Long-term abnormal levels of glycolipid metabolism damage the organs, leading to a gradual decline in organ functions. In treating glycolipid metabolism disorders, the gut-liver axis plays a key role and has become a hot research topic. It is worth noting that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and its active ingredients have been proven to have strong anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory functions in its long history and modern research. Therefore, this paper aims to illustrate the research progress of TCM in effectively improving glycolipid metabolism disorders and alleviating metabolic disease symptoms by regulating the gut-liver axis adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/farnesoid X receptor(FXR)/Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) signal network. Specifically, TCM and its derivatives can improve intestinal barrier function and flora environment, inhibit the production and translocation of harmful secretions in the intestine, and promote the secretion of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) and ceramides, thus regulating key signal molecules AMPK, FXR, and TLR4 of glycolipid metabolism through the gut-liver axis structure. According to research, TCM active ingredients function in two ways. On one hand, ingredients such as baicalin, curcumin, and ginsenosides can regulate the FXR expression and affect the secretion and metabolism of bile acids(BAs) to balance glucose and lipid levels. On the other hand, the ingredients can activate AMPK, inhibit TLR4, and control the secretion of proteins related to lipid and glucose synthesis, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c(SREBP-1c), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR), as well as inflammatory factors to regulate glycolipid metabolism. Among them, the activation of AMPK can downregulate the TLR4 expression, and FXR is also subject to the negative feedback effect of AMPK. For the first time, this article discussed that TCM can coordinate the glycolipid metabolism regulation based on the gut-liver axis through the signal network of AMPK, FXR, and TLR4, thereby effectively treating glycolipid metabolism disorders. With unique clinical treatment advantages of small side effects, high safety, and "multiple targets coordinated treatment", TCM is favorable to glycolipid metabolism disorders, providing a new direction to develop new drugs for glycolipid metabolism disorders.

Numerous studies indicate that Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC) has anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) effects, and its processed products are commonly used in clinical practice. However, limited reports exist on the mechanisms of polysaccharides from its vinegar products and their role in T2DM. We purified a novel polysaccharide from vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis (VSC) and used intestinal microbiota 16S rRNA analysis and metabolomics to study changes in T2DM mice after vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide (VSP) intervention, aiming to elucidate how VSP alleviates T2DM. VSP has shown significant therapeutic effects in T2DM mice, which can regulate the imbalance of glucose and lipid metabolism, alleviate pancreatic and liver damage, restore the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and inhibit the inflammatory response. Serum metabolomics and microbiological analysis showed that VSP could significantly regulate 104 endogenous metabolites and rectify gut microbiota disorders in T2DM mice. Additionally, VSP enhanced the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the expression of GPR41/43 in the colon of T2DM mice. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among specific gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and fecal SCFAs. Overall, these findings will provide a basis for further VSP development.

Natural products are closely associated with human health. Luteolin (LUT), a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is widely found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and herbs. It is noteworthy that LUT exhibits a variety of beneficial pharmacological properties and holds significant potential for clinical applications, particularly in antitumor, anti-convulsion, diabetes control, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, anti-oxidation, anti-cardiovascular, and other aspects. The potential mechanism of action has been partially elucidated, including the mediation of NF-κB, toll-like receptor, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, AMPK/mTOR, and Nrf-2, among others. The review that aimed to comprehensively consolidate essential information on natural sources, pharmacological effects, therapeutic and preventive potential, as well as potential mechanisms of LUT. The objective is to establish a theoretical basis for the continued development and application of LUT.

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (SC) is a traditional sedative in China, with wide applications for treating various neurological disorders. Its polysaccharide component has been gaining increased attention for its potential in nerve protection. While raw SC is the primary focus of current research, its processed products are primarily utilized as clinical medicines. Notably, limited research exists on the mechanisms underlying the effects of wine-processed Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide (WSCP) in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Therefore, this study seeks to assess the therapeutic impact of WSCP on AD mice and investigate the underlying mechanisms through biochemical and metabolomics analyses. The results demonstrate that WSCP exerts significant therapeutic effects on AD mice by enhancing learning and memory abilities, mitigating hippocampal neuronal damage, reducing abnormal amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, and attenuating hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Biochemical analysis revealed that WSCP can increase SOD content and decrease MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α content in AD mice. Furthermore, serum metabolomic results showed that WSCP intervention can reverse metabolic disorders in AD mice. 43 endogenous metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers for WSCP treatment of AD, and the major metabolic pathways were Ala, Glu and Asp metabolism, TCA cycle. Overall, these findings will provide a basis for further development of WSCP.

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides is a biologically active ingredient that is not easy to be digested. It is fermented by intestinal microflora to promote qualitative and selective changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome, which often result in beneficial effects on the health of the host. People call it "prebiotics". In this review, we systematically summarized the anti-diabetic effect of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides. These polysaccharides regulate the metabolism of sugar and lipids by inter-influence with the intestinal microflora, and maintain human health, while improving type 2 diabetes-like symptoms such as high blood glucose, and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

In this study, a classification model was established based on near-infrared spectroscopy and random forest method to accurately distinguish three samples of Schisandra chinensis from different habitats. At the same time, the feasibility of fast and effective prediction of polysaccharide contents in Schisandra chinensis by near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was evaluated. In this paper, phenol sulfuric acid method was used to determine the content of total polysaccharides in samples, and partial least squares regression algorithm was used to link the spectral information with the reference value. Different spectral pretreatment methods were used to optimize the model to improve its predictability and stability. The results showed that random forest could distinguish these samples accurately, with an accuracy of 97.47%. In the established prediction model, the RMSEC of the optimal model calibration set is 0.0012, and the coefficient of determination R is 0.9976. The RMSEP of prediction set is 0.0024, the coefficient of determination R is 0.9922, and the RPD is 11.36. In general, the method has good stability and applicability, which provides a new analytical method for the identification of Schisandra chinensis origin and quality evaluation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Datura metel L. has been used as an anesthetic in clinic for more than 1800 years in China, and the main efficacy of D. metel L. flower is relieving asthma and cough, relieving spasm and relieving pain. From 1978 to 1980, Datura metel L. was used as an anesthetic agent and occasionally cured psoriasis patients during anesthesia clinically, and our group confirmed that the effective portion is total withanolides (YWS). Moreover, the new drug "Datura metel L. capsule" composed of YWS has since been approved and used for the treatment of more than 3,000 psoriasis patients, with efficacy and cure rates greater than 90% and 65%. However, the immunological mechanism has not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY:Nowadays, although total withanolides from Datura metel L. have a better clinical efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis, there is a lack of overall understanding of the mechanism of their treatment, especially about some immune cells and proteins closely related to psoriasis and their relationship in executive function and biological significance. This study focused on investigating the mechanism of psoriasis treatment by YWS and determined the biochemical processes in the treatment of psoriasis based on Treg/Th17 axis cell-mediated bidirectional immunoregulatory functions, which provides an important scientific basis for understanding the mechanism underlying the treatment of psoriasis by YWS. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The effects of YWS on the lesion pathology of IMQ-induced psoriasis mice and the underlying molecular mechanism were assessed directly using HE staining, the PASI score and the animal body mass. We also investigated the effects of YWS on the Treg/Th17 axis and their critical functions in psoriasis pathogenesis via molecular biological methods. Finally, we performed differential proteomics analysis on skin in IMQ-induced psoriasis mice to clarify the effect of YWS by incorporates mass spectrometry-bioinformatics and annotated the functions and pathways associated with the differential proteins through GO enrichment, KEGG pathway analysis and PPI networks analysis, respectively. RESULTS:YWS regulated the imbalance of the Treg/Th17 axis. And proteomic analysis showed that YWS up-regulated 46 and down-regulated 37 proteins. According to the bioinformatics analysis, the improvement of Treg/Th17 imbalance may be the key immunological mechanism of YWS in the treatment of psoriasis by up-regulating the butyrate metabolism pathway, down-regulating leukocyte migration, inhibiting the phagocytic function of natural killer cells, suppressing osteoclast differentiation and interfering with chemokine activity, and the critical proteins involved are Lyn, HMGCS2, ABAT, ITGβ2, PRKCβ, MMP9, NCF1, JUNβ, and Hck. CONCLUSION:This research clarified that the improvement of the imbalance of the Treg/Th17 axis may be the key immunological mechanism of YWS in the treatment of psoriasis through metabolic pathways and influencing key proteins. The results not only expand the therapeutic targets and approaches for the treatment of psoriasis, which is a challenging and complex disease, but also deepens the understanding of the mechanism of YWS in the treatment of psoriasis and other important conditions to open up a new way of thinking for research on YWS in the treatment of psoriasis.

High-calorie food intake and unhealthy lifestyle have considerably raised the incidence of obesity. The gut microbiota is associated with metabolic disorders which promote excessive accumulation of fat, elicit host systemic, low-grade chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. These features make gut microbiota a promising target for the prevention and intervention of obesity. Herbal polysaccharides in TCM are uneasy to digest by the host, but can be decomposed and utilized by the intestinal flora as the carbon source to mediate bacterial composition. In this review, we are describing the therapeutic effect of polysaccharides on the imbalanced structure of gut microbiota and its metabolites, and discuss the research progress that has been made to unravel the underlying mechanism by which polysaccharides of TCM inhibit the onset and development of obesity.

Chinese medicine (CM) has a long history in the treatment of psoriasis, and its different understanding angle and treatment mode from modern medicine have unique wisdom. In this article, we consulted a large number of literatures and collected data in order to systematically clarify how CM understands psoriasis, including the classification and judgment of syndrome types, the diagnosis and thinking of etiology and pathogenesis, the application of treatment ideas, principles, methods and various prescriptions, and suggestions on patient care, so as to provide a clear CM treatment process and experience for the world clinic. In addition, we analyzed the efficacy and safety through clinical data, and summarize the methods and prescriptions worthy of promotion, so as to provide reference for doctors to prescribe prescriptions and medication. Finally, we found that compared with modern medicine, CM has unique advantages in the treatment of psoriasis, including the uniqueness of syndrome classification, the abundantly and flexibility of treatment ideas. Not only many famous doctors have studied the ideas in ancient books, but also made great efforts to innovate, which has left a lot of valuable experiences for clinical practice. Moreover, a large number of treatment methods, prescriptions and medicines have achieved high effectiveness and safety in clinical practices for many years, which has been proved to be worthy of clinical reference and in-depth research. In addition, we also think about the deficiencies of CM in the treatment of psoriasis and the direction of breakthrough combined with modern medicine. The treatment of psoriasis with CM is worth popularizing, and we hope it can benefit more patients.

Background: The exact pathogenesis of psoriasis is complex, and scholars use the intestinal mucosal immunity as an entry point to analyze the important role of the intestine in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Traditional Chinese medicine treats psoriasis from the intestine based on the theory that "the lung governs the fur" and "the Interior-Exterior Relationship Between the Lung and Large Intestine". Based on this understanding, this paper puts forward the idea of understanding psoriasis from the "gut-skin" axis. Objective: Based on the "gut-skin" axis to explore the pathogenesis of psoriasis from the intestines, and open up new ideas for research and development of new drugs for psoriasis. Method: Collect literature on the treatment of psoriasis from the perspective of the intestine and "gut-skin" axis; then, use Western medicine's intestinal pathogenesis, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory and examples of TCM treatment are demonstrated; finally, the treatment of psoriasis from the "gut-skin" axis is summarized. Results: Western medicine has not carried out treatment of psoriasis involving the intestinal tract. In-depth research and clinical applications based on the "gut-skin" axis are still needed. The effective rate of treating psoriasis by TCM has been as high as 90%, but the mechanism research is relatively scarce. Conclusion: The construction of the "gut-skin" axis mechanism is consistent with TCM theories, and is consistent with modern scientific connotations as well.

五味子多糖成分具有很强的生物活性,研究表明五味子多糖能有效地缓解糖尿病模型胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖,改善糖尿病样作用.通过对五味子多糖成分及抗糖尿病作用进行详细综述,以期为五味子多糖提取、分离纯化、成分分析及抗糖尿病新药研制提供参考.

Background: Data mining builds a bridge between ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. It provides a new perspective for the precise compatibility of prescriptions and the scheme of diagnosis and treatment. Meanwhile, the mechanism of schisandrae chinensis and its compound in treating diabetes and diabetic complications is not clear. This limits the clinical application of Schisandra chinensis. Methods: Apply TCMISS to mine the core drugs with the highest frequency of combined use with Schisandra chinensis to form a new prescription. And analyze the compatibility law. Use databases such as TCMSP, TCMID, PubChem, Swiss arget prediction, disgenet and Cytoscape software. The interaction between drugs and diseases and related pathways were analyzed. In addition, autodock Vina and other software are used to calculate the molecular docking and binding energy between compounds and key targets. Finally, the therapeutic effect of the new prescription of Fructus schisandrae chinensis S·(Core) on diabetic mice was evaluated by biological experiments.Results: The study employed a data mining S·(Core) was obtained. Using network pharmacology method, mainly containing target prediction, network construction, functional enrichment analysis, and molecular docking to systematically research the mechanisms of S·(Core) in treating diabetes. The putative targets of S·(Core) that treat diabetes mainly involved AKT1, GAPDH, IL-6, MAPK3, VEGFA and other targets. The functional enrichment analysis suggested that the produced therapeutic effect of S·(Core) against diabetes is mediated by synergistical regulation of several biological pathways, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications , Insulin resistance, HIF-1 and Insulin signaling pathway. The results of molecular docking showed that the core chemical components of S·core had good affinity with the key targets of diabetes. In addition,We confirmed that S·Core can improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. Enhanced islet β Quantity and quality of cells. Reduce the inflammatory response in the body. Liver protection.Conclusion: This study explored the mechanism of action of S·(Core) in diabetes by multi-component and multi-target multi pathways, which could provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of S·(Core).

目的:建立快速测定升麻中升麻新苷Ⅰ含量的近红外定量模型.方法:以高效液相色谱法测定升麻新苷Ⅰ的含量,运用近红外技术收集不同产地不同批次的升麻样品的光谱图,采用标准正态变换(SNV)加二阶导数(SD)的光谱预处理方法,通过偏最小二乘回归(PLS)法建立升麻中升麻新苷Ⅰ含量测定的近红外定量模型,并对已建立的定量模型进行验证.结果:建立的新苷Ⅰ校正模型的相关系数(R)为0.99077,校正均方差(RMSEC)为0.0123,用验证集进行模型验证,预测误差均方根(RMSEP)为0.0348.结论:结果表明该方法简便高效,建立的模型性能较好,对升麻中升麻新苷Ⅰ含量的预测准确可靠.

Objective: A model of Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIR-DRS) was established for the first time to determine the content of Shengmaxinside I in the honey-fried processing of Rhizoma Cimicifugae. Methods: Shengmaxinside I content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the data of the honey-fried processing of Rhizoma Cimicifugae samples from different batches of different origins by NIR-DRS were collected by TQ Analyst 8.0. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis was used to establish a near-infrared quantitative model. Results: The determination coefficient R-2 was 0.9878. The Cross-Validation Root Mean Square Error (RMSECV) was 0.0193%, validating the model with a validation set. The Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) was 0.1064%. The ratio of the standard deviation for the validation samples to the standard error of prediction (RPD) was 5.5130. Conclusion: This method is convenient and efficient, and the experimentally established model has good prediction ability, and can be used for the rapid determination of Shengmaxinside I content in the honey-fried processing of Rhizoma Cimicifugae.

Datura metel L. is a medicinal herb that contains withasteroids and has a wide range of biological activities. We isolated seven withasteroids from the flowers of D. metel L and examined their ability to inhibit immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Among the withasteroids, withasteroid B2 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on immune responses comparing B2 with other isolated compounds from D. metel L., including suppressing the differentiation of CD4+ T cells by inhibiting the expression and production of T cell lineage-specific master regulators and cytokines and directly suppressing the cytokine-induced Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling pathways. In the interleukin (IL)-23-induced mouse ear model of skin disease, B2 repressed disease development by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators in murine ear skin. Moreover, B2 affected the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro which, in turn, induced T cell differentiation with an increased regulatory T cell (Treg ) phenotype and decreased T helper type 17 (Th17) phenotype. This study provides new evidence that B2 might ameliorate chronic inflammatory skin diseases by suppressing pathogenic CD4+ T cell differentiation and the IL-17+ retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)+ /IL-10+ forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ ratio. These findings suggest that B2 might mediate the therapeutic effects observed in psoriasis patients following treatment with D. metel L.

Objective:To optimize the extraction process of Shenqi Lixin capsules through pharmacodynamic evaluation combined with orthogonal experiments with multi-index comprehensive evaluation.Methods:The congestive heart failure(CHF) model was established by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin in rats,and the LVEDD,LVESD,FS and LVEF of CHF rats were used as the indicators to screen the extraction process of the samples (process A was with the whole decoction of herbs and process B was with heterophylla powder mixed with the other herbs after boiling).The single factor tests and orthogonal tests were used to optimize the extraction process by taking the contents of astragaloside and tanshinone ⅡA and the quality of the decocted material as the indices,and adding water amount,decocting times and duration as the influencing factors.Results:Pharmacodynamic experiments indicated that the improvement effects of the samples from process B on cardiac symptoms and cardiac function in CHF rats were better than that of the samples from process A.The other medicinal materials were decocted by 12-fold amount of adding water,and repeated for 12 times with one hour for each time.The average extraction rate of astragaloside and tanshinone ⅡA was 61.82% and 50.07%,respectively,which was proven by the verification experiments.The average weight of the decoction was 6.02 g.Conclusion:The optimized extraction process of Shenq Lixin capsules is scientific,reasonable,stable and reliable.

Objective To establish a rapid determination method for isoferulic acid in Cimicifugae Rhizoma by near-infrared spectroscopy technique.Methods HPLC method is used to determine the content of isoferulic acid,near infrared spectral of 54 samples are collected and preprocessed by standard normal variate(SNV) and the second derivative method,partial least-squares (PLS) method is used to create a quantitative model of Cimicifugae Rhizoma of isoferulic acid,and to verify the established quantitative model.Results The correlation coefficient R is 0.983 76,root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC) is 0.004 67,root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) is 0.026 7.Conclusion The method is simple and convenient,the quantitative model established in this study is good,accurate and reliable for the determination of the content of isoferulic acid in Cimicifugae Rhizoma.

Cimicifuga simplex is a medicinal herb which has a wide range of biological activities. We isolated seven 9,19-cycloartenol glycosides from the roots of C. simplex, and among the glycosides, G3 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on immune responses, including suppressing the differentiation of CD4+ T cells and directly suppressing the cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling pathways. In the IL-23-induced mouse ear model of skin disease, G3 repressed disease development by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in murine ear skin. Moreover, G3 affected the maturation of DCs in vitro, thereby inducing T cell differentiation, resulting in an increased Treg phenotype and decreased Th17 phenotype. This study provides new evidence that G3 might ameliorate chronic inflammatory skin diseases by suppressing pathogenic CD4+ T cell differentiation and the IL-17+RORγt+/IL-10+FoxP3+ ratio. These findings suggest that G3 might mediate the therapeutic effects observed in psoriasis patients following treatment with C. simplex.

The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9, 19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which often exhibit extensive pharmacological activities. 9, 19-Cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides are distributed widely in genus Cimicifuga rather than in other members of the Ranunculaceae family. So far, more than 140 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga spp.. The aim of this review was to summarize all 9, 19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides based on the available relevant scientific literatures from 2000 to 2014. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.

The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which are distributed widely in Cimicifuga plants, but not in other members of the Ranunculaceae family, and are considered to be characteristics of the Cimicifuga genus. This type of triterpenoid glycoside possesses several important biological activities. More than 120 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. The aim of this review article is to summarize all the major findings based on the available scientific literatures on C. simplex, with a focus on the identified 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.