We introduce a machine learning (ML)-based regression framework for quantitative electrochemical analysis, representing a paradigm shift from traditional univariate methods to a multivariate approach. Conventional analysis is constrained by reducing the entire signal to a single peak current feature to define a linear range and calculate a limit of detection (LOD). In contrast, our methodology treats the Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) curve as time-series data, creating a high-dimensional fingerprint by systematically evaluating multiple data windows with varying widths around the main signal peak to identify the most informative segment. To validate this approach, a biosensor was developed by immobilizing Anti-CD36 antibodies on polydopamine-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes for the detection of CD36, a key protein in metabolism and immunity. Measurements were collected across 12 concentrations, including blank samples, spanning a range of 0 to 25 ng/mL. Following data augmentation, nine different regression models were evaluated, with the top-performing models achieving near-perfect prediction accuracy (R2>0.99) across this entire range. This high accuracy across the full concentration spectrum quantitatively demonstrates the method’s ability to operate without relying on traditional concepts like linear range or LOD, enabling reliable detection at ultra-low levels. Furthermore, the immunosensor exhibited high selectivity against common interferents and excellent recovery in human serum. This methodology represents a significant advancement in analytical electrochemistry, providing a transferable approach for enhancing sensitivity in biomarker detection with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. The codes and dataset are made publicly available on GitHub to support further research: https://github.com/miralab-ai/biosensors-AI.

Geographical and botanical origin dominate the chemical composition and biological activity of propolis samples. In this study, thirty Turkish propolis samples collected from different regions within the Black Sea region were comprehensively evaluated to investigate the relationships between phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and anticancer potential. The propolis samples were extracted using 70% aqueous ethanol and labeled as K1-K30. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using inhibition zone (ZI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. Most of the extracts showed measurable antibacterial activity, where Gram-positive bacteria generally showed higher susceptibility compared to the tested Gram-negative bacterial species. The extracts K12, K13, K22, K24, and K28 demonstrated the strongest broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that antibacterial efficacy was more strongly associated with antioxidant capacity and flavonoid richness than with total phenolic content alone. FRAP and TFC emerged as the strongest predictors of antibacterial activity, while specific phenolic compounds (particularly quercetin and trans ferulic acid) were associated with enhanced activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Preliminary anticancer activity was assessed using cell viability assays at 24, 48, and 72 h. Cytotoxic responses were highly heterogeneous and strongly time-dependent. K10, among the extracts, exhibited the strongest anticancer activity, showing inhibition rates above 80% at 24 and 48 h, whereas K4 and K23 also demonstrated considerable cytotoxic effects. Notably, antibacterial and anticancer activities were not directly correlated. Extracts with strong antibacterial activity, such as K12 and K22, showed proliferative effects in anticancer assays, whereas K10 displayed weak antibacterial but strong anticancer activity. These findings demonstrate that antibacterial and anticancer properties of propolis are governed by distinct phytochemical compositions. Overall, this study highlights the multidimensional bioactivity of Turkish propolis and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive phytochemical characterization for identifying extracts with application-specific therapeutic potential.

Polymer/clay nanocomposites have gained significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional physical and mechanical properties, which fulfill critical needs in the fields of biotechnology, environmental technologies, and electronics. In this study, nanocomposites composed of poly(amic acid) (PAA) and montmorillonite (Mt) were prepared via an in situ polymerization method, which was then used as an immobilization matrix for catalase (Cat) in enzyme biosensor. PAA/Mt nanocomposites were synthesized using 4,4 '-oxydianiline (ODA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) monomers within the montmorillonite layers at different clay loading degrees. Morphological and structural characterizations of the PAA/Mt were performed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TGA methods. Applicability of the characterized PAA/Mt/Cat sensing platform was evaluated for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), for which 0.125-3.75 mu M was determined as the linear detection range with 0.017 mu M limit of detection (LOD). No significant interference effect (D-glucose, bovine serum albumin, insulin, ethanol, CRP, A.acid, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) was observed on the current signal for H2O2, and real sample application of the sensing platform was successfully shown using artificial serum, sweat, and urine with % spike recovery.

Smart packaging materials (SPMs) combine the properties of intelligent and active packaging into a single system, enabling for the monitoring of the packaged product while enhancing its desired conditions. In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was used as the base polymer and functionalized with in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and methyl red (MR) as a pH-sensitive dye. Various additives, including poly(amic) acid (PAA), bromothymol blue (BB), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5AS), glutaraldehyde (GA), and silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs, Au NPs), were tested to optimize the SPMs. To evaluate their performance, the synthesized SPMs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, SEM, microbiological assays, and mechanical tests. Our results revealed that PLA films containing AuNPs and MR exhibited excellent mechanical, chemical, and antimicrobial properties, making them highly suitable for smart packaging applications. In contrast, the addition of PAA disrupted film formation, while AgNPs and blueberry extracts increased the brittleness of the films, thereby limiting their practical use. Furthermore, BB was found to inhibit the in situ synthesis of AuNPs. A real-world application study demonstrated that cheddar cheese wrapped in the optimized PLA films remained unspoiled after 12 months of refrigeration. IR spectroscopy confirmed that no film components migrated into the cheese during the storage period. GA was identified as a critical component for maintaining the structural integrity of the films over the 12-month storage period. This is the first study to report on the development of PLA-based SPMs that incorporate AuNPs, MR, and GA, offering a promising solution for sustainable and intelligent food packaging.

In this study, we used Doxorubicin, an FDA approved drug possessing anticancer and antibacterial activity, as a model drug to functionalize sugar ligand synthesized silver/gold bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag/AuNPs) to test simultaneous antibacterial and anticancer activities under in vitro conditions. DU-145 prostate cancer cells were used as the main target while T98G glioblastoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were used for selectivity test, and HEK-293 epithelial cell line was used as non-cancerous cells to test toxicity of these formulations. Three Ag/AuNP and corresponding Doxorubicin (D) functionalized ones and free Doxorubicin were tested for these four cell lines. Plain Ag/AuNP showed the highest toxicities on HEK-293 cell lines while DU-145 cell line showed the greatest vulnerability for Ag/AuNP-D formulations. However, DU-145 cells showed the lowest susceptibility for free Doxorubicin at all the tested concentrations. The antiproliferative activity was not dose dependent while an inverse relationship was obtained for a certain concentration range. Two Doxorubicin functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP-D) were then synthesized and applied on DU-145 cells. Interestingly, a better anticancer activity was obtained even at the minimum applied concentration (1.8 x 10-5 mu g/mL D). Antibacterial activities of these formulations were also tested for multidrug-resistant gram (-) and gram (+) bacterial species. Depending on the sugar ligand chemistry, antibacterial activity of Doxorubicin functionalized Ag/AuNPs showed a better performance in comparison to the plain Ag/AuNPs and vice-versa. Based on the results, it can be claimed that selective or semi-selective formulations targeting cancer cells and bacterial species as anti-neutropenia formulations can be developed using carbohydrate derivatives synthesized metallic nanoparticles as drug delivery agents.

Polymer/clay nanocomposites have gained significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional physical and mechanical properties, which fulfill critical needs in the fields of biotechnology, environmental technologies, and electronics. In this study, nanocomposites composed of poly(amic acid) (PAA) and montmorillonite (Mt) were prepared via an in situ polymerization method, which was then used as an immobilization matrix for catalase (Cat) in enzyme biosensor. PAA/Mt nanocomposites were synthesized using 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) monomers within the montmorillonite layers at different clay loading degrees. Morphological and structural characterizations of the PAA/Mt were performed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TGA methods. Applicability of the characterized PAA/Mt/Cat sensing platform was evaluated for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), for which 0.125–3.75 μM was determined as the linear detection range with 0.017 μM limit of detection (LOD). No significant interference effect (D‐glucose, bovine serum albumin, insulin, ethanol, CRP, A.acid, Na + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ ) was observed on the current signal for H 2 O 2 , and real sample application of the sensing platform was successfully shown using artificial serum, sweat, and urine with % spike recovery.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a member of the acute phase reactants. CRP is generally used as a biomarker of inflammation and tissue injury. Here, CRP detection is performed in pleural fluid caused by pleural effusion. For this aim, Anti-CRP was conjugated on silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-modified electrodes to prepare immunosensors. To carry out AgNP electrodeposition, a novel ligand, mannose 4-aminophenyl L-alanine (Man-4APA), was synthesized and characterized using NMR and MS analysis. Then, AgNPs were synthesized in the presence of Man-4APA. After that, AgNPs/P (Man-4APA) was formed by electrodeposition on the electrodes. The success of the coating of the surfaces with AgNPs/P (Man-4APA) was confirmed using SEM and EDS analysis. Covalent conjugation was carried out between the amine groups of AgNPs/P (Man-4APA) and the carboxyl groups of Anti-CRP. The formation of the obtained amide bond was examined using XPS analysis. Using the designed AgNPs/P (Man-4APA)/Anti-CRP, the linear range for CRP was 0.5-100 ng/mL with a LOD of 0.38 ng/mL. After testing the effect of some potential interfering compounds on the current signal of AgNPs/P (Man-4APA)/Anti-CRP, the determination of CRP in pleural fluid collected from patients with pleural effusion was carried out successfully.

Surface modification of cotton fabrics is required to advance their inherent properties in the development of antibacterial cotton fabric-based biomaterials. In this study, an antibacterial cotton fabric for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa species was developed. To do this, lactose and galactose derivatives were used to synthesize silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticle glycoconjugates (NP-GCs) to functionalize the cotton fabrics to target the carbohydrate binding proteins LecA and LecB lectins found on P. aeruginosa. The three lactose derivatives (i.e. Lactose sulfanilic acid (LSA), Lactose 5-aminosalicylic acid (L5AS) and Lactose 4-(4-aminophenyl) butyric acid (L4APB)) gave stable AgNP-GCs and AuNP-GCs while Galactose 4,4’-oxydianiline (GODA) allowed only stable AuNP-GCs synthesis. The cotton fabrics were pretreated to eliminate non-cellulosic parts to obtain scoured cotton fabrics (sCFs) for surface functionalization with AgNP-GCs and AuNP-GCs. Three different approaches (i.e. direct adsorption or adsorption through sulfhydryl group on sCFs and in situ synthesis) were followed to obtain AgNP-GCs functionalized cotton fabrics while AuNP-GCs functionalization was performed only through in situ synthesis. AgNP-GCs and AuNP-GCs were in situ synthesized on the sCFs under heat-treatment, and homogenous surfaces with high load of AgNP-GCs or AuNP-GCs were obtained. AuNP-GC-sCF were then functionalized with Colistin in order to add antibacterial property for P. aeruginosa. The colloidal AgNP-GCs, and in situ synthesized AgNP-GC-sCF and AuNP-GC-sCF showed strong antibacterial activity for P. aeruginosa. The formulations were then tested for gram (-) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and gram (+) Staphylococcus epidermidis to evaluate whether they have wide-spectrum antibacterial activity. While the colloidal AgNP-CGs showed similar high toxicity for these species in comparison to P. aeruginosa, only LSA_AgNP-GC-sCF and LSA_AgNP-GC-sCF showed 100 % growth suppression for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis. The Colistin functionalized AuNP-GC-sCFs were also tested for Colistin resistant K. pneumoniae, and > 99 % growth suppression was obtained. We also tested whether the surface charge of the AuNP-GCs affect their interactions with P. aeruginosa using confocal laser scanning microscopy, where clear interactions were observed for GODA_AuNPs. These early results revealed that inorganic nanoparticle glycoconjugates can be designed to develop antibacterial cotton fabrics through designing chemistry that can target lectins on bacterial membranes.

Amino acids are not just monomers of proteins, but they can also carry biological functions. L-cysteine (Cys), L-proline (Pro), L-asparagine (Asn), and L-glutamic acid (Glu) were used to evaluate how different amino acid chemistries alter the morphology and size of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized in the presence of two carbohydrate ligands, which were lactose methoxyaniline (LMA) and galactose 5-aminosalicylic acid (G5AS). UV–vis, infrared (IR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations revealed that the effect of amino acids on the characteristics of the AgNPs showed dependence on the carbohydrate ligand chemistry. In the case of LMA, AgNPs shifted from aggregates to anisotropic nanoparticles, larger aggregates, and a mixture of anisotropic and 1D nanoparticles in the presence of Cys, Glu, Asn and Pro amino acids, respectively. In contrast to this, the introduction of Cys and Asn caused the formation of cluster-like AgNPs and larger rounded nanoparticles, while G5AS-synthesized AgNPs were multigonal 0D particles. Moreover, Glu and Pro contributed the resistance of silver oxide formation on the particles. Antibacterial characterization showed that LMA_Glu_AgNPs were the most effective ones, while LMA_Cys_AgNPs and G5AS_Cys_AgNPs, which were the smallest AgNPs, did not show any significant antibacterial activity.

Grape is one of the most widely consumed food sources worldwide and has been under massive research for its health benefits. In this study, we used ethanolic extracts from six different grape cultivars (both white and black grapes) to test their anticancer capacity for Huh7 liver cancer cell line. The findings showed that the grape cultivar species play the role on the cytotoxicity, which was observed as biphasic dose dependent. Based on the findings and the literature, it can be claimed rather than using whole grape extracts, fractionation of the extracts is needed to isolate bioactive compounds due to the fact that flavonoids can serve as cytotoxicity and cytoprotective behaviors depending on their chemistry.

D-dimer (DD) is a key marker of coagulation and fibrinolysis activation. Clinicians can make important decisions with the aid of quick analysis and quantification, ideally at the patient's bedside. Electrochemical immunosensors are effective point-of-care technologies to address these issues. Here, we describe the development of a simple electrochemical immunosensor to detect DD. The immunosensor is constructed by electrodeposition of lactose methoxide aniline silver nanoparticles (LMA-AgNPs) on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The LMA-AgNP and SPCE/LMA-AgNP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical behavior of the SPCE/LMA-AgNP was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Then, Anti-D-Dimer antibody (Anti-DD) was immobilized on SPCE/LMA-AgNP. Along with the analytical characterization of the SPCE/LMA-AgNP/Anti-DD immunosensor, the linear range for DD, limit of detection (LOD), potential chemical interferences, and real sample applications were also evaluated. The antigen/antibody interaction at various DD concentrations was monitored using DPV. The SPCE/LMA-AgNP/Anti-DD shows a linear response in the DD concentration range of 0.01–1 pg/mL and a LOD of 0.2 fg/mL. In addition, the SPCE/LMA-AgNP/Anti-DD showed excellent specificity and no response to potential interfering substances, for instance urea, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SAA). Eventually, the SPCE/LMA-AgNP/Anti-DD is applied in human serum, which shows good recovery values (97.2 %). The SPCE/LMA-AgNP/Anti-DD can be fabricated cheaply and easily for bedside clinical evaluation.

This work was performed as a comparative study using nine different aqueous pollen grain extracts from eight different genera (Juniperus, Biota, Cupressus, Abies, Pinus, Cedrus, Populus and Corylus) to synthesize gold nanostructures (AuNSs) to understand if there is any possible marker that helps to predict the final morphology and size of the AuNSs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Apigenin and Pinoresinol compounds are the marker molecules in determination of the AuNSs physical characteristics while total protein, reducing carbohydrate, flavonoid and phenol contents did not show any statistically meaningful outcome. The "dominancy hypothesis" was tested by paying attention to the most concentrated phenolic acids and flavonoids in the control of AuNSs morphology and size, for which correlation analysis were performed. The statistical findings were tested using two new more pollen extracts to validate the models. Three main findings of the study were (i) determination of Apigenin and Pinoresinol levels in pollen extract can give an insight into the AuNSs physical characters, (ii) the most concentrated phenolic acids and flavonoids don't need to be same to pose same dictative effect on AuNSs morphology and size, rather relatively abundant ones in the extract play the key role and (iii) differences in the polymeric structures (e. g. lignin, cellulosic compounds etc.) have minor effect on the final morphology and size of the AuNSs.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an indispensable element in many physiological processes, while alterations in its level in the circulating system are signs of pathology-associated diseases. Therefore, its precise and selective detection is critical for clinical applications to monitor the progression of the pathology. In this study, an optical immunoassay biosensor was developed as a model study for detecting recombinant VEGF165. The VEGF165 sample was purified from recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis GG799 yeast cells. Indirect ELISA was used during the detection, wherein iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNPs) were utilized to obtain optical signals. The FeNPs were synthesized in the presence of lactose p-amino benzoic acid (LpAB). VEGF165 antibody was conjugated to the LpAB-FeNPs through EDC/NHS chemistry to convert the iron oxide nanoparticles into VEGF165 specific probes. The specificity of the prepared system was tested in the presence of potential serum-based interferents (i.e., glucose, urea, insulin, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A), and validation studies were performed in a simulated serum sample. The proposed immunoassay showed a wide detection range (0.5 to 100 ng/mL) with a detection limit of 0.29 ng/mL. These results show that the developed assay could offer a sensitive, simple, specific, reliable, and high-throughput detection platform that can be used in the clinical diagnostics of VEGF.

Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a safety concern in the preservation and quality of green leafy vegetables. Sugar–lectin interactions provide a reliable, specific, and effective sensing platform for the detection of bacteria as compared to the tedious conventional plate counting technique. Herein, we present the synthesis of 4-(N-mannosyl) benzoic acid (4-NMBA) and 4-thiophenyl-N-mannose (4-TNM) via a two-step reductive amination for the detection of E. coli using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor. The 4-NMBA was synthesized with mannose and para-aminobenzoic (4-PBA), while the 4-TNM was synthesized with mannose and 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-AHP) using water and acetic acid in a 1:1 ratio. The resultant structure of mannose derivatives (4-NMBA and 4-TNM) was characterized and confirmed using analytical tools, such as Mass Spectrometer, SEM, and FTIR. The choice of ligands (mannose derivatives) is ascribed to the specific recognition of mannose to the FimH lectin of the type 1 pilus of E. coli. Furthermore, the 4-PBA and 4-AHP conjugated to mannose increase the ligand affinity to FimH lectins. The setup of the QCM biosensor was composed of modification of the crystal surface and the covalent attachment of ligands for the detection of E. coli. The piezoelectric effect (frequency shift of the quartz) was proportional to the change in mass added to the gold crystal surface. Both the 4-NMBA- and 4-TNM-coated QCM sensors had a limit of detection of 3.7 CFU/mL and 6.6 CFU/mL with a sensitivity of 2.56 × 103 ng/mL and 8.99 × 10−5 ng/mL, respectively, within the dynamic range of 103 to 106 CFU/mL. This study demonstrates the application of ligand-coated QCM biosensors as a cost-effective, simple, and label-free technology for monitoring pathogenic bacteria via molecular interactions on crystal surfaces.

Surface functionalized nanostructures have outstanding potential in biological applications owing to their target -specific design. In this study, we utilized laboratory synthesized carbohydrate-derivatives (i.e., galactose, mannose, lactose, and cellobiose derivatives) for aqueous one-pot synthesis of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nano -structure glycoconjugates (NSs), and iron metal-organic framework glycoconjugates (FeMOFs). This work aims to test whether differences in the surface chemistry of the inorganic nanostructures play roles in revealing their toxicities towards bacterial cells and cancerous cell lines. As of the first step, biological activity of AuNSs, AgNSs, and FeMOFs were tested against a variety of gram (-) and gram (+) bacterial strains, where AgNSs possessed moderate to high antibacterial activities against all the tested bacterial strains, while AuNSs and FeMOFs showed their bacterial toxicity mostly depending on the strain. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination studies were performed for the nanostructure glycoconjugates, for which mu g/mL MBC values were obtained such as (Cellobiose p-aminobenzoic acid_AgNS) CBpAB_AgNS gave 50 mu g/mL MBC value for P.aeruginosa and S.kentucy. The activity of selected sugar ligands and corresponding glycoconjugates were further tested on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines, where se-lective anticancer activity was observed depending on the surface chemistry as well. Besides, D-penicillamine was introduced to galectin specific sugar ligand coated AuNS glycoconjugates, which showed very strong anticancer activities even at low doses. Overall, the importance of this work is that the surface chemistry of the inorganic nanostructures can be critical to reveal their toxicity towards bacterial cells and cancerous cell lines.

We performed a comparative study using aqueous extracts of dandelion flowers and blueberry fruits to synthesize gold- (Au) and silver- (Ag) nanostructures (NSs). The blueberry extracts gave nanowire and spherical AuNSs upon changing the ratio of the extracts to Au(3+)precursor while altering the ratio for the dandelion extracts resulted in formation of only anisotropic AuNSs. Similar results were obtained during the AgNSs, where the dandelion extracts resulted in formation of quasi-spherical AgNSs at the tested ratio (extract/AgNO3 ratio) while altering the ratio for the blueberry extracts resulted in nanorod and nanoplates formation. We argued that this could be from dominancy of a lone compound or a group of compounds and tested this claim by introducing chrysin and amino acid mixtures to the blueberry extracts. Altering the added chrysin amount triggered nanoplate and spherical AuNSs formation while alteration in amino acid mixture content did not change the morphology, and spherical AuNSs were obtained. The antibacterial studies revealed the AgNSs are toxic to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 8 mu g/mL MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and 3 mu g/mL values for the blueberry and dandelion extracts synthesized AgNSs while penicillin/streptomycin sulfate mixture carrying Dandelion-AuNSs gave 12-times lower MBC value in comparison to free penicillin/streptomycin sulfate mixture.

In this study, we propose an approach that provides a useful data summary related to a patient’s experience of pain. Because pain is a very important but subjective phenomenon that currently has no calibratable method for assessing it, we suggest an approach that uses calibratable biomarker sensors with the patient’s self-assessment of perceived pain. We surmise that such an approach may only be able to clearly distinguish between cases in which the available evidence is consistent. However, this information may provide clinicians with valuable insights, and as research progresses into how biomarkers are related to pain, more specific insights may emerge regarding how specific evidence inconsistencies may point to particular pain causes. We provide a brief overview of pain science, including the types of pain, contemporary pain theories, pain, and pain assessment techniques. Next, we present novel approaches to pain sensor development, including an overview of research on pain-related biomarker sensors and artificial intelligence methods for summarizing the evidence. We then provide some illustrations of the implementation of our approach. Some specifics are presented in the Methods section of this paper. For example, in a set of 379 patients, we observed 80% evidence of consistency and 5 types of inconsistencies. Information regarding the gender and individual differences in cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase data on reported pain could contribute to the inconsistency. Different causes of inconsistencies are also attributed to cultural or temporal variability of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (as well as their serum variation and half-life), visual analog scale, and other tools. We emphasize that this presentation is illustrative. Much work remains to be done before implementing and testing this approach in a clinically meaningful context.

Pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases that play a limiting role in food production. The growth of blue mold rot on citrus fruits caused by Penicillium italicum poses postharvest economic loss due to food decay. The control of P. italicum using toxic synthetic fungicide raises serious concerns about food safety and quality. There is a need to develop safe fungi management techniques to prevent economic loss in the agro-industry. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are typically prepared at elevated temperatures (200 degrees C) using toxic surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and harsh organic solvents. We hereby report, for the first time, a novel greener and eco-friendly one-pot aqueous method for synthesizing copper nanospheres (CuNS) and well-defined copper nanocubes (CuNCs) with controlled shape and size using copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) precursor and water-soluble quercetin diphosphate (QDP) as a bio-reducing and capping agent at room temperature. The CuNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CuNCs with average edge lengths of 150-250 and 80-180 nm were designed using QDP and CuSO4 in the ratio of 3:1, respectively. The metrics of sustainability obtained include atom economy (73.56%), molar efficiency (0.9019), and environmental factor (3.429). The antifungal activity of CuNCs and CuNSs was tested against P. italicum using the Kirby-Bauer method. This study demonstrated the comparative effect of CuNCs and CuNSs on the growth of P. italicum spores in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that CuNCs and CuNSs showed antifungal activity against the growth of P. italicum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 and 200 mu g/mL, respectively. At a constant particle size, it was evident that CuNCs showed significant inhibitory activity of P. italicum at a low-dose treatment (100 mu g/mL) in comparison to CuNS. The particle size and shape effect of CuNCs played a vital role in its antifungal activity. QDP-mediated synthesis of CuNC and CuNS could serve as a potent biocide for the natural remediation of citrus-based fungal diseases.

Here, colloidal fluorescent Fe (III) metal organic frameworks (FeMOFs) were synthesized using FeCl3 as Fe3+ ion source and lactose 1-aminonaphthalene (L1AN) as an organic linker by one-step synthesis approach. C-reactive protein antibody (Anti-CRP) was conjugated to L1AN-FeMOF through amide bond formation, which was then applied to the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) using sandwich-type and immunometric assays. To cover 96-well plate surfaces, polycaprolactone and poly (amic acid) (PCL/PAA) electrospun nanofibers were synthesized. Limit of detection (LOD) for CRP was obtained as 4.8 pg/mL for the sandwich assay and 9.0 pg/mL for the immunometric assay in buffer systems using high throughput sensing approach. Real sample applications in artificial saliva and simulated serum validated the reliability of the approach. Selectivity control tests were performed using common serum-based interferents, for which minimum to no interference was observed. Based on the findings, the developed assay can be offered as a new approach in the detection of CRP in clinical samples.

In recent years, the design and synthesis of bio-compatible coatings leading to hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) as the contrast agents have gained substantial relevance.Furthermore, the addition of several functionalities for bio-imaging applications represents a key step for non-invasive bio-diagnostics.In this context, we design and utilize hybrid nanostructures for X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT).The combination of a ceramic or metallic corebased on MoO2, Rh or Ruwith a protective shell allows the generation of bio-compatible nanohybrids for dual mode bio-imaging, where the core NPs constitute the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) contrast agents [1]-[3].Core NPs are synthesized via polyol, hydrothermal or microwave-assisted hydrothermal methods, yielding uniform shape and high dispersibility in aqueous media.Different approaches have been pursued for the fabrication of a bio-compatible shell coating.A modified sol-gel based silica coating process, doped with a commercial fluorophore (Cy5.5), was developed and shown to be applicable to both ceramic and metallic NPs [4], forming core-shell NPs with both optical and X-ray fluorescence properties.Alternatively, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized via citrate pyrolysis using microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, exhibiting uniform size distribution (1.6 ± 0.4 nm) and excitation-independent emission (440 nm).Conjugation of these CQDs, via cross-linking, with Rh NPs led to excitation-independent hybrid NPs, with a red-shifted emission wavelength (520 nm), attributed to the reduction of pyrrolic nitrogen on CQDs [5].These hybrid NPs exhibit improved in vitro biocompatibility in comparison with bare XRF contrast agents.Furthermore, the optical fluorescenceprovided by Cy5.5 or CQDsallows the localization of the NPs in the intracellular environment while the XRF signal from the core NPs is utilized for XFCT, in small animals, leading to both a microscopic and macroscopic bio-imaging contrast agent.