Critical-sized bone defects demand stage-matched resolution of inflammation, neurogenic support, and osteogenesis. Here, we engineered a 3D-printed composite scaffold based on a kappa-carrageenan/sodium alginate polysaccharide bioink reinforced with lithium-doped hydroxyapatite (denoted as Li-HSK). Ionic crosslinking endowed the bioink with shear-thinning and rapid structural recovery for high-fidelity printing, while the mineral phase provided sustained Li+ signaling. To achieve temporal regulation of the regenerative microenvironment, two microsphere modules were integrated to enable staged delivery of simvastatin (SIM) and nerve growth factor (NGF). SIM exhibited accelerated release under inflammatory-like acidic conditions to preferentially act in the early phase, whereas NGF displayed prolonged release to support subsequent neurogenic responses. In vitro, the staged cues promoted pro-repair macrophage polarization and enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic activities. In vivo, the Li-HSK scaffold with staged SIM/NGF delivery synergistically improved bone repair in a critical-size calvarial defect model, accompanied by upregulation of BMP-2, Wnt/beta-catenin-associated markers, and CGRP-related signatures. Together, these results demonstrate a polysaccharide-centered printed platform that quantitatively aligns early immunomodulation with later neurotrophic and osteogenic/angiogenic support through staged release design.

This first study investigates how heat treatment affects the corrosion resistance of medical Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (Ti-185) alloy in 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution, with emphasis on microstructural changes and passive film semiconductor properties. The as-fabricated alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) exhibits a single beta-phase equiaxed grain structure. Heat treatment triggers alpha-phase precipitation, resulting in an alpha+beta dual-phase structure. As annealing temperature increases, alpha-phase content rises progressively, while grain size and residual stress show an initial decrease followed by an increase. Corrosion testing reveals that at lower annealing temperature (480 degrees C), isolated alpha-phase islands within the beta-matrix dissolve readily, accelerating corrosion. At higher temperature (730 degrees C), alpha-phase forms continuous bands that isolate beta-phase, establishing microgalvanic cells where the anodic dissolution rate of alpha-phase surpasses the cathodic reduction rate of beta-phase, thus enhancing overall corrosion. The sample annealed at 690 degrees C demonstrates superior corrosion resistance, showing the highest open-circuit potential, lowest corrosion current density, and maximum polarization resistance. Its passive film exhibits ntype semiconductor behavior with minimal donor concentration and maximum thickness, effectively blocking chloride ion penetration. This research establishes a viable post-heat treatment approach to improve Ti-185 alloy performance, advancing its application as a high-performance dental implant material.

Currently, the repair of large-sized critical bone defects remains a major clinical challenge, often compromised by implant-induced inflammation and inadequate vascularization. Here, we report a novel biomimetic composite scaffold (MnLA/HBP) fabricated via cryogenic 3D printing, designed to achieve strength requirements through controlled cryogenic printing and freeze-drying processes, whilst sequentially orchestrate bone healing through a synergistic gasotransmitter therapy. The scaffold was engineered to co-deliver carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) prodrugs (MnCO and L-Arginine) in an inflammation-responsive manner. In vitro, the MnLA/HBP scaffold effectively reprogrammed macrophages from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to a pro-regenerative (M2) phenotype by simultaneously inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway. This established an immunotolerant microenvironment that subsequently promoted angiogenesis. The pro-angiogenic effect was driven by the complementary activation of the MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways, culminating in the potent amplification of VEGF signaling Finally, the synergistic CO/NO signaling activated the sGC-cGMP-PKG axis, significantly promoting osteogenic differentiation. In a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model, the MnLA/HBP scaffold demonstrated superior bone regeneration efficacy compared to single-drug or blank controls. Our findings present a sophisticated “immune microenvironment reprogrammer” that integrates anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and osteogenic functions through intelligent gas synergy, offering a highly promising strategy for repairing complex bone defects.

Lightweight Fe–Mn–Al–C steels have attracted significant research interest due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and weight reduction potential. In this study, with the optimized SLM process, Fe–22Mn–9Al–1C alloys with high density, weak crystallographic texture and few metallurgical defects were fabricated, under a laser power of 155 W and a scanning speed of 600 mm/s. Subsequently, the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM-produced alloys before and after heat treatment with different building orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the alloy with a 45° build orientation exhibits superior mechanical properties (YS: 577.90 ± 5.69 MPa, UTS: 819.40 ± 14.36 MPa, EL: 39.48 ± 3.18

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processed Ti-1Al-8V-5Fe (Ti-185) alloy presents significant engineering potential as a high-strength, lightweight, and cost-effective beta-Ti titanium alloy. However, compared to a+fl LPBF-processed Ti alloys (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V), research on the microstructural and defect formation mechanisms of LPBF-processed Ti-185 alloy, and their effects on mechanical properties, remains limited. Defect analysis via X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) demonstrated that insufficient laser energy density leads to a large number of lack-of-fusion (LOF) defects, whereas excessive laser energy density produces smaller, highly spherical pores. In-situ X-CT tensile tests revealed that with insufficient laser energy, cracks initiate and propagate at the edges of large LOF defects under very small gauge strain, resulting in quasi-brittle fracture, while the high density of pores associated with excessive laser energy accelerates crack propagation, resulting primarily in reduced ductility rather than a decrease in strength. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the influence of laser energy density on the mechanical behavior of LPBF-processed Ti-185 alloy, offering valuable insights for optimizing processing parameters and expanding its engineering applications.

Peri-implantitis is a disease that affects the long-term stability of dental implants, significantly reducing their service life. The primary cause of this condition is the failure of implants to form a biological seal similar to that of natural teeth post-insertion, which facilitates bacterial invasion and subsequent inflammation. Conventional surface treatment methods, such as blasting and acid etching, have not been effective in addressing this issue. Therefore, this study employs laser micro-pore modification technology to prepare micro-pore arrays of varying sizes on the surface of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). This approach leverages contact-induced effects to modulate cell growth orientation, thereby enhancing cell adhesion and soft tissue integration. Experimental results confirm that a suitable micro-pore morphology (diameter of 50 mu m, depth of 15 mu m) exhibits superhydrophilicity, which can enhance the adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and human gingival epithelial cells (HGEs), as well as promote the secretion of various adhesion-related genes and proteins. This can promote the integration of soft tissues and prevent bacterial invasion. The micro-pore array morphological treatment presented in this study offers a viable surface modification strategy for establishing a robust biological seal around dental implants and improving the symptoms of peri-implantitis.

Duplex stainless steels fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) typically exhibit a ferrite-dominated microstructure, resulting in high strength but limited ductility. Although post-solution treatment can improve ductility, it often leads to significant strength loss. To address this limitation, a powder-blending strategy using 2205 and 316L stainless steel powders was developed. This approach promotes two austenite formation pathways—thermal-cycle-induced δ→γ transformation and non-equilibrium solidification-induced γ formation—thereby enabling in-situ control of the ferrite–austenite phase balance during LPBF through regulation of the Creq/Nieq ratio. As a result, duplex stainless steels with an excellent combination of strength and ductility can be directly fabricated without post-processing. Microstructural characterization reveals that the austenite fraction can be continuously tailored over a wide range by adjusting the powder-blending ratio. The austenite formation mechanism strongly depends on the Creq/Nieq ratio. At high ratios, austenite forms predominantly through thermally induced δ → γ solid-state transformation, whereas at intermediate ratios, both non-equilibrium solidification and solid-state transformation contribute synergistically to austenite formation. Mechanical testing demonstrates that the optimized M6-4 and M4-6 samples exhibit outstanding strength-ductility synergy in the as-built condition. In particular, the M6-4 sample achieved a yield strength of 872 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1051 MPa, and an elongation of 31%. The superior strength originates from the combined effects of high dislocation density, grain refinement, solid-solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening. Meanwhile, enhanced ductility is attributed to dislocation glide and climb-induced dislocation cell formation in ferrite, together with twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms in metastable austenite. These mechanisms significantly improve work-hardening capacity and resistance to necking instability, thereby ensuring excellent toughness. This study presents a novel powder-blending strategy for the integrated control of composition-microstructure-property relationships, providing a practical route for the direct LPBF fabrication of high-performance duplex stainless steel components.

Titanium alloy implants face the clinical dilemma of reconciling infection control with tissue repair during soft tissue reconstruction. In this study, an MXene-reinforced, dynamically crosslinked poly(lipoic acid)/gelatin composite coating was constructed on a laser-microporous Ti6Al4V substrate. The coating is stabilized by a dual network of genipin-mediated covalent crosslinking and reversible disulfide bonds from lipoic acid, with MXene nanosheets incorporated to confer near-infrared photothermal responsiveness. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, the coating produces a mild photothermal effect at approximately 45°C, which synergizes with lipoic acid to disrupt bacterial membranes for efficient antibacterial activity, while concurrently promoting the adhesion, spreading, and functional gene expression of human gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells, and inducing macrophage polarization toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype to establish a pro-regenerative microenvironment. Meanwhile, the underlying laser-fabricated microporous array delivers three-dimensional topological cues that guide fibroblast orientation and orderly collagen deposition, providing structural support for soft tissue integration. Through the synergy of the coating and the microporous substrate, this composite system achieves safe infection prevention while effectively promoting peri-implant soft tissue reconstruction and closure, offering a promising strategy for surface modification of titanium alloy implants.

INTRODUCTION:Dental caries in primary teeth is a significant global health problem. Conventional stainless-steel crowns (SSCs), widely used in pediatric dentistry, lack inherent antimicrobial properties. This study investigates a novel Cu-bearing titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V6Cu, fabricated by laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF), which is anticipated to offer both mechanical robustness and antibacterial performance. OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the suitability of 3D-printed Ti6Al4V6Cu alloy for pediatric crown applications by assessing its mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial efficacy. METHODS:The alloy's mechanical and corrosion properties were analyzed via microhardness, universal testing, and electrochemical tests. Biocompatibility was evaluated using human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) through CCK-8, IF, FCM, phalloidin, SEM, and qRT-PCR assays. Antibacterial activity againstStreptococcus mutanswas assessed using growth curves, plate counts, live/dead staining, lactic-acid production, TEM, and qRT-PCR. Crown internal fit was compared with traditional SSCs using silica-gel weighing and 3Shape software. RESULTS:Ti6Al4V6Cu exhibited significantly higher surface hardness and compressive strength than pure Ti6Al4V and 304 stainless steel (P < 0.05), alongside superior corrosion resistance. The material demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with no cytotoxicity and supported normal HGF adhesion and proliferation. Antibacterial assays showed significant reductions in bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and acid production. TEM revealed structural damage to bacterial cells and elevated ROS levels, while qRT-PCR indicated downregulation of key virulence genes. The internal adaptation of TC4-6Cu crowns was significantly better than that of prefabricated SSCs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:The 3D-printed TC4-6Cu alloy exhibits superior mechanical properties, enhanced corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and potent antibacterial effects, demonstrating strong potential as a next-generation material for pediatric dental crowns.

Duplex stainless steels fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology have demonstrated excellent strength and plasticity at room temperature, thus broadening their applications in complex structural components. However, their performance in extreme environments remains poorly understood. Consequently, this study systematically investigates the deformation behavior and recrystallization mechanisms of LPBF-fabricated duplex stainless steel upon high-temperature (1000 degrees C) uniaxial tensile testing. The results indicate that LPBFfabricated duplex stainless steel has a yield strength of 64 +/- 7 MPa and an elongation of 164 +/- 12 %, which exceed those of a cast counterpart by 26 % and 100 %, respectively. This can be attributed to grain refinement and dislocation strengthening. During tensile deformation, the deformation degree increases in both ferrite and austenite. However, due to its higher stacking fault energy (SFE), ferrite undergoes more pronounced deformation whereby dislocations move through climb and cross-slip mechanisms. This leads to the formation of lowangle grain boundaries (LAGBs), which then migrate and gradually transform into high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs), resulting in grain refinement. Because of the lower SFE in austenite, microstructural changes remain minimal. At the large deformation stage, the microstructural evolution is primarily driven by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX), with an accelerated migration of grain boundaries in ferrite, where numerous LAGBs transform into HAGBs. In austenite, recrystallization occurs via discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), where nucleation forms at the ferrite-austenite boundaries and subsequently grows into a new austenite phase. This study provides critical insights for microstructural control in LPBF-fabricated specimens during hightemperature deformation, such as hot isostatic pressing and localized weld repair.

In oxyfuel combustion, CO2–H2O gas is highly corrosive to the furnace tubes materials in power plants. Sulphur is a general impurity in oxyfuel combustion, and its presence in ash deposit has altered the high temperature corrosion of Fe–Cr alloys. This study concentrates on the fabrication of a FeCoCrNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating on a T91 steel using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Microstructural analysis reveals an excellent metallurgical bond between the coating and the matrix. The coating exhibit slightly higher microhardness than the matrix, and the fine-grain strengthening can enhance the microhardness of the heat-affected zone beneath coating. The coating's excellent corrosion resistance is verified through electrochemical experiments, and the impacts of sulphur on the high-temperature corrosion behaviour of Fe–9Cr alloy and the HEA-coated T91 are further studied using specimens deposited in FeS2-bearing ash. The Fe–9Cr alloy experiences breakaway oxidation in sulphur-free ash, but the presence of FeS2 in the ash delays the growth of the internal oxidation zone and reduced the carburizing effect beneath the iron-rich oxide scale. The enhanced high-temperature oxidation behaviour of the HEA-coated T91 is assigned to the formation of a continuous protective Cr2O3 scale, which can be further enhanced by the beneficial effects of sulphur in the ash. Thus, this work provides a feasible HEA coating strategy to enhance the high-temperature property of steel substrate under sulphur-bearing ash condition.

In this study, Ti6Al4V-Ti5Cu composites with a 3D-interspersed triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure were fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Microstructural characterization, corrosion resistance, and tribological behavior were systematically investigated. Results show the composite exhibits a homogeneous microstructure with no significant interfacial precipitates. Electrochemical tests reveal that Ti6Al4V-Ti5Cu demonstrates superior corrosion resistance compared to monolithic Ti6Al4V and Ti-5Cu alloys. Notably, the TPMS biomimetic architecture substantially enhances tribological performance, attributed to the lubricating effect of softer Ti-5Cu particles forming a protective layer during wear. This integrated design offers a novel additive manufacturing strategy for repairing dissimilar metal components in engineering applications, combining tribological reinforcement with functional optimization.

CoCr-based alloys are widely utilized in dental implants and serve as metallic frameworks for porcelain-fused-tometal (PFM) restorations, owing to their cost-effective, excellent wear and corrosion. However, interfacial failure between the base alloy and the porcelain arose over extended periods of use in oral environments. Therefore, establishing a reliable metal-porcelain interface is of critically importance. This study investigates how the addition of boron impacts the pre-oxidation scale and its mechanical properties of Co-Cr-W-Cu-Si-(0, 0.5, 1.1 wt. %) B alloys at 928 degrees C for 10 mins in air. Surface analysis indicated that Si and B stabilized Cr2O3 scale grown on the surface of CoCr based alloys. As the B concentration increased, the scale became thinner, and its morphology transformed from Cr2O3 to a combination of outer CoCr2O4 spinel and inner Cr2O3. Amorphous SiO2 was detected along the scale-alloy interface together with B2O3. The mechanical stability of the scale along with its adhesion to the matrix increases with increasing B concentration. The synergistic impact of Si and B is probably due to the amorphous innerlayer playing as an effective barrier to the transportation of reactants and slow down the oxide scale growth. Meanwhile, the morphology of pining-like arrangement for amorphous SiO2 layer increases the factual contact area between the oxide scale and matrix, rendering it less susceptible to fracture.

Cu-bearing titanium alloys exhibit promising antibacterial properties for clinical use. A novel Ti6Al4V-Ti5Cu composite alloy is developed using powder bed fusion (selective laser sintering, SLM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). SLM produces a triple periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structure from Ti6Al4V, which is then filled with Ti-5Cu powders and sintered using SPS. Microstructural analysis confirms a well-bonded interface between Ti6Al4V and Ti-5Cu could be achieved through SLM-SPS technology. The composite primarily showcases laths α phase, with Ti2Cu precipitates in the Ti-5Cu region. Electrochemical assessments reveal superior corrosion resistance in the Ti6Al4V-Ti5Cu composite compared to SLM-Ti6Al4V and SPS-Ti-5Cu. The antibacterial rate of the TPMS structure exceeds 90%, and that of TCCU-90 reaches as high as 99%, manifesting robust antibacterial activity. These findings suggest a strategy for creating biomimetic alloys that seamlessly combine structure and multifunctionality within biomedical materials.

Bone tissue engineering scaffolds for bone defect treatment face numerous challenges, including mechanical mismatches and the lack of immune microenvironment modulation, often leading to implant failure. In this study, an innovative drug-loaded bioinspired ceramic/polymer composite scaffold was designed and fabricated using extrusion-based 3D printing technology, incorporating α-cyclodextrin (αCD) in a novel approach to improve interfacial compatibility and drug-loading efficiency. Hydroxyapatite (HA), the main component of natural bone, was employed as the inorganic phase to mimic the mineral structure of bone tissue. Sodium alginate (SA), a natural polymer, served as the organic phase, imparting mechanical strength and flexibility to the scaffold. To enhance phase compatibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was grafted onto the HA surface, and αCD was spontaneously threaded onto the PEG chains to form poly(pseudo)rotaxane structures. This approach further improved the mechanical performance of the scaffold. Additionally, melatonin (MT) was incorporated into the scaffold to enhance its osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant functions. To address MT's poor water solubility and bioavailability, αCD was utilized to encapsulate MT, enabling efficient and sustained release. The scaffold's physical and chemical properties, in vitro mineralization ability, biological functions, and in vivo performance in a rat calvarial defect model were systematically evaluated. Results demonstrated that the scaffold exhibited excellent biocompatibility, promoted osteogenesis, and provided antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a promising and efficient solution for bone defect repair.

IntroductionGuided bone regeneration (GBR) serves as a critical technique in dental implantology, relying heavily on barrier membranes for successful alveolar bone augmentation. Titanium mesh, widely utilized in GBR procedures, faces a high exposure rate that leads to infections and compromised clinical outcomes. While 3D-printed personalized meshes have reduced exposure rates, infection risks persist, necessitating the development of bioactive solutions.MethodsIn this study, selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate copper-bearing titanium meshes using Ti-xCu powders (x=0, 4, 6, 8 wt%). This investigation systematically evaluated the effects of copper content on corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, osteogenic potential, and anti-inflammatory properties of the Ti-xCu alloys.ResultsMicrostructural analysis revealed that increasing copper content enhanced Ti2Cu precipitation within the α-Ti matrix. While increased copper content did not compromise corrosion resistance, it resulted in higher copper ion release concentrations. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that alloys with copper content exceeding 4 wt% exhibited >90% bacterial reduction against S. aureus and E. coli. In vitro studies showed that Ti-6Cu optimally promoted osteoblast proliferation and upregulated osteogenic genes (Alp, Col-1). Furthermore, Ti-6Cu upregulated anti-inflammatory factors (Il-10, Arg-1) while downregulating inflammatory factors (Tnf-α, Il-6).ConclusionThe study established SLM-treated antibacterial Ti-6Cu alloy exhibited favorable biological activity, demonstrating promising potential for application in regeneration scaffolds.

Titanium (Ti) alloys are widely used in bone repair due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, managing post-implantation inflammatory responses in the defect region and accelerating the healing process remain major challenges in the design of such materials. As a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, macrophages play a pivotal role in bone defect healing through their M2 polarization, which facilitates the secretion of tissue repair-promoting cytokines. Research on the role of copper ions (Cu²⁺) in regulating inflammatory responses at injury sites suggests their potential as active ions for incorporation into alloys as a secondary phase to modulate macrophage polarization. However, the effective concentration and mechanisms in this process remain unclear. Here, we synthesized Ti-xCu (x = 3, 5, 7 wt%) alloys and investigated the effects of copper concentration on macrophage M1/M2 polarization and the underlying mechanisms. In an 8-week rat mandibular bone regeneration experiment, Ti-5Cu demonstrated superior performance compared to pure titanium. At the early stage (2 weeks), Ti-5Cu promoted the dominance of M1 macrophages and upregulated inflammatory cytokines, facilitating the initial inflammatory response. Subsequently, a timely M1-to-M2 phenotype transition was observed, accompanied by elevated expression of the repair-related cytokine IL-10, ultimately leading to improved bone healing. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of titanium-copper composite materials with anti-inflammatory and pro-healing properties, paving the way for innovative solutions to promote bone defect repair.

Compared with cast specimens, 2205 duplex stainless steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) demonstrates a superior combination of strength and ductility at room temperature. However, although 2205 is widely applied in high-temperature environments such as chemical processing and nuclear power, its hightemperature tensile behavior after LPBF processing remains insufficiently understood. In this study, highly dense 2205 duplex stainless steel was fabricated via LPBF, and its microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms during tensile testing from 20 degrees C to 800 degrees C were systematically investigated following a solution treatment at 1050 degrees C. The results revealed that the specimen exhibited high strength (648 MPa) and elongation (40 %) at room temperature, primarily attributed to its fine grain size and high density of dislocations. At room temperature, the deformation mechanisms include dislocation planar and cross-slip in ferrite, while austenite undergoes planar slip, deformation twinning, and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP). As the deformation temperature rises to 200 degrees C and 400 degrees C, a notable reduction in elongation is observed, primarily because the increased stacking fault energy (SFE) in austenite suppresses both twinning and the TRIP, resulting in a deformation mechanism dominated by dislocation slip. The LPBF-produced 2205 duplex stainless steel demonstrates outstanding mechanical performance from room temperature to 400 degrees C, with UTS, 0.2YS, and elongation all exceeding the ASTM 240 standard, highlighting its promise for structural applications in extreme environments.

Bone tumors, particularly osteosarcoma, are highly aggressive malignancies that present significant challenges in treatment due to their high recurrence rates, local invasiveness, and the formation of bone damage following surgical removal. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged a promising method for tumor ablation, offering a minimally invasive treatment alternative. However, current hydrogel injections face difficulties in structural control and rapid degradation, limiting their ability to provide long-term support at defect sites. This study aims to develop a mussel-inspired bifunctional biomimetic composite scaffold. By combining molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and polydopamine (PDA) with octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and employing 3D printing technology, an integrative therapeutic effect of photothermal tumor ablation and bone defect repair can be achieved. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the scaffold induces localized hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to eradicate tumors while enhancing mineralization and upregulating osteogenic genes for bone defect repair. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the scaffold modulates Toll-like receptor and PPAR signaling pathways to support bone regeneration and remodeling. This integrative approach provides a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma, addressing both tumor elimination and subsequent bone defect reconstruction.