modified QuEChERS based on the recently reported pigment remover Carbon S was established, and a multi-residue method for the determination of six diamide insecticides (flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, and broflanilide) in melons and leafy vegetables using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) was developed. The evaluation of this methodology showed the recoveries of the diamides in the vegetable matrices ranged from 80 to 107%, with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 10%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for these insecticides in vegetables were from 0.034 to 0.051 mg/kg. The modified QuEChERS employing carbon S exhibits environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and good reproducibility. The optimized methodology demonstrates accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability. Carbon S was used as a plant pigments remover, extending the application of QuEChERS to the determination of diamide residues in vegetables.

Pesticides are extensively utilized in contemporary agriculture to manage pests, enhance crop yields, and sustain productivity. Nevertheless, the persistent herbicide represents a dual-edged weapon. On one hand, their prolonged efficacy enables reduced application frequency during crop growth seasons, resulting in cost savings on labor. However, the presence of these residues within fields poses safety risks to soil quality, sensitive crops in subsequent rotations, agricultural product quality, and the ecological environment. This review presents a comprehensive review on the mechanisms of action, application risks, ecotoxicology, and residue analysis methods of nine representative persistent herbicides (namely, atrazine, imazethapyr, imazapic, mesosulfuron-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, fomesafen, diflufenican, quinclorac, and pyroxasulfone). The objective is to guide their scientific and rational utilization in agricultural practices while minimizing phytotoxicity risks and effectively monitoring and controlling soil pollution. These can not only provide practical recommendations for mitigating potential plant toxicity and ecological environmental risks but also contribute valuable technical insights for efficient soil pollution monitoring and prevention. Additionally, unaddressed research objectives were also anticipated.

Abstract To study the residue behavior of pyraclostrobin in wax gourd, and evaluate the risk of dietary intake. Wax gourd samples were extracted with acetonitrile, purified with PSA and C18, detected by HPLC-MS/MS. In 2017, the supervised field trials of pyraclostrobin in wax gourd were carried out in Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Beijing, Hunan, and Guangxi. The STMR of pyraclostrobin in wax gourd was acquired, and then the risk of dietary intake was evaluated. At the three spiked levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg-1, the average recoveries ranged from 95% to 104%, the RSDs ranged from 2.1% to 3.8%, and LOQ was 0.01 mg kg-1. The dissipation of pyraclostrobin in wax gourd in Sichuan fitted to the first order kinetics with the half-life of 4.1d. The 250 gL-1 emulsifiable concentrate of pyraclostrobin was sprayed at 150 and 225 g a.i./hm2 for 2-3 times on wax gourd. The final residue level of pyraclostrobin in wax gourd was between

Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a widespread and devastating disease of wheat. In the absence of resistant varieties, the control of FHB relies heavily on the application of fungicides, and the new generation SDHI fungicide, pydiflumetofen, has recently been registered in China for the control of FHB in wheat. The current study explored three genetically stable, highly resistant laboratory mutants (S2-4-2R, S27-3R, and S28-2R, with EC50 values of 25.10, 28.57, and 19.22 μg/mL, respectively) to investigate the potential risks associated with pydiflumetofen resistance. Although the mycelial growth of the mutants differed little compared to their parental isolates, the study found that the resistant mutants exhibited significantly reduced (p < 0.05) levels of sporulation and pathogenicity, which suggests a significant fitness cost associated with pydiflumetofen resistance in F. graminearum. Sequence analysis of the Sdh target protein identified numerous amino acid substitutions in the predicted sequences of the four subunits: FgSdhA, FgSdhB, FgSdhC, and FgSdhD. Indeed, the mutants were found to have a series of substitution in multiple subunits such that all three exhibited five identical changes, including Y182F in the FgSdhA subunit; H53Q, C90S, and A94V in FgSdhB; and S31F in FgSdhC. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed that all of the FgSdh genes had significantly altered expression (p < 0.05), particularly FgSdhA and FgdhC, which exhibited remarkably low levels of expression. However, the study found no evidence of cross-resistance between pydiflumetofen and tebuconazole, fludioxonil, prochloraz, fluazinam, carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, or difenoconazole, which indicates that these fungicides, either in rotation or combination with pydiflumetofen, could mitigate the risk of resistance emerging and provide ongoing control of FHB to ensure high and stable wheat yields.

Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is a global plant parasitic nematode that can cause poor plant growth and even death in severe cases. In order to excavate biocontrol strains against root-knot nematode with high efficiency, 24 strains of bacteria were isolated from the tomato root infected with root-knot nematode by plate dilution method. To screen high efficiency biocontrol strains, the lethal activity of cultures to second-stage juveniles（J2s） and their control effect in the greenhouse were determined. The results showed that strain YB-1503had the highest adjusted mortality of J2s, reaching 70.0% at 48 h. Greenhouse experiment demonstrated that treatments with cultures of strain YB-1503 reduced root-knot index by 65.8%, along with increased plant growth.Strain YB-1503 was identified as Bacillus firmus by morphological,physiological and molecular biological methods. In addition, fermentation filtrates of strain YB-1503 could significantly reduce the activities of catalase,carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase of J2s. The content of reactive oxygen species（ROS） of J2s was also increased after being treated by fermentation filtrate of strain YB-1503, resulting in the death of nematode. Thus,YB-1503 strain has great potential for further development and utilization.

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是世界小麦生产上的重要真菌病害.为了进一步明确禾谷镰刀菌对苯基吡咯类杀菌剂咯菌腈产生抗性的机制,本文以前期室内通过药剂驯化方式得到的4株禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的高水平抗性突变体(其抗性倍数在318.2～782.9之间)为主要研究材料,采用生物测定及分子生物学等方法开展了禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的抗性机制研究.结果表明:供试禾谷镰刀菌抗咯菌腈突变体对小麦幼穗的致病力降低了约50％,部分菌株(2XZ-4R)甚至完全丧失了对小麦的致病能力;抗性突变体对渗透胁迫(0.5 mol/L NaCl,1.0 mol/L MgCl2,1.0 mol/L葡萄糖或1.0 mol/L甘露醇)高度敏感,且菌丝生长抑制率较敏感菌株降低约50％以上,表明其环境适合度显著下降.同时,抗性突变体中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性较敏感菌株均升高2倍以上.分子生物学分析发现,供试抗性突变体中候选靶标基因(FgOs1和FgOs5)的表达量显著下调(P＜0.05),推测FgOs1和FgOs5可能参与了禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈抗性的形成过程.总之,该研究探究了禾谷镰刀菌抗咯菌腈突变体的生物学特性,并为深入揭示禾谷镰刀菌对咯菌腈的抗性分子机制提供了新的思路.

课程思政是新时代思想政治教育工作新的探索和尝试,旨在将思想政治教育与专业教育相结合,注重培养学生的德行修养和政治认同感,充分诠释高校在发挥立德树人根本任务中的作用.植物保护技术是一门阐述植物病虫害发生规律及其防治技术的应用科学,挖掘该课程的思政元素,并将其有效融入课程中,是本课程思政建设的重点和难点.本课程旨在通过挖掘课程涉及的爱国热情、科学精神、社会责任感、工匠精神及环境保护意识等思政元素,并将其有效融入课程讲授之中,进一步提高课程的协调育人效果,并为其他思政课程的建设提供参考.

为阐明新型吡唑酰胺类杀菌剂吡噻菌胺的生态暴露风险与环境行为归趋,本文从合成路径、生物活性、生态毒理、分析方法和环境行为五方面进行分析总结,并对其应用前景进行展望.指出吡噻菌胺对真菌孢子萌发抑制作用显著,防治效果优于治疗效果;吡噻菌胺对水生生物具有较高的生态毒性,且对细胞活力及氧化应激具有显著的对映体选择性差异.建议后续深入开展不同环境下吡噻菌胺的行为特征及其水生生态毒理学研究,特别是对映体选择性的分子机制,探索高效低风险的手性对映体,建立科学精准的风险评估体系,降低其对水生生物安全和人类生殖健康的高潜在暴露风险.

目的 开展50％异菌脲?腐霉利悬浮剂在设施和露地番茄上的残留试验,评价其在番茄上使用的安全性.方法 2021年在北京、辽宁、甘肃、山西、山东、浙江、河南、江苏、贵州、河北、湖南和重庆的番茄主产区开展了田间试验,番茄样品用乙腈涡旋提取,N-丙基乙二胺、石墨化碳黑和十八烷基碳混合分散吸附剂净化,超高效液相色谱分离,三重四极杆串联质谱检测,基质标准曲线-外标法定量.结果 设施番茄中异菌脲和腐霉利的降解半衰期分别为11.5和12.3 d,露地番茄中异菌脲和腐霉利的降解半衰期分别为6.9和7.8 d.50％异菌脲?腐霉利悬浮剂在番茄上按最高剂量525 g a.i/hm2施药3次后,安全间隔期7 d时,设施番茄中异菌脲的最终残留量为0.10～0.73 mg/kg,腐霉利的最终残留量为0.14～1.67 mg/kg,露地番茄中异菌脲的最终残留量为<0.01～0.25 mg/kg,腐霉利的最终残留量为<0.01～0.58 mg/kg.结论 依据GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》中规定的异菌脲和腐霉利的最大残留限量标准,收获的番茄食用是安全的.本研究结果为50％异菌脲?腐霉利悬浮剂在设施和露地番茄上的安全使用、农药残留量控制和农产品安全提供理论和技术支持.

拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂常用来防治包括斜纹夜蛾在内的多种鳞翅目害虫,目前斜纹夜蛾已对这两类杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)广泛参与害虫对杀虫剂抗性的形成.前期通过转录组技术筛选到斜纹夜蛾SlGSTO2基因在拟除虫菊酯高抗种群中显著上调表达,为进一步探究该基因的功能,将其在大肠杆菌中异源表达,并测定重组蛋白对拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢活性,同时采用抑菌圈试验测定了其抗氧化活性.结果表明:重组蛋白SlGSTO2仅对三氟氯氰菊酯有微弱的体外代谢活性,而对氰戊菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和毒死蜱均无代谢活性;抑菌圈试验结果表明,表达pET-26b(+)/SlGSTO2的大肠杆菌可以显著降低不同浓度过氧化氢异丙苯的抑菌圈直径,说明SlGSTO2具有抗氧化活性.研究结果丰富了对斜纹夜蛾GSTs Omega家族基因的功能认知.

建立了环氟菌胺在小麦植株和麦田土壤中的残留检测方法,并对其在小麦中的残留量进行了膳食摄入评估.样品中环氟菌胺经乙腈提取,氨基固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱检测,外标法定量.结果 表明:在0.02～10 mg/kg添加水平下,环氟菌胺在小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的平均回收率在78％～119％之间,相对标准偏差在0.63％～14％之间.小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中环氟菌胺最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.02 mg/kg.环氟菌胺在小麦植株中的消解符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为1.5～5.1 d.按推荐有效剂量132 g/hm2施药,在30～50 d采收间隔期环氟菌胺的残留量均＜0.2 mg/kg.环氟菌胺的普通人群国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)是0.002 77 mg,占日允许摄入量(ADI)的6.93％左右,认为对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险.

Five compounds (syringic acid, tricin, acacetin, syringoside, and diosmetin) were isolated from the aerial parts of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) using chromatography columns of silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their chemical structures were identified by means of electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses. Bioassays showed that the five compounds had significant allelopathic effects on the germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The five compounds inhibited fresh wheat as well as the shoot and root growth of wheat by approximately 50% at a concentration of 100 mg/kg, except for tricin and syringoside for shoot growth. The results of activity testing indicated that the aerial parts of wild oats had strong allelopathic potential and could cause different degrees of influence on surrounding plants. Moreover, these compounds could be key allelochemicals in wild-oat-infested wheat fields and interfere with wheat growth via allelopathy.

The phytotoxicity of organic extracts obtained from aerial parts of flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) were evaluated against seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The 96% ethanol extract was the most inhibitory to wheat growth. Four compounds (quercetin, isorhamnetin, xanthotoxol and xanthotoxin) were isolated and identified by physical and chemical methods. These compounds were inhibitory to wheat growth and could be the key allelochemicals in flixweed-infested wheat fields. Further investigations are required to demonstrate the mechanism by which quercetin and isorhamnetin are released into the rhizosphere soil by flixweed.

Persistent use of the diphenyl ether herbicides oxyfluorfen may seriously increase the health risks and ecological safety problems. A newly bacterium R-21 isolated from active soil was able to degrade and utilize oxyfluorfen as the sole carbon source. R-21 was identified as Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense by morphology, physiobiochemical characteristics, and genetic analysis. Under the optimum cultural conditions (pH 6.9, temperature 33.4 °C, and inoculum size 0.2 g L−1), R-21 could degrade 92.1 % of oxyfluorfen at 50 mg L−1 within 5 days. During oxyfluorfen degradation, six metabolites were detected and identified by atmospheric pressure gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometry, and a plausible degradation pathway was deduced. Strain R-21 is a promising potential in bioremediation of oxyfluorfen-contaminated environments.