BACKGROUND:Heart failure (HF) is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired energy metabolism. Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy is a well-established model for investigating mitochondrial-driven HF. Gentianella acuta (GA), a traditional medicinal herb, has shown cardioprotective potential, yet the mechanisms of its major bioactive constituents, xanthones, in HF remain incompletely understood. METHODS:A combined strategy integrating network pharmacology, in vitro cardiomyocyte injury models, and an in vivo DOX-induced HF rat model was employed to elucidate the cardioprotective mechanisms of GA-derived xanthones (XAN). Network pharmacology analysis was used to predict key targets and signaling pathways. Mitochondrial function, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac function, ultrastructural changes, energy metabolism indices, and AMPK/PGC-1α pathway-related proteins were systematically evaluated using H9c2 cells and HF rats. RESULTS:Network pharmacology identified the AMPK signaling pathway as a key target of XAN in HF. In H9c2 cardiomyocytes, XAN attenuated DOX-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss and apoptosis, accompanied by increased AMPK phosphorylation and upregulation of PGC-1α and SIRT1. In DOX-induced HF rats, XAN improved cardiac diastolic function, alleviated electrocardiographic abnormalities, reduced myocardial apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial ultrastructure. XAN also restored myocardial energy metabolism by increasing ATP production and mitochondrial enzyme activities while reducing HF-related biomarkers. These effects were dose-dependent and closely associated with activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. CONCLUSION:XAN confer mitochondria-targeted cardioprotection against DOX-induced HF by reprogramming myocardial energy metabolism via activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. These findings provide mechanistic evidence supporting XAN as promising natural candidates for metabolic intervention in HF.

Stropharia rugosoannulata (S. rugosoannulata) is a valued edible and medicinal fungus. Its polysaccharides exhibit various bioactivities such as antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although reviews have summarized extraction methods and some activities, a systematic summary of Stropharia rugosoannulata polysaccharides (SRPs) structures, the bioactivities of both native and structurally modified polysaccharides, and their future applications is lacking. This paper systematically reviews the extraction and separation techniques, chemical structures, and biological activities of SRPs. Additionally, chemical modifications of polysaccharides (e.g., carboxymethylation and phosphorylation) broaden their functional properties, enabling effects against additional conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These modifications also enhance specific biological activities, including antioxidant capacity and anti-colitis effects. These enhancements provide a crucial theoretical basis for their innovative application in functional foods. Furthermore, the existing research gaps are highlighted to facilitate further investigation.

This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of raw hemp seed polysaccharides (HSP) and stir-fried hemp seed polysaccharides (FHSP) in a rat model of blood-deficiency syndrome induced by cyclophosphamide and acetylphenylhydrazine. Both HSP and FHSP are acidic heteropolysaccharides primarily composed of arabinose, galacturonic acid, and galactose, but differ in molecular weight, monosaccharide ratios, and microstructure. Methylation and GC-MS analyses indicated that HSP and FHSP shared similar major glycosidic linkage types, predominantly including →5)-Araf-(1→, Galp-(1→, →4)-GalAp-(1→, and →6)-Galp-(1→, but differed in their relative molar proportions. In vivo experiments showed that both HSP and FHSP significantly improved hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, HGB, and HCT), regulated cytokine levels (EPO, G-CSF, TNF-α, and IL-6), and alleviated splenic damage. Compared with HSP, FHSP produced more pronounced improvements in several evaluated indicators under the present experimental conditions. Mechanistic analyses suggested that the beneficial effects of FHSP may be associated with the JAK1-STAT1 signaling pathway, amelioration of splenic metabolic dysfunction involving arachidonic acid, glutathione, riboflavin, and arginine and proline metabolism, and modulation of the gut microbial community. These findings suggest that FHSP has potential for alleviating blood deficiency syndrome and provide new insights into the further development and application of hemp seed polysaccharides.

Background Pomelo as a fruit with both medicinal and food homology, has seeds, peels, and other parts rich in bioactive polysaccharides (pomelo polysaccharides, PPs). PPs demonstrate not only notable pharmacological effects but also possess comparatively mild side effects, indicating considerable potential for advancement in the food sector, pharmaceutical sector, and cosmetics sector. Nonetheless, a comprehensive analysis and perspective on the extraction, purification, structure, interactions, biological functions, and uses of PPs remains insufficient. Scope and Methods This paper systematically reviews the literature in the field over the past 16 years, providing a comprehensive overview and in-depth analysis of PPs extraction methods, separation and purification techniques, structural characteristics, interactions with other components, biological activities and the current applications and limitations of PPs in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Main Findings and Conclusions PPs are a type of heteropolysaccharide rich in acidic sugar residues, characterized by complex structural diversity and a wide range of molecular weights (Mw). Their monosaccharide composition mainly includes arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), and galacturonic acid (GalA). Through various structural modification methods including chemical, biological, and physical approaches, the structural features of PPs can be further regulated. PPs exhibit significant physiological activities with mechanisms involving the regulation of multiple signaling pathways including NF-κB, AMPK, and MAPK. Despite the broad prospects, significant challenges still exist, including the lack of standardized characterization protocols, insufficient understanding of higher-order structures, and limited clinical evidence. Future research should focus on establishing structure-activity relationships, elucidating molecular mechanisms, and accelerating clinical translation.

Atractylodes polysaccharides (APs) are the core bioactive components responsible for the pharmacological effects of this genus, demonstrating immense potential in the fields of modern medicine, functional foods, and green animal feed development. However, due to the complex chemical structures of APs, the quantitative structure-activity relationships (SAR) between their fine structural features and specific biological functions remain insufficiently elucidated. Furthermore, most current studies lack a translational perspective oriented toward practical applications. This paper systematically reviews the latest research advances in the extraction, isolation, structural characterization, pharmacological activities, and application development of APs. It specifically highlights the limitations of current research, alongside the prospects and challenges for future in-depth development. Studies indicate that APs primarily consist of neutral polysaccharides and acidic pectic polysaccharides. The neutral components are typically characterized by β-(2→1)-linked or β-(1→6)-linked glucans and fructans, while the acidic fractions are rich in galacturonic acid, forming complex rhamnogalacturonan structures that confer high target affinity and bioavailability. As crucial biological macromolecules, APs exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, gastrointestinal protective, and hepatoprotective effects. These biological functions are synergistically influenced by structural parameters such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, degree of branching, and spatial conformation. Future research should prioritize the standardization of extraction and characterization methodologies, the deep elucidation of structure-activity relationships, and the exploration of APs' application potential as functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical excipients.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a common neurodegenerative disease, seriously affects the cognitive function and quality of life of patients, bringing a heavy burden to society and families. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula Kaixin San (KXS) has shown considerable potential in the treatment of AD. KXS can ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in AD model animals, but its action mechanism remains not fully elucidated. This study aims to further elucidate the action mechanism of KXS. To this end, we employed a variety of advanced technical methods, including neuropathological, molecular biological, metabolomic, and gut microbiota analysis techniques, to conduct systematic multi-dimensional research. The results demonstrated that KXS can significantly improve the learning and memory abilities of AD rats, alleviate hippocampal neuronal damage, reduce β-amyloid (Aβ) expression, and activate antioxidant activity by targeting the Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis. Metabolomic analysis reveals that KXS exerts a regulatory effect on metabolites, while gut microbiota analysis shows that KXS significantly promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and reduces the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, thereby regulating gut microbiota homeostasis, inhibiting excessive activation of neuroinflammation, and alleviating neuronal damage induced by inflammatory factors. Further correlation analysis reveals a strong correlation between metabolites and gut microbiota in AD rats. In addition, KXS inhibits ferroptosis and oxidative stress by activating the Keap1/Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway, and simultaneously regulates serum lipid metabolism-related pathways to maintain metabolic homeostasis and gut microbiota balance, thereby inhibiting excessive neuroinflammatory activation and alleviating neuronal damage.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Artemisia integrifolia Linn. (Chinese name: Liuhao, LH) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly employed for managing diabetes. However, its pharmacological effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain unclear. Aim of the study This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of LH on DN. Materials and methods A DN rat model was established by combining of streptozotocin (STZ) injection with a high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diet. Subsequently, the rats were administered LH at doses of 90 and 180 mg/kg/d 15 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight, renal and hepatic function, blood lipid levels, renal and pancreas histopathological changes, and insulin levels were assessed. Network pharmacology, untargeted and targeted tryptophan metabolomics of renal, were integrated to explore the mechanism of LH in treating DN. Subsequent validation experiments were performed to measure inflammation markers and oxidative stress levels in serum and kidney tissues, along with the expression of key genes and proteins in the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Results LH treatment increased the body weight, reduced FBG and insulin levels, ameliorated pathological and functional damage in the kidneys, liver and pancreas, and regulated blood lipid profiles. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that inflammatory factors and oxidative stress pathways are involved in the pharmacological actions of LH. Renal untargeted metabolomics identified 21 differential metabolites and 6 relevant metabolic pathways that nay contribute to the therapeutic effects of LH. Targeted tryptophan metabolomics found that LH increased the contents of L-tryptophan (Trp) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), decreased the content of serotonin (Ser) in renal. Furthermore, LH alleviated inflammatory and oxidative stress via upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1, and downregulating Keap1 in the kidney. Conclusions LH might attenuate renal inflammation and oxidative stress-induced injury in DN by regulating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and modulating renal metabolism.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Sophorae tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (STRR) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It has been historically used by ethnic groups such as the Zhuang and Miao for treating throat swelling and pain. Modern research has confirmed that its key active substances are STRR-derived polysaccharides (STRRPs), which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, providing a scientific basis for its traditional effects. AIM OF THE REVIEW:This review summarizes nearly 27 years of research on STRRPs and elucidates their structure-activity relationship for the first time, aiming to bridge traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge with modern pharmaceutical development. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A comprehensive search was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI to retrieve all relevant literature (1999-2026) on the extraction, structure, and activities of STRRPs. RESULTS:STRRPs are obtained primarily through hot-water and microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction. They exhibit a broad molecular weight distribution (8.0-660.0 kDa), a complex monosaccharide profile, and diverse glycosidic linkages. In terms of pharmacological activity, STRRPs possess diverse biological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antiviral. Notably, sulfation modification is a key method to significantly enhance their antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. CONCLUSIONS:This review illustrates that complex structures of STRRPs underlie their bioactivities. Sulfation modification is key to enhancing these activities. This work reveals their structure-activity relationship, providing a scientific explanation for their ethnomedicinal use and laying a foundation for targeted drug development.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a major tropical fruit whose industrial processing generates massive by-products, such as peels and cores. Recent research indicates that pineapple polysaccharides (PPs) are a key bioactive component within these waste streams. While existing literature often generalizes fruit polysaccharides, this article specifically addresses the unique structural characteristics of PPs that distinguish them from other pectic sources. These polysaccharides exhibit numerous health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hypoglycemic activities. This investigation critically evaluates extraction-purification synergies, proposed chemical structures, and how these structures dictate their biological activities. By identifying current limitations in structural elucidation, this review fills the research gap between fundamental studies and industrial value-added applications, providing a scientific rationale for the future development of PPs in the functional food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Imperata cylindrica has become a highly regarded herb in traditional medicine due to its outstanding environmental adaptability and rich medicinal value. As a major bioactive component of I. cylindrica, Imperata cylindrica polysaccharides (ICPs) have attracted increasing interest due to their structural heterogeneity and pleiotropic biological activities. Existing evidence indicates that ICPs exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, metabolic regulatory, and renoprotective effects, all of which are closely related to chronic metabolic diseases, especially hyperuricemic nephropathy. Although ICPs offer considerable potential in biomedicine and are considered ideal functional food ingredients, a systematic and comprehensive review is still lacking. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the extraction, purification, and structural characterization of ICPs, with particular emphasis on their structure-activity relationships, biological functions, and application prospects. In addition, the multi-target mechanisms through which ICPs exert beneficial effects in hyperuricemic nephropathy are discussed. Potential avenues for the utilization of ICPs in functional food formulations, biomedicine, and industrial applications are also explored, collectively providing a theoretical basis for future research and downstream product development.

Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (E. fortunei), a member of the Asteraceae family, is a widely utilized traditional medicinal herb in China. Historically, it has been employed to treat conditions such as influenza, nausea, anorexia, and various ailments associated with “pathogenic dampness”. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first systematic review of recent research on E. fortunei, based on a comprehensive literature search across both Chinese and international databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, and CNKI. The review encompasses its botanical characteristics, traditional applications, phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and toxicological profiles. Current research reveals a diverse array of phytochemicals in E. fortunei, with 162 compounds identified to date, including thymol derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, benzofurans, fatty acids, and other bioactive constituents. These compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, encompassing anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. Among these, thymol derivatives and benzofurans emerge as the most prominent bioactive compounds, demonstrating potent cytotoxic effects against various tumor cell lines. Although E. fortunei is generally considered safe, certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) present potential hepatotoxic risks, which can be mitigated through appropriate dosage control and formulation optimization. As a valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herb, E. fortunei exhibits substantial therapeutic potential. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of current research on E. fortunei, offering scientific evidence and guidance for its rational development and clinical application.

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of Arisaematis Rhizoma in improving hyperlipidemia through hepatic lipidomics and metabolomics.Forty-eight SPF-grade male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=8 per group):control group,model group,positive control group(fenofibrate,40 mg·kg-1),high-dose Arisaematis Rhizoma group(A-H,2.8 g·kg-1),medium-dose Arisaematis Rhizoma group(A-M,1.4 g·kg-1),and low-dose Arisaematis Rhizoma group(A-L,0.7 g·kg-1).The intervention lasted for 4 consecutive weeks.Serum lipid levels were detected by biochemical analysis.Pathological morphology and lipid deposition were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)and oil red O staining.The mechanism underlying the hypolipidemic effect of Arisaematis Rhizoma was analyzed via hepatic lipidomics and metabolomics.The mRNA expression of key targets and key enzyme levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),respectively.A-H exhibited significantly ameliorated dyslipidemia,improved hepatic pathological injury,and reduced lipid accumulation in liver tissue.Hepatic lipidomic and metabolomic results showed that A-H corrected the metabolic profile in the liver of hyperlipidemic rats,with 30 and 44 differential metabolites significantly reversed,respectively.Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that Arisaematis Rhizoma exerted its hypolipidemic effect by regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism,linoleic acid metabolism,arachidonic acid metabolism,alpha-linolenic acid metabolism,glycine,serine,and threonine metabolism,primary bile acid biosynthesis,fatty acid degradation,galactose metabolism,steroid hormone biosynthesis,and D-amino acid metabolism.Combined with molecular biology experiments,the results indicated that Arisaematis Rhizoma improved hyperlipidemia by regulating hepatic lipid metabolic disorders(e.g.,phospholipid remodeling),inhibiting cholesterol synthesis,promoting cholesterol decomposition,and modulating key targets peroxisome prociferator-activated receptor-α(PPAR-α)/liver X receptor-α(LXR-α).These findings provide experimental evidence for the clinical application of Arisaematis Rhizoma in resolving phlegm.

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic glycolipid metabolic dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Artemisia integrifolia Linn. (LH) as a functional food in a T2DM rat model. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique was used to identify the components of LH. T2DM was induced in rats via a high-fat/high-sugar diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg, i.p.). The rats were subsequently treated with LH (90 mg/kg, 180 mg/kg) for 15 days. A total of 66 compounds were identified in both positive and negative ions. LH treatment resulted in an increase in body weight while reducing FBG levels. It also improved insulin resistance, blood lipid levels, liver pathology, function, and lipid accumulation. Furthermore, 18 metabolites and 5 metabolic pathways were identified in the liver. Mechanistically, LH may improve T2DM through modulation of the S1P and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Caffeic acid, coumarin, trifolin, and apigetrin were identified as the likely active components. In conclusion, LH may mitigate glycolipid metabolism disorders in T2DM rats by modulating metabolic profiling, S1P, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, supporting its potential as a functional food.

This study explored the immunomodulatory effects of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata polysaccharides (RP) on LPS-induced immune activation. RP, characterized as a heteropolysaccharide (6.34 kDa and 4.63 kDa) rich in galactose and glucose, was administered to LPS-challenged BALB/c mice at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses. Results showed RP significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), lowered oxidative stress (MDA), and boosted antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px). It restored splenic structure, mitigated apoptosis, and suppressed the TNF-α/NF-κB/IL-6 pathway. Metabolomics linked RP to sphingolipid metabolism, while gut microbiota analysis revealed increased beneficial bacteria and elevated SCFAs. Transcriptomics confirmed RP's immune regulation via TNF signaling. These findings demonstrate RP's potential in alleviating immune overactivation by modulating inflammation, gut microbiota, and SCFA production, suggesting therapeutic promise for immune-related diseases.

Gentianella acuta (GA) is a folk medicine used by Ewenki people in Inner Mongolia to treat heart disease. Transcriptional inhibition caused by the increase of DNMT1/3A/3B levels inhibited Nrf2, an anti-aging factor with antioxidant effect in aging myocardia, and the level of Nrf2 decreased with the increase of age. The main chemical component of GA, xanthones, can reverse this inhibition. In this study, D-gal was injected subcutaneously to establish an aging mouse model, and echocardiography was helpful to evaluate myocardial damage. Myocardial histological changes were detected by haematoxylin eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The activities of catalase (CAT) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum of mice were detected to investigate the relationship between GA and oxidative stress. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined to investigate the effects of GA on aging mice. Results showed that Xanthones could alleviate myocardial damage and fibrosis, significantly improve diastolic dysfunction, gradually decrease MDA content, gradually increase T-SOD and CAT activities, and decrease serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β contents in aging mice. Reduce cardiac structural disorders, reduce inflammatory infiltration. In addition, GA reduces inflammation by promoting Nrf2 expression, inhibiting DNMT1/3A/3B levels, and activating the p53/p21 signaling pathway. This study suggests that GA has a protective effect on D-gal-induced cardiac aging, which may be related to the activation of p53/p21 signaling pathway and epigenetic regulation of Nrf2 level.

This study introduces a cell membrane-coated magnetic carbon sphere-integrated thermal shift assay (CMMCS-TSA) platform, combined with metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis, to identify bioactive compounds in Mimosa pudica root and elucidate their antipyretic mechanisms. Using yeast-induced febrile rats and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, the ethyl acetate fraction (EA) of M. pudica root exhibited potent antipyretic effects by reducing fever, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β), thermoregulatory factors (PGE2, cAMP, 5-HT), and suppressing TLR4/NF-κB pathway proteins (NF-κB p65, COX-2, TLR4). CMMCS-TSA enabled targeted isolation of two bioactive compounds - 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (TF) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HA) - confirmed via NMR and LC-MS. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of HA and TF to TLR4 and COX-2 catalytic domains. In vitro, both compounds inhibited LPS-induced NO production via TLR4 suppression, validated by TAK antagonist experiments. In vivo, HA and TF alleviated fever, restored amino acid/sphingolipid metabolism, and rebalanced gut microbiota. Mechanistically, their antipyretic effects involved coordinated modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, gut-brain axis signaling, and metabolic reprogramming. This work establishes CMMCS-TSA as a transformative platform for precision isolation of bioactive phytochemicals and provides the first evidence of M. pudica root's dual-compound antipyretic mechanism through multi-omics regulation. The findings highlight the potential of nanomaterial-integrated approaches in natural product research and advance the development of plant-derived antipyretics with multi-target mechanisms.

The genus Grateloupia is the largest member of the Grateloupiaceae family and is widely distributed in coastal areas worldwide. In China, it is called "Wugongzao" due to its resemblance to a centipede in morphology. As a type of sea vegetables, it has excellent chewiness and refreshing mouthfeel. Additionally, it has medicinal values such as clearing heat, detoxification, and insect repellent in China. As one of its main biologically active macromolecules, the genus Grateloupia polysaccharides (TGGPs) possess a variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, and probiotic activities. TGGPs are highly active and non-toxic, making them indispensable in both the food industry and the medical field. However, there is currently no review article that systematically summarizes them. This review discusses and summarizes the latest developments and shortcomings in the extraction, isolation and purification, chemical structure and modification, and bioactivities of TGGPs. At the same time, the utilization and production of TGGPs in medicine, functional foods, cosmetics, agriculture and fisheries are also reported. We believe this work will provide new and valuable insights for future research on TGGPs potential applications.

This study aims to investigate the antipyretic effects and mechanisms of ethanol extracts from Arisaematis Rhizoma fermented with bile from different sources on a rat model of fever induced by a dry-yeast suspension. The rat model of fever was established by subcutaneous injection of 20% dry-yeast suspension into the rat back. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-6(IL-6) in the serum, as well as prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) in the hypothalamus, were determined by ELISA. Metabolomics analysis was then performed on serum and hypothalamus samples based on UPLC-Q-TOF MS to explore the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways. The results showed that the body temperatures of rats significantly rose 4 h after modeling. After oral administration of high-dose ethanol extracts of Arisaematis Rhizoma fermented with bovine bile(NCH) and porcine bile(ZCH), the body temperatures of rats declined(P<0.05), and the NCH group showed better antipyretic effect than the ZCH group. Additionally, compared with the model group, the NCH and ZCH groups showed lowered levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE_2, and cAMP(P<0.01). The results of serum and hypothalamus metabolomics analysis indicated that both NCH and ZCH exerted antipyretic effects by regulating phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Collectively, both NCH and ZCH can play an obvious antipyretic role in the rat model of dry yeast-induced fever, and the underlying mechanism might be closely associated with inhibiting inflammation and regulating metabolic disorders. Moreover, NCH demonstrates better antipyretic effect.

Background: Actinidia Lindl. (Actinidia) polysaccharides (ALPs) are pivotal bioactive constituents found in various tissues of Actinidia plants, including fruits, roots, stems, and leaves. In fact, ALPs have been shown to possess significant health benefits, establishing them as one of the natural bioactive substances with considerable development potential in the fields of functional foods and pharmaceuticals. However, there is a notable lack of necessary analyses regarding the structure, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and other related aspects of ALPs. Scope and approach: This paper systematically summarizes relevant research on ALPs regarding their extraction, structure, and activity through an extensive review of related literature published over the past 25 years, with a focus on discussing the limitations of current research as well as the prospects and challenges for future industrial applications. Key findings and conclusions: ALPs can be classified into three main types: pectic polysaccharides, hemicellulosic polysaccharides, and cellulose. Within the Mw range of 5.5 kDa-2060 kDa, ALPs are primarily composed of several monosaccharides, including Rha, Man, Ara, GlcA, and Glc, among others. As key biologically active macromolecules derived from Actinidia, ALPs exhibit significant biological activities, including intestinal protection, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and anti-glycation effects. Furthermore, the extraction technologies for ALPs have evolved from traditional inefficient methods to more efficient and environmentally friendly approaches, and structural analyses have become increasingly detailed. Notably, while ALPs present broad prospects for industrial applications, further research into their structural modification, structure-activity relationships, and related molecular mechanisms is essential for their high-value utilization.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (T. hemsleyanum) is a traditional Chinese herb recognized as a 'plant antibiotic' due to its multiple beneficial effects on the human body. As a valuable plant, its wild resources are on the verge of extinction. Fortunately, advancements in artificial cultivation over the past two decades have led to an increase in high-quality plant resources. Consequently, research on this herb has been gaining popularity. Polysaccharides are an important component of T. hemsleyanum and have received extensive attention from scholars due to their various biological activities. Currently, various extraction and purification methods have been developed to isolate T. hemsleyanum polysaccharides (THPs). These polysaccharides have demonstrated significant effects in experiments, including antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, metabolic-regulatory, and thermoregulatory effects. Furthermore, they possess broad application potential in fields such as food, medicine, and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, a comprehensive review of the literature on THPs is currently lacking, which poses challenges for future research endeavors. This work aims to summarize the latest progress in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, and applications of THPs across fields comprehensively from the past to the present, analyze the shortcomings of recent research, and discuss potential applications and future research directions.