Collective action serves as a critical mechanism for addressing deficiencies in small-scale irrigation infrastructure and fostering a virtuous cycle of their operation and maintenance. Village leaders, as central figures in organizing and mobilizing farmers toward collective action, play a pivotal role in shaping participatory irrigation management (PIM) outcomes through their public leadership. Drawing on micro-survey data from 723 farm households across Ningxia, Shanxi, and Shandong provinces in China's Yellow River basin, this study employed a multi-group structural equation model (SEM) to analyze the impact of public leadership on collective action in PIM. The findings indicate that: (1) public leadership is directly associated with collective action, with a direct effect of 0.530; (2) public leadership indirectly enhances collective action through mediating variables-cadre-mass relationship, institutional trust, and grassroots democracy-with an indirect effect of 0.045; and (3) the personal characteristics of village leaders moderate the influence of public leadership on collective action. Specifically, public leadership exerts a strong effect when leaders belong to the village elite, possess a least a high school education, or are not members of the village's major clan. These insights suggest that policymakers should explicitly consider public leadership in fostering collective action within the PIM framework.

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification (RFFI), which exploits non-ideal hardware-induced unique distortion resident in the transmit signals to identify an emitter, is emerging as a means to enhance the security of communication systems. Recently, machine learning has achieved great success in developing state-of-the-art RFFI models. However, few works consider cross-receiver RFFI problems, where the RFFI model is trained and deployed on different receivers. Due to altered receiver characteristics, direct deployment of RFFI model on a new receiver leads to significant performance degradation. To address this issue, we formulate the cross-receiver RFFI as a model adaptation problem, which adapts the trained model to unlabeled signals from a new receiver. We first develop a theoretical generalization error bound for the adaptation model. Motivated by the bound, we propose a novel method to solve the cross-receiver RFFI problem, which includes domain alignment and adaptive pseudo-labeling. The former aims at finding a feature space where both domains exhibit similar distributions, effectively reducing the domain discrepancy. Meanwhile, the latter employs a dynamic pseudo-labeling scheme to implicitly transfer the label information from the labeled receiver to the new receiver. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can effectively mitigate the receiver impact and improve the cross-receiver RFFI performance.

Against the background of the agricultural tax reform and the disintegration of China’s rural collective agriculture system, participatory irrigation management (PIM) is the key to improving irrigation management performance. Based on the survey data of 712 peasant households in the Yellow River basin of China, this study employs multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the impact of moral obligation and formal institutions on PIM. The results show that both moral obligation and formal institutions can significantly improve collective action. Collective action can markedly promote irrigation management performance, and the formal institution can significantly enhance the farmers’ moral obligation. Additionally, the results of the multi-group analysis show that the agricultural income level of households and their provinces can regulate the impact of moral obligation and formal institutions on PIM. Therefore, to improve irrigation management performance, strategies of intensifying moral obligation and refining formal institutions are recommended for governments and village committees.

探究如何有效建设农村电商公共服务体系,帮助各类农业生产主体与农村电商解决农副产品的产销困境是当前各级政府和学界共同关注的问题.本文在对农村电商全链条型服务体系科学内涵的阐释基础之上,基于"多重制度逻辑理论"分析框架,揭示了该类型服务体系中不同主体的功能定位、互动机制与形成逻辑,并利用以"黔货云仓"为核心载体的贵州农村电商全链条型服务体系案例素材,梳理了全链条型服务体系的建设路径与实践效能.研究发现全链条型服务体系能有效促成农村电商形成集体行动,有效弥合各类相关主体的多重激励裂隙,进而破解乡镇农副产品的产销困境.这一农村电商公共服务供给模式,能够给予各级地方政府一定的政策启示和实践参考.

Participatory irrigation management is key to realizing the virtuous circle in which irrigation facilities are used and managed in rural China. Therefore, it is essential to explore the key factors influencing participatory irrigation management. This paper innovatively analyses the impact of external institutional constraints and internal moral obligation of farmers on participatory irrigation management by using a structural equation model (SEM) and drawing on survey data from 1543 householders in the Yellow River basin. The results indicate that: (i) generally, both institutional constraints and moral obligation have significant positive impacts on collective action in participatory irrigation management; (ii) moral obligation plays an active regulating role in the process of institutional constraints affecting collective action; (iii) collective action contributes positively to the performance of participatory irrigation management. This paper shows that institutional constraints and moral obligation need to be taken into account in participatory irrigation management, and these considerations can offer some insights into governments in managing irrigation systems.

集体治理是破解小型农田水利设施治理主体缺位难题,实现设施有人用、有人管良性循环的重要方式.利用黄河灌区宁夏、山西及山东723个农户的微观调研数据,考虑普遍道德和公共领导力因素,结合农户农业收入水平及所处省份,选取多群组结构方程模型,研究小农水集体治理.结果表明,普遍道德和公共领导力能显著促进小农水治理集体行动和治理绩效,集体行动能显著提升小农水集体治理绩效,公共领导力与普遍道德能显著相互促进.多群组分析表明,农户农业收入水平及所处省份能显著调节小农水治理集体行动和绩效.因此,政府可以结合不同地区农户农业收入情况,通过深化普遍道德培育、培训村庄领导者和鼓励村庄精英治村等方式促进小农水集体治理.

To investigate the effect of expanded property rights and, in particular, village democracy under China's Collective Forest Tenure Reform (CFTR) on household forestry income, we employ quantile regression, drawing on the survey data from 658 rural households in three provinces belonging to China's southern collective forest regions. The results indicate that: (1) both the expansion of household forestland property rights caused by CFTR and the village democratic procedure involved in the reform exert significant income effect; the income effect intensity of the expansion of forestland use right and disposal right is greater than that of beneficiary right, and the effect shows no significant difference among rural households with different forestry income scale. (2) the village democracy cannot only directly motivate rural household forestry income but also notably moderate the income effect of property rights expansion. Based on the above findings, this paper suggests that the forestland property right policy aimed at rural households be further refined, the rural households' policy awareness of CFTR be enhanced and the grass-roots bureaucratic system be prevented from over-intervening in the implementation of public policy so as to further improve CFTR and enhance rural households' forestry income.

To investigate the effect of villagers’ moral obligation and village cadres’ public leadership on villagers’ collective action for epidemic prevention and control, against the background of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency in China, we constructed models based on the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework and employed principal component analysis (PCA) and ordered probit regression, drawing on survey data from 533 villagers in Henan province adjacent to the COVID-19 origin province, Hubei, China. The results indicate that: (1) generally, both moral obligation and public leadership as well as their constituent indicators contributed positively to collective action for COVID-19 prevention and control; (2) moreover, moral obligation and public leadership can strengthen each other’s positive role in collective action for COVID-19 prevention and control. Based on the above findings, this paper suggests that villagers’ moral obligation can be perfected through internalizing epidemic prevention and control norms into the villagers’ moral norms by the way of villagers mastering the rural public health governance scheme. In addition, public leadership can be improved through professional training of village cadres and by motivating village elites to run for village cadres. With improved villagers’ moral obligation and village cadres’ public leadership, collective action for epidemic prevention and control could be more likely to be realized.

To investigate the rural labor transfer effects of China's Collective Forestland Tenure Reform (CFTR), we employ binary probit models by using survey data of 694 households from China's northern collective forest areas. The results reveal that the improved property rights, including rights for forestland use, disposition and beneficiaries, and refined tenure security under the CFTR generally have caused an increase in rural household labor transfer to the nonfarm sector. Besides, we find that forestry-dominated households' risk perceptions on forestland reallocation and expropriation have significantly dampened rural labor transfer to the nonfarm sector. These can be explained by the fact that the strengthening of forestland property rights brought about by the CFTR can promote an increase in the forestland transfer rate and improve the forestland relocation efficiency. This, in turn, will lead to the liberation of the rural labor force, increase the non-agricultural employment rate of farmers, and ultimately lead to an increase in the rural labor transfer to the nonfarm sector. Therefore, these findings indicate that to motivate rural labor transfer to the nonfarm sector in the context of the Chinese government's call for urbanization and other developing countries' handling of similar circumstances, policymakers should further refine household forestland property rights and better protect forestland tenure security by continuing to improve related forestry policies.

利用黄河灌区上中下游的宁夏、山西和山东719份农户调研数据,引入制度规则和普遍道德,运用OLS回归、分位数回归以及偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法,在IAD框架基础上分析小农水集体治理绩效.结果 表明,制度规则和普遍道德均能显著提升小农水集体治理绩效,普遍道德在制度规则影响小农水集体治理绩效过程中发挥部分中介作用.分位数回归结果显示,随着治理绩效由低分位数向高分位数上升,制度规则对治理绩效的影响整体呈现上升趋势,而普遍道德对治理绩效的影响呈现先上升后下降的特征.

在民主实施集体林权改革的要求下,通过中国南方集体林区658户农户调研数据,运用两步法Double-Hurdle模型重点研究林地产权结构优化及村庄民主程序对农户林业投入的影响.研究发现林地使用权与处置权优化具有显著的投资激励效应,而林地使用权的投资激励效用不显著.更重要的是,村庄民主能够显著正向调节投资激励效应,主要是林地通过使用权与处置权发挥作用的.可能的解释为村庄民主程序能够显著增强农户对林地使用权与处置权的感知 、认知与信心.基于研究结论,提出三个方面政策启示:(1)虽然新一轮改革具有一定的投资激励效应,但是法律与制度层面的林地产权制度并未完全落实,基层政府仍有进一步优化和推进改革配套政策有效落实的空间,尤其是要重视林农收益权的提升;(2)相关管理部门须进一步引导农户正确 、充分地认知其对于自身林地资源享有的权利,增强农户对林地产权的认知与信心,以加强政策效能;(3)政府仍需推进村庄民主制度建设,加强农民在村庄公共事务决策中的话语权,运用村庄民主程序显化基层群众的政策需求,以辅助政府进行有效的政策供给.

To investigate the effect of improved property rights and, in particular, village democracy under China's Collective Forest Tenure Reform (Tenure Reform) on household forestry investments, we estimate both tobit models and the more general Cragg models for farmers' labor and monetary inputs into forestry, using survey data of 652 households from the southern collective forest region of China. The results reveal that the improved forestland use and disposition rights had a significant effect on household investments in forestry, while the beneficiary right did not. In addition, the results suggest that village democracy had a positive effect on households' forestry investments. More importantly, we find that village democracy was able to significantly strengthen the investment incentive effect of the improved property rights under the Tenure Reform. These effects may be explained by the fact that village democracy improved households' perception, cognition, and, subsequently, confidence toward, in particular, the use and disposition rights of the forests entitled to them. Therefore, the findings suggest that to increase the investment incentives of the Tenure Reform further, governments could strengthen the bundle of households' use and disposition rights, as well as their related policies. Also, our findings indicate that governments could significantly improve the performance of public policies by effectively employing democratic procedures in the process of policy implementation.

由于政府主管的自上而下治理模式难以充分适应农业分户经营的需求,农户参与管护成为实现小农水有效供给的关键路径.本文运用内蒙古与宁夏两个省份共607份微观农户数据,在计划行为理论的基础上,选取多群组结构方程模型,探究农业收入水平差异下农户参与小农水管护意愿的影响机制.结果表明:农户的主观规范、行为态度、行为控制认知以及过去参与管护行为显著正向影响农户参与小农水管护意愿,农户的主观规范与行为控制认知显著正向影响其行为态度.多群组分析表明,农业收入水平对农户参与小农水管护意愿有显著调节作用.其中,高农业收入农户的行为控制认知和过去参与管护行为对农户管护意愿的影响程度最大,中低农业收入农户的行为态度和主观规范对农户管护意愿的影响程度最大.

Since the government's supply mode of small-scale farmland water conservancy cannot fully adapt to the needs of agricultural household management,farmers' participation is an important way to effectuate the effective supply and improve the management and maintenance performance of small-scale farmland water conservancy.Based on the survey data of 772 households from two provinces which are Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in the upper reaches of Yellow River,considering social capital and organizational support,the paper used multi-group structural equation model to analyze the performance of farmers' participation in the management and maintenance of small-scale farmland water conservancy with taking into account farmers' agricultural income.Firstly,the paper analyzed the scale of performance of farmers' participation in management and maintenance of small-scale farmland water conservancy by using the reliability and validity test.Then,choosing agricultural income as the adjustment variable,the present study used multigroup structural equation model to analyze the effect of social capital and organizational support on the management and maintenance performance of small-scale farmland water conservancy.The results are as follows:social capital and organizational support had significant positive effects on famers' management and maintenance behavior and organizational support played an more important role;social capital,organizational support and famers' behavior had significant positive effects on the performance of farmers' participation in the management and maintenance of small-scale farmland water conservancy;among the influence factors,organizational support dominated,famers' management and maintenance behavior and social capital were second and third respectively;organizational support had a significant positive effect on farmers' social capital.The analysis of multi-group structural equation model showed that farmers' agricultural income had the significant moderating effect on the performance of farmers' participation in management and maintenance of small-scale farmland water conservancy.Among them,the social capital of famers who were in middle-high agricultural income group and the organizational support received by famers who were in middle-low agricultural income group had the greatest impact on famers' management and maintenance behavior.The organizational support received by famers who were in low agricultural income has the greatest impact on the improvement of their social capital.The management and maintenance behavior of farmers who were in high agricultural income was the most meaningful factor for the improvement of management and maintenance performance.According to the aforementioned results,governments should provide the necessary emotional and instrumental support for famers to promote their communication and cooperation in order to stimulate their enthusiasm of participating in the management and maintenance and improve the performance of small-scale farmland water conservancy.

The implementation of China’s natural forest protection project (Protection Project) in 1998 changed households’ forestry production modes in project regions, and China’s new circular collective forest tenure reform (Tenure Reform) has been implemented since 2003 with the goal of motivating household forestry production and increasing household income from forests. Policymakers expect that Tenure Reform could also stimulate households to engage in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) production in Protection Project regions. However, only a few studies have investigated the effect of Tenure Reform on household NTFP production in Protection Project regions. To fill this gap, we built an integrative conceptual framework and estimated a corresponding structural equation model (SEM) using survey data from 932 households in Protection Project regions in southwestern China. In our research framework, there are four factors, including household characteristics, labour and social capital, forestland characteristics, and the Tenure Reform, affecting household NTFP production. The results substantiate that Tenure Reform has had a significant positive effect on household NTFP production. Additionally, household and forestland characteristics have promoted household NTFP production, but quantitatively less than Tenure Reform. This report can be used to inform the government that future investment in Tenure Reform still needs to be enhanced, and policy enforcement still needs to be strengthened.

Understanding the factors affecting irrigation management performance is crucial for sustainable resource use, especially with the decentralized management mode of irrigation systems being implemented in rural China. This paper contributes to the research field by incorporating different categories of social trust and perceived organization support (POS) into the analysis of irrigation management performance, by linking multiple elements that are based on the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework. We employed principal component analysis (PCA) and ordered probit regression to analyze a database covering 785 households in the upstream of the Yellow River basin. The results suggested that social trust and POS positively affected the irrigation management performance, and social trust strengthened the positive effect of POS on the performance. Furthermore, the results indicated that personal trust and institutional trust, as well as perceived emotional support and physical support, positively affected the performance. In addition, we also found that household characteristics, household cognition, group characteristics, physical conditions, and rules-in-use also had significant impact on the performance. This paper can be used to inform the government that social trust and POS need to be considered in the common-pool resources (CPRs) management.