Salinity stress severely restricts rice growth. Prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) modulation can effectively alleviate salt stress in rice. In this study, we explored the effects of Pro-Ca on enhancing salt tolerance in two rice varieties, IR29 and HD96-1. The results revealed that Pro-Ca markedly enhanced root and shoot morphological traits and improved plant biomass under salt stress. Chlorophyll a and b content were significantly increased, which improved photosynthetic capacity. Transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed that Pro-Ca significantly up-regulated the expression of genes involved in E3 ubiquitin ligases in IR29 and HD96-1 by 2.5-fold and 3-fold, respectively, thereby maintaining Na+ and K+ homeostasis by reducing Na+. Moreover, Pro-Ca treatment significantly down-regulated the expression of Lhcb1, Lhcb2, Lhcb3, Lhcb5, and Lhcb6 in IR29 under salt stress, which led to an increase in photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, salt stress + Pro-Ca significantly increased the A-AAR of IR29 and HD96-1 by 2.9-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, and inhibited endogenous cytokinin synthesis and signal transduction, which promoted root growth. The current findings suggested that Pro-Ca effectively alleviated the harmful effects of salt stress on rice by maintaining abscisic acid content and by promoting oxylipin synthesis. This study provides a molecular basis for Pro-Ca to alleviate salt stress in rice.

为探讨种子引发剂对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响机制,以杂交稻湘两优900和常规稻黄华占为材料,研究引发剂氯化胆碱(CC)和吲哚丁酸钾(IBAK)对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化代谢及渗透调节的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫抑制水稻幼苗生长,3.0mg·L-1CC和1.0mg·L-1 IBAK为缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗生长抑制的适宜引发浓度,添加引发剂CC的湘两优900根干重显著增加9.64％,而添加引发剂CC和IBAK的黄华占根系总长度、叶面积、地上干重、根干重、壮苗指数分别显著增加 24.78％和 14.39％、43.06％和 36.33％、11.45％和 7.43％、34.60％和 28.62％、41.89％和33.55％.引发剂CC和IBAK处理可显著提高盐胁迫下两品种水稻叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶绿素含量;激活超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;同时增加抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量;抑制活性氧积累,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率(REC)水平.盐和引发剂处理在两品种水稻抗氧化指标间均存在普遍的交互作用,而形态指标或光合参数间的交互作用在黄华占中更为显著.综上所述,引发剂CC和IBAK主要通过增强抗氧化系统活性、提高渗透调节潜力、降低活性氧损伤来提高水稻幼苗的耐盐性.本研究结果为探明引发剂缓解水稻盐胁迫损伤的作用机理提供了理论依据.

Salt stress affects crop quality and reduces crop yields, and growth regulators enhance salt tolerance of crop plants. In this report, we examined the effects of prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) on improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and tillering under salt stress. We found that NaCl stress inhibited the growth of two rice varieties and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, electrolyte leakage, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. Foliar application of Pro-Ca reduced seedling height and increased stem base width and lodging resistance of rice. Further analyses showed that Pro-Ca application reduced MDA content, electrolyte leakage, and membrane damage in rice leaves under NaCl stress. Pro-Ca enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of rice seedlings, while increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) at the tillering stage under salt stress. Overall, Pro-Ca improves salt tolerance of rice seedlings at the tillering stage by enhancing lodging resistance, reducing membrane damages, and enhancing photosynthesis and antioxidant capacities of rice seedlings.

Prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) has been proved to play an important role in releasing abiotic stress in plants. However, there is still a lack of research on the mechanism of Pro-Ca alleviating salt stress in rice. To explore the protective effects of Pro-Ca on rice seedlings under salt stress, we investigated the effect of exogenous Pro-Ca on rice seedling under salt stress by conducting the following three treatment experiments: CK (control), S (50 mmol·L −1 NaCl saline solution) and S + Pro-Ca (50 mmol·L −1 NaCl saline solution + 100 mg·L −1 Pro-Ca). The results indicated that Pro-Ca modulated the expression of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (such as SOD2 , PXMP2 , MPV17 , E1 . 11 . 1 . 7 ). Spraying Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased in ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activity by 84.2%, 75.2%, and 3.5% as compared to the salt treatment, as demonstrated by an example of a 24-hour treatment. Malondialdehyde level in Pro-Ca was also dramatically decreased by 5.8%. Moreover, spraying Pro-Ca under salt stress regulated the expression of photosynthesis genes (such as PsbS , PsbD ) and chlorophyll metabolism genes ( heml , PPD ). Compared to salt stress treatment, spraying Pro-Ca under salt stress significantly increased in net photosynthetic rate by 167.2%. In addition, when rice shoots were sprayed with Pro-Ca under salt stress, the Na + concentration was considerably reduced by 17.1% compared to salt treatment. In conclusion, Pro-Ca regulates antioxidant mechanisms and photosynthesis to aid in the growth of rice seedlings under salt stress.

Salt stress inhibits crop quality and yields, and growth regulators are used to enhance salt tolerance of crops. Here, we report the effect of prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) on rice tillering under salt stress. The results showed the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and electrolyte leakage in leaves were increased as well as the expression of the antioxidant enzymes was induced under salt stress. Foliar application of Pro-Ca reduced seedling height, increased the stem base width, improved the lodging resistance of rice, decreased MDA content and electrolyte leakage, and alleviated the membrane damage of rice under salt stress. Exogenous Pro-Ca also increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the stomatal conductance (Gs) of rice, decreased the intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci), and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) of rice at the tillering stage under salt stress. In conclusion, Pro-Ca improved the salt tolerance of rice at the tillering stage by enhancing the lodging resistance of rice, alleviating cell membrane damage of leaves caused by NaCl stress, and enhancing photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity. Effect of Pro-Ca on rice at the tillering stage under 0.3% NaCl stress was discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for revealing physiological changes at the rice tillering stage.

Drought is among the most important natural disasters with severe effects on animals and plants. MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs that play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and response to stress factors, including drought. However, the microRNAs in drought responses in common vetch (Vicia sativa), an annual herbaceous leguminous plant commonly used for forage by including it in mixed seeding during winter and spring, have not been characterized. To explore the microRNAs' response to drought in common vetch, we sequenced 10 small RNA (sRNA) libraries by the next-generation sequencing technology. We obtained 379 known miRNAs belonging to 38 families and 47 novel miRNAs. The two groups had varying numbers of differentially expressed miRNAs: 85 in the comparison group D5 vs C5 and 38 in the comparison group D3 vs C3. Combined analysis of mRNA and miRNA in the same samples under drought treatment identified 318 different target genes of 123 miRNAs. Functional annotation of the target genes revealed that the miRNAs regulate drought-responsive genes, such as leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase-encoding genes (LRR-RLKs), ABC transporter G family member 1 (ABCG1), and MAG2-interacting protein 2 (MIP2). The genes were involved in various pathways, including cell wall biosynthesis, reactive oxygen removal, and protein transport. The findings in this study provide new insights into the miRNA-mediated regulatory networks of drought stress response in common vetch.

为探讨调环酸钙(Pro-Ca)对盐碱胁迫下大豆(Glycine max)根系生长的缓解作用,以大豆品种合丰50(耐盐)和垦丰16(盐敏感)为试验材料,研究叶面喷施100 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca对盐碱胁迫下大豆根系生长特性、活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,外源喷施Pro-Ca均能不同程度缓解盐碱胁迫对合丰50和垦丰16根系生长的抑制,两品种根长、根鲜重和根干重分别增加了11.2％和23.6％、3.2％和19.8％、38.0％和37.6％;上调了盐碱胁迫下大豆根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;抑制了 O2·-和H2O2积累,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质渗漏率(EL);促进了渗透调节物质积累,合丰50和垦丰16大豆根系的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别增加了 5.1％～7.8％和6.2％～28.0％、6.6％～17.8％和3.8％～10.3％、19.1％～31.9％和6.9％～27.8％.主成分分析表明外源喷施Pro-Ca对耐盐品种合丰50和盐敏感品种垦丰16根系均具有较好的调控效果.综上所述,外源喷施Pro-Ca可通过增强根系抗氧酶活性、渗透调节能力以及降低膜脂过氧化来增强大豆根系的耐盐碱能力.本研究初步阐明了 Pro-Ca缓解大豆根系盐碱胁迫伤害的生理生化机制,为进一步从分子水平揭示其作用机制提供了理论依据.

Soil salinization seriously restricts the growth and yield of soybeans. However, little information is available on the early growth stages of soybeans which are subjected to the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca). This study aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous Pro-Ca on saline-alkali stress-induced damages to photosynthesis and antioxidant defenses in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings. At the V3 growth stage, salt-tolerant genotype Hefeng 50 (HF50) and salt-sensitive genotype Kenfeng 16 (KF16) were subjected to 110 mmol L−1 mixed saline-alkali stress respectively, and then 100 mg L−1 Pro-Ca was sprayed on the leaves. Our results showed that saline-alkali stress accelerated the degradation of thylakoids, inhibited chlorophyll synthesis, reduced shoot dry weight, electron transfer rate (ETR), and peroxidase (POD) activity, the concentration of ascorbic acid (AsA) and soluble sugar, but enhanced the concentration of proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the rate of superoxide radical (O2∙−) generation. Additionally, saline-alkali stress induced a lower decrease of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), potential activity of PSII (Fv/F0), and maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) in salt-tolerant HF50 than in salt-sensitive KF16. Nevertheless, foliar spraying of exogenous Pro-Ca increased the chlorophyll content, Pn, Fv/F0, and Fv/Fm. These results were more prominent when Pro-Ca was applied to KF16 under saline-alkali conditions. Furthermore, exogenous application of Pro-Ca retarded the degradation of thylakoids, increased the ETR and the accumulation of AsA, soluble sugar, and proline, activated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and POD, and decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), O2∙−, and H2O2. These results indicated that Pro-Ca could effectively protect soybean seedlings against damage from saline-alkali stress by regulating seedling phenotype, photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant defense, and osmoregulation.

Soil salinization has become a global problem and seriously endangers crop growth and yield improvement. In the present study, soybean (Hefeng 50) seedlings were used as test materials to study the mitigation effect of foliar spraying of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) [50 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt (IBAK), 50 mg L−1 chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), 2 mg L−1 abscisic acid (ABA), 30 mg L−1 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and 1.2 mg L−1 brassinolide (BR)] on oxidative stress caused by the mixed Saline–Alkali concentration of 110 mmol L−1. The results showed that the application of PGRs promoted the growth of Saline–Alkali stressed plants, where the maximum increase in shoot FW was treated with COS, and in root FW, root length, root surface area, and root volume were obtained with the IBAK treatment. Treatments ABA, ALA, and BR had higher net photosynthetic rates, and the chlorophyll content was considerably increased under COS and BR treatments compared with Saline–Alkali treatment. Moreover, PGRs markedly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch, and the ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG, but reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide radical (O2·−) in soybean seedlings compared with Saline–Alkali treatment. The principal component analysis revealed that the ranking of PGRs enhancing Saline–Alkali tolerance of soybean seedlings was BR > IBAK > ABA > COS > ALA, and the most effective treatment was BR, which may be assigned to more vigorous antioxidant defense and osmotic adjustment.

为探讨调环酸钙(prohexadione-calcium,Pro-Ca)对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗的缓解作用,明确Pro-Ca提高水稻耐盐能力的最适浓度,以水稻品种'黄华占'为试验材料,研究不同浓度(25、50、75、100、125、150 mg·L-1)Pro-Ca对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及抗性生理的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫抑制水稻正常生长,对水稻抗性生理产生不利影响.外源添加Pro-Ca促进盐胁迫下水稻幼苗的地上部生长,提高根系活力,增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,提高可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸的含量,降低叶片相对电导率及O2-的产生速率,增加叶片SPAD,提高净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和表观叶肉导度(AMC).综合分析,100 mg·L-1浓度处理时效果最好,表现为茎基宽、根系总长度、干质量、净光合速率及CAT等出现最大值.初步推断在盐胁迫下,Pro-Ca通过提高植物抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量及渗透调节物质含量,降低幼苗O-2的产生速率及电解质渗透来保护细胞结构的完整,促进幼苗生长及光合速率的上升,从而增强水稻幼苗耐盐能力.

Background N -acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are the quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules to coordinate the collective behavior in a population in Gram-negative bacteria. Recent evidences demonstrate their roles in plant growth and defense responses. Results In present study, we show that the treatment of plant roots with N -3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (3OC6-HSL), one molecule of AHLs family, resulted in enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis and wheat. We found that the growth inhibition phenotype including root length, shoot length and fresh weight were significantly improved by 3OC6-HSL under salt stress condition. The physiological and biochemical analysis revealed that the contents of chlorophyll and proline were increased and the contents of MDA and Na + and Na + /K + ratios were decreased after 3OC6-HSL treatment in Arabidopsis and wheat under salt stress condition. Molecular analysis showed that 3OC6-HSL significantly upregulated the expression of salt-responsive genes including ABA-dependent osmotic stress responsive genes COR15a, RD22, ADH and P5CS1, ABA-independent gene ERD1 , and ion-homeostasis regulation genes SOS1, SOS2 and SOS3 in Arabidopsis under salt stress condition. Conclusions These results indicated that 3OC6-HSL enhanced plant salt tolerance and ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signal pathways and SOS signaling might be involved in the induction of salt resistance by 3OC6-HSL in plants. Our data provide a new insight into the plant–microbe inter-communication.

Abstract Background An increasing number of studies have reported circular RNAs (circRNAs) as new potential biomarkers for the prognosis of gliomas. However, the overall prognostic value of circRNAs for glioma remains unclear. Therefore, this study is the first comprehensive evaluation of the clinicopathological and prognostic value of dysregulated circRNAs in the treatment of glioma patients. Methods We systematically reviewed the online databases of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to identify studies that explored the relationship between circRNA expression and clinicopathological and prognostic factors in glioma through April 11, 2020. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklists. Clinicopathological features were assessed by pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and overall survival (OS) was assessed by hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Results Twenty-four eligible studies, including 22 studies of clinicopathological features, 1 diagnostic study, and 18 studies of prognosis, that included a total of 1390 patients were ultimately included in this study. Meta-analysis showed that highly expressed oncogenic circRNAs were significantly related to poor clinicopathological features (age: P = 0.026; tumor size: P ≤ 0.001; tumor grade: P ≤ 0.001; KPS: P = 0.012) and worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.61–2.50, P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, we found that highly expressed tumor-suppressor circRNAs were related to better clinicopathological features (gender: P = 0.042; age: P = 0.014; tumor size: P = 0.022; tumor grade: P ≤ 0.001) and longer OS (HR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.82–3.99, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions In conclusion, there is a significant correlation between the dysregulated expression of circRNAs and the clinicopathology and prognosis of glioma patients.

For the improved performance of urban rail trains, Some measures, such as reduced train energy consumption, improved the comfort of urban rail trains, and shorten the parking distance error and time error, were proposed. As a promising bionic algorithm, the artificial bee colony algorithm has the advantages of less control parameters, strong robustness and easy implementation. However, it still has the disadvantages of poor local development ability, slow convergence speed and low precision of optimization. In order to overcome the these disadvantages. In this paper, An improved artificial bee colony algorithm (the simulated annealing model - artificial bee colony algorithm), combined the simulation experiments on the actual circuit, was proposed. The result demostrated the effectiveness of the algorithm combined with multi-objective optimization of urban rail trains.

Background:Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays a critical role during the occurrence and progress of pituitary adenomas (PAs).However,the roles of miRNAs in the invasiveness of PA are poorly understood.This study aims to more comprehensively and specific define the relationship between altered miRNA and PA invasion.Methods:The differential expression of miRNAs (DEMs) between invasive PAs (IPAs) and non-invasive PAs (NPAs)was explored by RNA sequencing and which functions were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG).The miRNA-mRNA network was predicted with bioinformatics.Results:We identified 31 upregulated miRNAs and 24 downregulated miRNAs in IPAs compared with NPAs.GO analysis and KEGG pathway analysis showed the DEMs were mainly associated with cell proliferation and cell cycle pathway.In addition,on the count of predicted miRNA-mRNA network,two hub miRNAs were identified.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate the miRNA-mRNA network in detail,which suggest that miRNA may be a promising target in diagnosis and therapy for IPAs.

The marine polychaete worm Perinereis aibuhitensis was used to study the genotoxic effects of mercuric chloride by means of the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test. P. aibuhitensis was subjected in vivo to two different concentrations of mercuric chloride (0.05mgL-1 and 0.5mgL-1) for 96h. The comet assay of coelomocytes demonstrated that TailDNA% values increased with extended exposure to or increased concentrations of HgCl2 (p<0.01). The frequency of MNs was the highest in the treatment with 96h of exposure at all concentrations (p<0.01). The genotoxic effect of HgCl2 was both dose- and time-dependent in exposed P. aibuhitensis. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidases (GPx) were also estimated. Significant variations in antioxidant enzyme activities depended on the sampling time and the concentrations of mercuric chloride. Compared with the control, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) were elevated at the lower concentration of mercuric chloride (0.05mg L-1) (p<0.05) for shorter exposure periods (24h and 72h). At the higher concentration of mercury (0.5mgL-1), the activities of GPx and SOD were inhibited; no variation was observed. These results proved that the use of the comet assay and MN test in coelomocytes of P. aibuhitensis is appropriate for determining the levels of DNA damage and that P. aibuhitensis is a species that is sensitive to mercury pollutants. This species may be considered a suitable candidate for monitoring marine heavy metal pollution.

In previous studies, time series model has been the most common method and fuzzy time series model is an improvement on time series model. However, the accuracy in fuzzy time series model has been inevitably affected by interval length and the partitioning method for formulating effective interval can be very difficult. In addition to time series model, the grey model has also been widely studied, but it may have bad curve-fitting effects when data show great randomness. Therefore, both fuzzy time series model and grey model have problems in accuracy for forecasting tourism flow. Based on fuzzy time series model and grey model, this paper proposed a hybrid model which has been optimized by entropy and Markov model. In this hybrid model, the weight is calculated by entropy method which has been used to balance the performance of two single models. Markov model with its stable property is used for processing data sequence with large fluctuation. The result of the experiment clearly shows that this proposed hybrid model optimized the interval partition and therefore ensured the prediction accuracy.

In the background of big data, the problems existing in the current science and technology project management were analyzed in this paper, and the information technology (IT) such as the internet of things (IOTs) and cloud computing were combined to introduce the characteristics of the science and technology project management. The knowledge base of science and technology project management was put forward by describing the principle of the hierarchical structure of it based on big data. Finally, the paper proposes the model that using the data knowledge to serve decision of science and technology project management from the perspective of the undertaking enterprise of the project, which may be helpful for the innovation of science and technology project management model.

Using the characteristics of a moving object, this paper presents a compressive imaging method for moving objects based on a linear array sensor. The method uses a higher sampling frequency and a traditional algorithm to recover the image through a column-by-column process. During the compressive sampling stage, the output values of the linear array sensor are multiplied by a coefficient that is a measurement matrix element, and then the measurement value can be acquired by adding all the multiplication values together. During the reconstruction stage, the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is used to recover the original image when all the measurement values are obtained. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that the proposed compressive imaging method not only effectively captures the information required from the moving object for image reconstruction but also achieves direct separation of the moving object from a static scene.

The effects of enzyme dosage, substrate concentration, pH value, reaction temperature and reaction time on enzyme hydrolysis saccharification reaction of the stems and leaves of banana were studied. The result shows that the optimized conditions are: dosage of enzyme 0.06g/g oven dry material, substrate concentration 30g/L, pH value 5.0, reaction temperature 50°Cand reaction time 48h.Analyse the structure changes of the stems and leaves of banana before and after enzyme hydrolysis through X-ray. The result shows that the crystallinity of the stems and leaves of banana increases 10.64% after enzyme hydrolysis.