Refractory metal doped Ni-based multilayers, were fabricated via magnetron sputtering and subsequently annealed at 1000 °C to simulate harsh service conditions. The evolution of microstructural and mechanical properties was systematically investigated. The results show that the as-deposited multilayers possess fine microstructures with increased hardness from solid solution and grain refinement strengthening. After annealing, the 5 at

Real-time and accurate detection of hazardous gases such as ammonia (NH3) is essential for intelligent management in energy and chemical industries, agricultural soil monitoring, food freshness evaluation, and atmospheric pollution control. These deployment scenarios demand explosion-proofing, wire-free operation, compactness, cost-effectiveness, and self-temperature compensation, driving adoption of compact, multi-parameter wireless passive sensors. However, multi-mode passive sensors face persistent challenges with mutual inductance interference, which degrades measurement accuracy. This study develops a dual-mode inductor-capacitor sensor using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) for simultaneous NH3 and temperature measurement. Two interdigital electrodes connect to different inductor parts, enabling dual-mode sensing with reduced size/cost. Microstructure polydimethylsiloxane@graphene enhances temperature sensitivity to 205.75 kHz °C-1, tripling the non-microstructure value. Phenyl phosphonic acid modification of tungsten oxide boosts room-temperature NH3 response to 4.1%, a threefold improvement. The MLP model effectively mitigates mutual inductance interference, achieving decoupled NH3 and temperature measurements with mean squared errors of 0.73 and 0.18, respectively. The sensor demonstrates promising application for efficient NH3 leak detection in intelligent transmission line inspection and soil environment monitoring.

Cu/SiO2 catalysts are widely employed in industrial hydrogenation reactions due to their high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. A prime example is the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO), derived from syngas. This reaction proceeds via a cascade mechanism, with methyl glycolate (MG) and ethylene glycol (EG) as sequential hydrogenation products. Both MG and EG are valuable chemicals; however, the complex structure of heterogeneous Cu catalysts and the intricacies of the catalytic process have hindered a clear understanding of the structure-activity relationship. In this work, we constructed catalytic models encompassing Cu(111) surfaces and Cux/SiO2 (x = 1, 4, 6, 8, 13), which represent a range of Cu species from nanoparticles to atomic clusters and single atoms. These models were used to elucidate the size and ensemble effects of Cu in the selective hydrogenation of DMO. Our results reveal that an optimal Cu cluster size (Cu13/SiO2) elevates the energy barrier for MG hydrogenation while simultaneously lowering the barrier for DMO hydrogenation. This directs the reaction pathway to selectively halt at MG. Furthermore, as the Cu particle size deviates from this optimum, the influence of the ensemble effect significantly alters the adsorption energy and electronic structure of key reaction intermediates, thereby increasing the selectivity towards EG. This study provides fundamental insights for the rational design of catalyst particle ensemble to achieve desired product selectivity in hydrogenation reactions.

Due to the strong structural design, light weight and high stability of carbon materials, carbon-based composite materials have attracted much attention in the field of absorbing waves. In this work, hollow carbon microspheres were constructed by the template method, and combined with TiO2 particles, C@TiO2 composite hollow microspheres were successfully prepared. This not only retains the excellent properties of carbon-based materials, but also optimizes the absorbing wave performance by constructing a rough surface and hollow structure. As a template, SiO2 was obtained by hydrolysis of tetrapropoxy-silane (TPOS), the phenolic resin undergone in-situ polymerization on the surface of the template, and then the hollow carbon microspheres (HCMS) with a certain shell thickness were prepared by etching and sintering at high temperature. Particle coated core-shell HCMS@TiO2 composites were prepared by subsequent hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate (TBT). The effect of the addition amount of TBT on its morphology and absorption performance was evaluated. When the filler ratio is 20wt

The restoration of hand function is pivotal for regaining autonomy and quality of life following neurological or orthopedic impairments. Multidimensional assessment of finger forces is essential for motor recovery, yet current rehabilitation solutions are often constrained by insufficient multidimensional force sensing capability and poor wearing comfort. Here, we present a real-time monitoring system for assisted hand rehabilitation, integrating a fully customizable triaxial force sensing finger cot with a residual fully connected neural network (Res-FCNN) for force component decoupling. Using high-resolution digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing, the customizable triaxial force sensing finger cot is fabricated combining complex structures with microscale precision and ergonomic design. The sensitivities of the triaxial force sensor of the system are 0.0213 and 0.0625 N- 1 in tangential and normal directions, respectively. The proposed Res-FCNN model enables precise decoupling of triaxial force components, achieving an R2 greater than 0.95 across all axes. Moreover, experimental validations (including finger motion trajectory distinction and grasp stability assessment) demonstrate that the real-time monitoring system integrating the customizable wearable hardware with algorithm-based signal decoding provides a practical framework for quantitative analysis and evaluation of hand rehabilitation training.

TC6 titanium alloy, a typical metal material for manufacturing high-performance equipment components, is nevertheless prone to fatigue failure under prolonged extreme service conditions. Laser shock peening (LSP) technique offers distinct advantages in the controllable strengthening of critical structural parts, yet the strength-plasticity mismatch of strengthened components remains a bottleneck restricting further enhancement of fatigue resistance. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations and experiments were integrated to investigate the regulation process and underlying mechanisms of electropulsing-assisted laser shock peening (EP-LSP) on the microstructures of TC6 titanium alloy. By leveraging the thermoelectric-mechanical coupling effects, dislocation motion and configuration rearrangement were promoted, while the nucleation rates of subgrains and mechanical twins were enhanced, leading to a higher volume fraction of fine grains. The results demonstrated that EP-LSP lead to significantly improved surface properties, mainly in terms of surface hardness, residual stress and full width at half maximum. Moreover, EP-LSP simultaneously enhanced both the tensile strength and plasticity, with a 4.3% increase in tensile strength and a 16.8% increase in strain compared to those treated by LSP. In addition, the synergistic regulation of microstructures and compressive residual stress induced by EP-LSP effectively suppressed the initiation and propagation of cracks, and the tensile fatigue life of the EP-LSP treated samples increased by 137.2% and 26.2% compared to untreated and LSP treated specimens. This study offers a practical new approach to address the strength-plasticity trade-off and further enhance the fatigue resistance of titanium alloys.

At present, the development of high-efficiency electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials has received close attention. The preparation of carbon microspheres with high polymer is relatively mature, simple, and has good structural designability. In this paper, hollow carbon mesoporous microspheres (HCMS) with homogeneous mesoporous shells were prepared by using silica as template and phenolic resin as carbon matrix. The results show that different states of hollow mesoporous carbon microspheres can be obtained by changing different preparation parameters, including cavity diameter, overall size, shell layer thickness, and mesoporous distribution. The results show that the absorption performance of the HCMS is the best when the template agent is TPOS, ethanol–water ratio is 55: 7 and slow adding time is 120 min. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) is − 45.33 dB at a loading of 5wt

Flexible wearable sensors have been widely used in recent years for motion monitoring, human-computer interaction, health monitoring, etc. Sensors that can respond to multiple environmental changes, such as pressure, temperature and humidity, have been widely developed, but most of the sensors are based on the detection of changes in a single signal source, and the response to superimposed scenarios is not as effective as it should be. In this paper, a piezoresistive sensor supporting the application of composite scenarios is prepared by using bacterial cellulose as a flexible substrate and ferric oxide and polypyrrole as raw materials. The heterogeneous structure of ferric oxide and polypyrrole improves the sensitivity of the sensor's signal, and the magnetic responsiveness of ferric oxide supports the sensor's response to the change in magnetic field strength. The piezoresistive sensor has a fast response time (100 ms), a wide detection range (0-31KPa), and an extremely high conductivity (992 S/m), which enables stably monitoring of human movement and respiration and can be used as a flexible wearable device. The sensor has the capacity to realize a dual-mode working environment with pressure-magnetic field, with great prospects for application in the fields of health detection, artificial intelligence, and automotive manufacturing. It has tremendous application prospects in the fields of health detection, artificial intelligence, and automobile manufacturing.

A successful chemical mechanical polishing or planarization (CMP) practice generally depends on the physicochemical properties of abrasive materials, including architecture, morphology, particle size and distribution, surface chemistry, etc. Defect chemistry engineering on CeO2-based abrasives is fundamentally important to achieve high-performance CMP. Herein, neat and metal (Gd, Y, Zn) doped mesoporous ceria (mCeO2) particles were synthesized via a modified protective etching strategy. X-ray diffraction, scaning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption results confirmed the highly uniform particle size and spherical integrity as well as the porous nature of the products. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping investigations revealed that the introduction of metal dopants benefited the generation of more Ce3+ sites and oxygen vacancy defects, thereby leading to the improved tribochemical and photocatalytic activities. Atomic force microscopy results of the polishing tests toward SiO2 films indicated that the mCeO2-based abrasives offered highly planarized and scratch-free surfaces with angstrom level roughness, possibly due to their springlike structure and flexible abrasion effects. Especially in the developed mCeO2-ultraviolet irradiation-potassium persulfate polishing system, the mCeO2-based abrasives further presented a remarkable improvement in removal efficiency without any loss in surface quality. In this system, the doped mCeO2 also served as efficient Fenton-like photocatalysts for activating persulfates, producing oxidative reactive center dot SO4- and center dot OH radicals and thus promoting the surface modification and material removal. This work provides a valuable reference for developing other functional and effective abrasive systems in reactive oxygen species-facilitated polishing.

At present, the development of high-efficiency electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials has received close attention. Aiming at the problems of weak absorption strength and narrow frequency band of pure dielectric absorbing materials, poroushollow carbon microspheres (PCHM) with uniform mesoporous shells were prepared by a simple SiO2 hard template method. Heteroatom-doped porous hollow carbon microspheres (Heteroatom-doped-PCHM) were prepared by controlling the doping mass ratios of PCHM to thiourea (1 : 5, 1 : 10, and 1 : 15), and the morphology, structure and electromagnetic wave absorption property of the samples were evaluated. The results show that when the doping mass ratio is 1 : 10, the prepared sample (Heteroatom-doped-PCHM-10) has a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of –48.2 dB at the thickness of 3.0 mm, and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) is 6.21 GHz at the thickness of 2.5 mm. Heteroatom-doped-PCHM-10 has the most suitable hollow cavity structure and the most suitable mesoporous structure. It has the controllable complex dielectric constant and a variety of attenuation mechanisms, including interface polarization, dipole polarization and conduction loss, and has excellent electromagnetic wave absorption property. Heteroatom-doped PCHM is characterized as a promising electromagnetic wave absorber with high absorption capacity, light weight and wide effective absorption bandwidth.

Real-time monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) is essential for assessing metabolic status and tracking disease progression. However, the high moisture content of exhaled breath poses a significant challenge to the accuracy and stability of CO2 detection. Here, we present a flexible chemiresistive CO2 sensor based on a dimethylamine-functionalized hydrogel, in which water molecules critically facilitate the CO2-induced reversible protonation of tertiary amine groups, thereby modulating the hydrogel's ionic conductivity for real-time breath analysis. As a result, the hydrogel synthesized from N-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl] methacrylamide (DMAPMA) exhibits a high CO2 response of 37.3 % at 10,000 ppm and a low detection limit of 100 ppm. To further enhance mechanical durability under respiratory-induced stress, N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) was incorporated into the hydrogel, increasing the tensile strain limit from 34.2 % to 51.0 % without compromising CO2 sensing performance. In addition, we demonstrate the integration of the hydrogel sensor into a wireless smart mask system, enabling multimodal monitoring of respiratory CO2 patterns, physical activity, and postprandial metabolic changes. This platform offers a scalable, low-power solution for wearable CO2 sensing in personalized health monitoring.

Oxidative reactive species (ORS)-facilitated chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is emerging as a facile and environmentally friendly approach to avoid the overuse of inorganic strong oxidants in conventional CMP slurries. The slurry components play a crucial role in the enhancement of ORS production by advanced oxidation processes, such as photocatalytic and Fenton-related reactions. Nevertheless, the rational design and tunable fabrication of functional active abrasive systems towards ORS-assisted CMP are greatly desired and remain challenging. In this study, zirconium and/or cerium metal species were incorporated into dendritic silica nanospheres (DSNs) skeletons as photochemically and tribochemically active sites using a simple wet-impregnation method. The ORS-facilitated CMP performance of the DSNs-Zr/Ce, DSNs-Zr, DSNs-Ce, and DSNs was evaluated through the ultraviolet irradiation assisted polishing experiments toward silica materials. The CMP slurry was composed of DSNs-based particles, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydrogen peroxide, pH regulator, and deionized water. Various characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption, were utilized in this work. The DSNs-Zr/Ce abrasive systems concurrently offered the lowest surface roughness (1.10 & Aring; of Ra and 1.45 & Aring; of Rq over a measurement area of 5.0 x 5.0 mu m(2)) and the highest removal efficiency (208 nm/min). The porous and flexible structures of the DSNs-involved abrasives might contribute to the friction reduction at the abrasive-substrate interface, thus minimizing surface damage and improving surface quality. The coexistence of the photochemically and tribochemically active sites should be responsible for the enhancement in surface modification and material removal, benefitting from the effective photocatalysis and Fenton-related systems. The results of the photodegradation tests over methylene blue dyes revealed that the photocatalytic activity and ORS production efficiency of the DSNs-based materials followed the order: DSNs-Zr/Ce > DSNs-Zr > DSNs-Ce > DSNs. This research aims to provide a promising strategy for the development of functional active abrasives with better performance in ORS-facilitated polishing.

Ceria (CeO2)-based abrasives are widely utilized in ultra-precision grinding and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) applications over silica materials due to their unique physicochemical properties. Both mechanical and chemical contributions to polishing processes are highly affected by the size, shape, structure, component, defect of CeO2 abrasives. Herein, the composites involved mesoporous silica (mSiO2) cores and La- or Yb-doped CeO2 shells were synthesized and characterized in terms of X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray mapping methods. The polishing effectiveness of the proposed composites toward quartz glass was experimentally evaluated under both CMP and ultraviolet irradiation-assisted photochemical mechanical polishing (PCMP) conditions. The polishing results indicated that the low-modulus mSiO2 cores strongly exerted the cushion effects for the friction and abrasion to substrates. Consequently, the heterostructured mSiO2/La-CeO2 and mSiO2/Yb-CeO2 abrasive systems offered nearly non-damage and ultra-smooth surfaces with angstrom-level roughness compared to conventional rigid abrasives. The enriched Ce3+ and oxygen vacancy defects at La- and Yb- doped CeO2 surfaces were responsible for the improvements of tribochemical and photochemical activities, thus allowing evidently enhanced removal efficiency with the assistance of ultraviolet irradiation. A possible polishing mechanism on the multi-component abrasive systems was also proposed.

Development of novel abrasive systems with functional activities and physicochemical properties are of great significance in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-enhanced chemical mechanical polishing. In this work, Ce single-doped and Ce/Cu co-doped dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs), namely Ce-DMSNs and Ce/Cu- DMSNs, were produced via a simple impregnation and thermolysis procedure. The Ce and/or Cu species involved in DMSNs frameworks were characterized through X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption techniques. We report the evolution of surface morphology and roughness, defects, peak-to-valley data, image surface area difference, and material removal efficiency during ROS-enhanced polishing experiments toward silica materials. All the pure, Ce single-doped, and Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs abrasive systems offered nearly defect-free surfaces with close-to-atom scale roughness. It might be attributed to the "springlike effect" and "soft polishing/abrasion", possibly originating from the low-modulus DMSNs carriers. Among these abrasives, the Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs systems achieved an evident improvement in removal efficiency, especially under ultraviolet irradiation-assisted polishing conditions. The coexisted Ce(III)/Ce(IV) and Cu(I)/Cu(II) couples might be responsible for the effective production of ROS in photocatalysis and Fenton-like processes, thereby contributing to the Si-OH and Ce(III)-O-Si bonding formations. The role of the developed Ce/Cu co-doped DMSNs abrasive systems in ROS-enhanced polishing processes was discussed.

In this paper, using NaCl as the template and in-situ polymerized phenolic resin as the carbon source, we prepared micron-sized large hollow cubic carbon. With the increase of stirring speed, the particle size, cavity size and shell thickness of hollow cubic carbon (HCCs) increased gradually. The sample with stirring speed of 1500 r/min (HCCs-5) obtained strong loss capacity (RLmin = − 43.99 dB), wide bandwidth (EAB = 5.22 GHz) and thin thickness (2.0 mm) under very low load (1.5 wt

Mesoporous abrasive particles exhibit superior chemical mechanical polishing/planarization (CMP) performance, as compared with the corresponding bulk materials. Nevertheless, the lack of control over the shape particle size or distribution extremely restricts the development of mesoporous abrasives and their potential applications. To overwhelm these drawbacks, pure and ytterbium-doped mesoporous ceria (mCeO2 mCeYbO2) spheres with well-defined morphology and good uniformity were synthesized via a straightforward nanocasting strategy using high-quality mesoporous silica spheres as hard templates and metal nitrates as cursors. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Zeta potential, and adsorption-desorption measurements. The as-prepared mCeO2 and mCeYbO2 products exhibited enriched surface defects (trivalent Ce, vacancy oxygen, hydroxyls) and polycrystalline porous frameworks with a surface area up to 160 m2/g and pore size of 4-7 nm. Benefiting from these synergistic attributes, the flexible and defective particle abrasives enabled significant improvements in both surface quality and removal efficiency during oxideCMP, as compared to commercial CeO2. A possible CMP mechanism was proposed on the basis of the physical contact state, adsorption and adhesion behavior, as well as tribochemical interaction occurred at CeO2-SiO2 interfaces. This work demonstrates highly promising abrasive materials advancement combining architecture and defect engineering towards high-performance oxide-CMP.

Flexible sensor with high sensitivity, high durability, and facile fabrication process has promising applications in structural health monitoring, human–machine interface, and soft robotics areas. Digital light processing‐3D (DLP‐3D) printing can print flexible sensor in a scalable process. However, to achieve all DLP‐3D printing of flexible sensor, there still exist challenges of how to print sensing units with high sensitivity to external stimuli, interconnectors with high conductive stability at deformations, and robust interfaces between them for long‐term usage. To address this, a hybrid DLP‐3D printing method is developed, including the key steps of printing carbon nanotube/elastomer (MWCNT/EA) as sensing units and selective electrostatic self‐assembly of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) as interconnectors. As a demonstration, a flexible pressure sensor array integrated with amplifier circuit is fabricated by the method. The MWCNT/EA sensing unit with woodpile structure has nine times improved sensitivity than the solid one. The Ag NW interconnector with serpentine configuration shows insensitivity to strain and good mechanical stability. The interface between sensing unit and interconnector is mechanical robust due to the chemical bond formation under ultraviolet radiation. The flexible sensor could detect external stimuli with enhanced signals enabled by integrated amplifier circuit, exhibiting potentials of the method for flexible electronic fabrication.

Photochemical mechanical polishing (PCMP) technique, involved the cooperation of light-driven surface modification and force-induced material removal, is expected to be a clean, high-quality, and high-efficiency processing method. Herein, mSiO2@CdS@CeO2 hybrids with mesoporous cores and double-layered core-shell heterostructures were constructed through a three-step strategy and utilized as novel abrasive systems towards PCMP applications. Morphological, structural, and optical characterizations were systematically performed to investigate the correlation between components and polishing performances of the proposed abrasive systems. The created CdS-CeO2 heterojunction contributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers and the production of highly reactive oxygen species, thus promoting the formation of photochemically reacted layers. The tribochemical activity and material removal enhancements might be attributed to the enrichments of trivalent cerium and oxygen vacancy in CeO2 layer after introducing CdS intermediate layer. Moreover, the involved mesoporous SiO2 cores were responsible for the optimized abrasive-wafer interface contacts and the eliminated surface damages. As expected, the proposed abrasive system enabled the nearly scratch-free and atomically planarized surfaces with angstrom-level finish (-0.14 nm Ra,-0.18 nm Rq,-0.21 nm Rz), and simultaneously offered a ca. 63.8% of removal efficiency enhancement in PCMP compared to conventional CMP.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in polishing slurries for ensuring desired material removal and global planarization. Herein, novel multicomponent core–shell abrasive systems have been fabricated via an efficient chemical approach towards photochemical (photo-assisted chemical) mechanical polishing (PCMP) processes. The developed composite particles involved low-modulus mesoporous silica (mSiO2) cores and high-activity Gd-doped ceria (CeO2) shells. Compared to commercial CeO2 NPs, the mSiO2@CeGdO2 abrasives enabled superior fused silica surface quality in both CMP and PCMP tests. Furthermore, the as-proposed composites allowed an evident removal efficiency enhancement in the presence of ultraviolet light radiation. The improved polishing performance can be attributed to (i) the optimization of interfacial contact state and material removal behavior, (ii) the increasements of trivalent cerium and oxygen vacancy, and (iii) the enhancement of photochemical and tribochemical activities of the mSiO2@CeGdO2 heterostructured abrasive systems. The purpose of this work is to provide some contributions to the rational design and fabrication of functional abrasive systems for high-performance PCMP and other field-assisted finishing practices through abrasive structure regulation, surface chemistry, and defect engineering.

Ceria (CeO2) particles are prevalent polishing abrasive materials. Trivalent lanthanide ions are the popular category of dopants for enriched surface defects and thus improved physicochemical properties, since they are highly compatible with CeO2 lattices. Herein, a series of dendritic-like mesoporous silica (D-mSiO(2))-supported samarium (Sm)-doped CeO2 nanocrystals were synthesized via a facile chemical precipitation method. The relation of the structural characteristics and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) performances were investigated to explore the effect of Sm-doping amounts on the D-mSiO(2)/SmxCe1-xO2-delta (x = 0-1) composite abrasives. The involved low-modulus D-mSiO(2) cores aimed to eliminate surface scratch and damage, resulting from the optimized contact behavior between abrasives and surfaces. The trivalent cerium (Ce3+) and oxygen vacancy (V-O) at CeO2 surfaces were expected to be reactive sites for the material removal process over SiO2 films. The optimal oxide-CMP performances in terms of removal efficiency and surface quality were achieved by the 40% Sm-doped composite abrasives. It might be attributed to the high Ce3+ and V-O concentrations and the enhancement of tribochemical reactivity between CeO2-SiO2 interfaces. Furthermore, the relationship between the surface chemistry, polishing performance as well as the actual role in oxide-CMP of the D-mSiO(2)/SmxCe1-xO2-delta abrasives were also discussed. (C) 2022 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier BV and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.