The increasing prevalence of fungicide-resistant pathogens, exacerbated by global warming and climate-driven changes in forest ecosystems, poses a major threat to agricultural productivity and food security. To address this challenge, we investigated the design of dual-activated fungicides combining SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors) and QoI (strobilurin) pharmacophores, alongside microbial bio-fungicides. Novel hybrid structures were generated by merging SDHI and strobilurin moieties and were evaluated through molecular docking simulations against the active sites of fungal plant pathogens. The results demonstrated that the hybrid compounds exhibited more favorable binding energies (more negative ΔG) compared with several commercial fungicides, indicating enhanced inhibitory potential. In parallel, the aromaticity of central rings in the SDHI and strobilurin fragments was quantified using nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations, revealing a linear correlation between ring aromaticity and predicted fungicidal activity. This relationship provides a rational framework for predicting the performance of dual-acting fungicides under varying environmental conditions, including temperature, soil pH, and local climate factors. The findings support the central hypothesis that climate-driven increases in fungal resistance can be mitigated by designing dual-activated fungicides with optimized aromaticity, thereby enhancing binding affinity at fungal targets and improving overall inhibitory activity. This approach enables the rational design of climate-adaptive pesticides for fruits and vegetables, combining synthetic and microbial strategies to maintain efficacy against resistant strains while addressing emerging agricultural challenges.

Geographical and botanical origin dominate the chemical composition and biological activity of propolis samples. In this study, thirty Turkish propolis samples collected from different regions within the Black Sea region were comprehensively evaluated to investigate the relationships between phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and anticancer potential. The propolis samples were extracted using 70% aqueous ethanol and labeled as K1-K30. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains using inhibition zone (ZI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. Most of the extracts showed measurable antibacterial activity, where Gram-positive bacteria generally showed higher susceptibility compared to the tested Gram-negative bacterial species. The extracts K12, K13, K22, K24, and K28 demonstrated the strongest broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that antibacterial efficacy was more strongly associated with antioxidant capacity and flavonoid richness than with total phenolic content alone. FRAP and TFC emerged as the strongest predictors of antibacterial activity, while specific phenolic compounds (particularly quercetin and trans ferulic acid) were associated with enhanced activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Preliminary anticancer activity was assessed using cell viability assays at 24, 48, and 72 h. Cytotoxic responses were highly heterogeneous and strongly time-dependent. K10, among the extracts, exhibited the strongest anticancer activity, showing inhibition rates above 80% at 24 and 48 h, whereas K4 and K23 also demonstrated considerable cytotoxic effects. Notably, antibacterial and anticancer activities were not directly correlated. Extracts with strong antibacterial activity, such as K12 and K22, showed proliferative effects in anticancer assays, whereas K10 displayed weak antibacterial but strong anticancer activity. These findings demonstrate that antibacterial and anticancer properties of propolis are governed by distinct phytochemical compositions. Overall, this study highlights the multidimensional bioactivity of Turkish propolis and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive phytochemical characterization for identifying extracts with application-specific therapeutic potential.

Aim of study: Astragalus is one of the largest genus of the Fabaceae family. Morphological, molecular and genetic studies as well as palynological studies are being used to solve the taxonomic problems of this genus, which has a wide distribution worldwide. Material and method: In this study, the pollen morphology of 14 species belonging to the Hymenostegis and Hymenocoleus sections distributed in T & uuml;rkiye was examined by light and electron microscopy. Main results: In all taxa examined, pollen grains were detected as monad, radially symmetrical and apolar type. While the aperture types were determined as tricolporate in all species examined, only 5% trisyncolpate and 95% tricolporate aperture types were found in A. gueruenensis and A. ciloensis. Research highlights: Ornamentation types vary between the polar to equatorial region. Eight different ornamentation types have been identified, consisting of different combinations of psilate, perforate, microreticulate and reticulate ornamentation elements. Ornamentation in the equatorial and polar areas, P/E ratio and shape, Aperture type and pore structure are the most valuable variables to distinguish between Hymenostegis and Hymenocoleus section types.

Certain fungal spores in the atmosphere are one of the main factors that cause asthma attacks and allergic rhinitis symptoms in susceptible individuals. Elevated concentrations of fungal spores cause a significant reduction in the quality of life of susceptible individuals, and an increase in workloads at hospitals. In addition, some fungal spores can contaminate agricultural crops, compromising plant health and food safety and inflicting economic losses. The analysis of atmospheric fungal spores through aerobiological studies and the determination of their relationship with meteorological factors can support reduced exposure to allergens and favor early precautions against agricultural pests. In this study, fungal spores in the atmosphere in Kastamonu, Türkiye were studied hourly throughout 2017 using the volumetric method. Through the study, fungal spores belonging to 41 different taxa were detected in Kastamonu’s atmosphere: Cladosporium, 58.76

Orthotrichum Hedw. and Lewinskya F. Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet are widespread genera within the family Orthotrichaceae Arn. Although spore size is commonly used in the identification of these genera, detailed information on spore ornamentation remains insufficient. Therefore, in this study, the detailed spore morphological characteristics and capsule structures of several Orthotrichum species collected from Türkiye (O. bistratosum (Schiffn.) J. Guerra, O. diaphanum Schrad. ex Brid., O. pallens Bruch ex Brid., O. pumilum Sw. ex anon., O. scanicum Gronvall, O. stramineum Hornsch. ex Brid.) and Lewinskya striata (Hedw.) F. Lara, Garilleti & Goffinet were examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aperture regions of most of the examined spores were found to possess a leptoma. In addition, depending on the type of sclerine ornamentation, the spores of the studied species correspond to three morphological categories: verrucate, gemmate, and granulate. The spores are also katalept, monolete, or trilete. In equatorial view, spore shapes range from spheroidal to plan-convex. Generally, the surface ornamentation elements are prominent, accompanied by smaller projections such as micro-verrucae, nano-gemmae, and granulae. Furthermore, the polar outline of the spores is typically circular to ellipsoidal, and occasionally subtriangular. The average polar axis (P) length ranges from 10.41 µm to 21.77 µm, while the equatorial diameter (E) ranges between 11.66 µm and 24.67 µm. It was determined that characteristics such as spore shape, size, and surface ornamentation vary among the examined taxa, indicating their taxonomic significance.

Grape is one of the most widely consumed food sources worldwide and has been under massive research for its health benefits. In this study, we used ethanolic extracts from six different grape cultivars (both white and black grapes) to test their anticancer capacity for Huh7 liver cancer cell line. The findings showed that the grape cultivar species play the role on the cytotoxicity, which was observed as biphasic dose dependent. Based on the findings and the literature, it can be claimed rather than using whole grape extracts, fractionation of the extracts is needed to isolate bioactive compounds due to the fact that flavonoids can serve as cytotoxicity and cytoprotective behaviors depending on their chemistry.

The grapevine has been cultivated in almost every region of the world due to its commercial value and as a spread source of food, all which has allowed diversification of grape types. The distinction of grapevine varieties is usually made by examining their morphological features. However, it is known that anatomical studies are very valuable in plant taxonomy. In this study, the anatomical features of leaf and petiole sections were examined using three set of samples for eight different grapevine varieties (i.e., 'Öküzgözü', 'Narince', 'Syrah', 'Boğazkere', 'Kalecik Karası', 'Viognier', 'Malbec' and 'Sauvignon Blanch') grown in the vineyards of Toklümen village in the center of Kırşehir Province. Leaf blade sections are generally seen to consist of upper epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma and lower epidermis layers. On the other hand, the petiole has a five-lobed appearance in cross-section, drawing attention to the accessory vascular bundle seen from the adaxial region along with large vascular bundles above them. According to the findings, it was determined that although the anatomical features may vary according to environmental effects, there were significant differences in different cultivars growing in the same area.

In this study, the pollen morphology of 5 species (Trifolium boissieri Guss. ex-Soy. -Will. & Godr., T. dasyurum C.Presl, T. pauciflorum d'Urv., T. scabrum L., and T. spumosum L.) belonging to the genus Trifolium L. from the Fabaceae family, distributed in Şanlıurfa province, was examined with light and electron microscopes. Within the framework of the palynological study, pollen shapes, ornamentations, pore and colpus lengths and widths were determined and their measurements were given. Pollen grains are generally monad in structure, have trizonocolporate aperture, and subprolate to prolate-spheroidal shape. Ornamentation generally shows significant differences in polar and equatorial regions. In the pollen grains examined, perforate, psilate-perforate, and reticulate ornamentation is seen in the polar region, while microreticulate and reticulate ornamentation is dominant in the equatorial region. While the polar axis lengths were determined to be between 38.67-29.19 μm on average, the equatorial axis length was determined to be between 33.79-23.45 μm on average. As a result of the study, it was determined that characters such as pollen shape, pollen size, and surface ornamentation differed among species and these were the characters that could have taxonomic value in the systematic distinction of species.

In this study, pollen morphologies of 5 species (Astragalus guttatus Banks & Sol., A. cretaceus Boiss., A. caprinus L., A. brachystachys DC. and A. ancistrocarpus Boiss. & Hausskn.) belonging to the Astragalus genus of the family Fabaceae, which are distributed in Şanlıurfa province, were exemined by light and electron microscope. As a result of the study, it was determined that the pollen of the taxa were monad, radial symmetrical and isopolar. Pollen of all studied species are trizonocolporate, colpus length (Clg) 16.5-27.62 µm, colpus width (Clt) 2.15-4.16 µm, pore length (Plg) 6.69-9.32 µm, pore width (Plt) was detected between 6.69-11.44 µm. Polar axis length was measured between 19.23-33.66 µm and equatorial axis diameter was measured as 14.95-28.61 µm. Ornamentation was determined as psilate, psilate-perforate, psilate-microreticulate, microreticulate in the polar region and aperture surround the while microreticulate in the equatorial region. As a result of the study, it was determined that the characters such as pollen shape, pollen size and surface ornamentation differ between species and these characters have taxonmic value in the systematic separation of species.

This work was performed as a comparative study using nine different aqueous pollen grain extracts from eight different genera (Juniperus, Biota, Cupressus, Abies, Pinus, Cedrus, Populus and Corylus) to synthesize gold nanostructures (AuNSs) to understand if there is any possible marker that helps to predict the final morphology and size of the AuNSs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Apigenin and Pinoresinol compounds are the marker molecules in determination of the AuNSs physical characteristics while total protein, reducing carbohydrate, flavonoid and phenol contents did not show any statistically meaningful outcome. The "dominancy hypothesis" was tested by paying attention to the most concentrated phenolic acids and flavonoids in the control of AuNSs morphology and size, for which correlation analysis were performed. The statistical findings were tested using two new more pollen extracts to validate the models. Three main findings of the study were (i) determination of Apigenin and Pinoresinol levels in pollen extract can give an insight into the AuNSs physical characters, (ii) the most concentrated phenolic acids and flavonoids don't need to be same to pose same dictative effect on AuNSs morphology and size, rather relatively abundant ones in the extract play the key role and (iii) differences in the polymeric structures (e. g. lignin, cellulosic compounds etc.) have minor effect on the final morphology and size of the AuNSs.

In this study, the morphological properties of pollen of 14 species from 9 different sections of the genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) distributed in Türkiye were examined, identified, and compared under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollen grains of the studied taxa are radially symmetrical and isopolar. Pollen shapes were determined as prolate, subprolate, spheroidal, and prolate-spheroidal. The polar axis lengths of the pollen grains were determined to be between 24.5 and 34.4 μm, and the equatorial axis lengths were determined to be between 22.4 and 27.5 μm. The aperture type of pollen grains is mainly trizonacolporate, rarely trisyncolporate. Colpus are thin and long with acute ends. The shapes of the pores were determined as oblate, suboblate, or oblate-spheroidal. Colpus lengths were found to be between 18.2 and 28.8 μm, and widths were found to be between 2.7 and 7.1 μm. In the studied species, four types of ornamentation were determined according to the differences in the polar region and equatorial region. Type 1: perforate in polar and equatorial regions; Type 2: perforate in polar region, microreticulate in equatorial region; Type 3: microreticulate in polar and equatorial regions; Type 4: psilate-perforate in polar region, microreticulate in equatorial region. Principal component analysis (PCA) and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analyses showed that morphological characters of pollen grains were effective in distinguishing species but could not contribute significantly to a distinction according to sections. Pollen size, colpus characteristics, and ornamentation were determined to be important characteristics that distinguish the studied taxa. This study contributes to Astragalus taxonomy and different sub-branches of palynology.

Air pollutants are associated with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) and natural and/or artificial radionuclides, which can pose a major threat to human and environmental health. Pollens can be utilized as a bioindicator to determine the level of air pollution in urban areas. In this study, the concentrations of PTMs and natural radionuclides in 35 airborne pollen samples of 22 species belonging to Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, and Oleaceae families grown in different urban areas in Turkey were determined using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. For the first time, non-carcinogenic and radiologic health risk assessments for adults were done, estimating hazard index (HI) and annual effective dose (AED), respectively. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Ti, Sr, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, V and Pb analyzed in airborne pollen samples varied from 52.1 to 3078.0, 26.1 to 159.6, 15.6 to 199.7, 9.1 to 282.2, 1.0 to 128.4, 5.0 to 40.1, 5.4 to 23.6, <LD to 11.3, 1.6 to 26.6, <LD to 11.1 and <LD to 5.7 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of K (2%), Th (1.3 mg/kg) and U (1.0 mg/kg) were converted into the activity concentrations (in Bq/kg) of 40K (595.8), 232Th (5.2) and 238U (11.8), respectively. All HI and AED values revealed a very low non-carcinogenic and radiological health risk due to exposure to all PTMs and radionuclides in the pollen samples studied.

Although the types of scientific tests used change over time, saffron intake has been found to reduce symptoms of diabetes, cholesterol, Alzheimer's, depression, and many other diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide safe and well-controlled clinical tests to clearly analyze the potential mechanisms of the effects of saffron. Biological markers after saffron use are measured in relationship with the predicted health results, so that the results of various studies can be compared and explicated. Since the natural propagation of saffron does not occur quickly and its corms can be manually dug up, separated and replanted, biotechnological methods can increase the ability to generate large amounts of various saffron compounds, such as crocin, picrocrocin, crocetin and safranal, in vitro. Since pathogenic plants cause crop losses in agriculture environment, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) can help with biotic and abiotic problems via a crop molecular reproduction plan, with improvement of the genes' responses to issues induced through viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) methods can be used for determining the maintenance times of ingredients for saffron extract through analyzing solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPMEGC-MS). QSAR is an accurate method for detecting relationships between the molecular properties of chemical reactions and biological systems. Bioinformatics tools can help the mechanism of the transcriptome of saffron based on the structural foundation of the flavor, color biogenesis, genomic establishment and biological gynoecium of saffron. The data extracted from bioinformatics websites can be used for constructing biological routes containing the biosynthesis of main ingredients of saffron, i.e., crocin, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin. Omics-based technologies have been extensively discussed within biology and can be used for saffron. These studies have given rise to concepts for the better understanding of saffron growth and its therapeutic action. Molecular docking simulation has also been discussed to find the location of safranal inside lysozyme. The interaction of safranal with molecular biology was discussed by mixing approaches including CRISPR/Cas9, docking, bioinformatics and omics. This provides a new approach that is in with the results obtained

Aim of study: The aim of this study is to reveal the biochemical component and antimicrobial effects of essential oils obtained from different parts of Abies taxa in Türkiye. Material and methods: Essential oils were analyzed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by using Steam Distillation Method and MIC test against nineteen microorganisms, In the wells where the effect was observed according to the MIC test, the MBC test was performed to determine that the effect was bactericidal or inhibitory (bacteriostatic). For determination of chemical composition; samples of essential oils obtained from plants with Hydrodistillation were analyzed with GC MS QP 2010 Ultra (Shimadzu). Main results: Beta-pinene, cis-Ocimene and Beta-Phellandrene were found to be the main components in all parts of the taxon when looking at the chemical compounds of A. cilicica subsp. isaurica taxon. There are differences in essential oil components in the branches and leaves of A. nordmanniana subsp. nordmanniana and A. cilicica subsp. cilicica taxa in the main components. Highlights: The results of the study reveal that the oils obtained from the leaves, branches and cones of Abies taxa can be used as a supportive health product and for medical purposes with additional studies.

Surface functionalized nanostructures have outstanding potential in biological applications owing to their target -specific design. In this study, we utilized laboratory synthesized carbohydrate-derivatives (i.e., galactose, mannose, lactose, and cellobiose derivatives) for aqueous one-pot synthesis of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nano -structure glycoconjugates (NSs), and iron metal-organic framework glycoconjugates (FeMOFs). This work aims to test whether differences in the surface chemistry of the inorganic nanostructures play roles in revealing their toxicities towards bacterial cells and cancerous cell lines. As of the first step, biological activity of AuNSs, AgNSs, and FeMOFs were tested against a variety of gram (-) and gram (+) bacterial strains, where AgNSs possessed moderate to high antibacterial activities against all the tested bacterial strains, while AuNSs and FeMOFs showed their bacterial toxicity mostly depending on the strain. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination studies were performed for the nanostructure glycoconjugates, for which mu g/mL MBC values were obtained such as (Cellobiose p-aminobenzoic acid_AgNS) CBpAB_AgNS gave 50 mu g/mL MBC value for P.aeruginosa and S.kentucy. The activity of selected sugar ligands and corresponding glycoconjugates were further tested on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines, where se-lective anticancer activity was observed depending on the surface chemistry as well. Besides, D-penicillamine was introduced to galectin specific sugar ligand coated AuNS glycoconjugates, which showed very strong anticancer activities even at low doses. Overall, the importance of this work is that the surface chemistry of the inorganic nanostructures can be critical to reveal their toxicity towards bacterial cells and cancerous cell lines.

We performed a comparative study using aqueous extracts of dandelion flowers and blueberry fruits to synthesize gold- (Au) and silver- (Ag) nanostructures (NSs). The blueberry extracts gave nanowire and spherical AuNSs upon changing the ratio of the extracts to Au(3+)precursor while altering the ratio for the dandelion extracts resulted in formation of only anisotropic AuNSs. Similar results were obtained during the AgNSs, where the dandelion extracts resulted in formation of quasi-spherical AgNSs at the tested ratio (extract/AgNO3 ratio) while altering the ratio for the blueberry extracts resulted in nanorod and nanoplates formation. We argued that this could be from dominancy of a lone compound or a group of compounds and tested this claim by introducing chrysin and amino acid mixtures to the blueberry extracts. Altering the added chrysin amount triggered nanoplate and spherical AuNSs formation while alteration in amino acid mixture content did not change the morphology, and spherical AuNSs were obtained. The antibacterial studies revealed the AgNSs are toxic to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 8 mu g/mL MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and 3 mu g/mL values for the blueberry and dandelion extracts synthesized AgNSs while penicillin/streptomycin sulfate mixture carrying Dandelion-AuNSs gave 12-times lower MBC value in comparison to free penicillin/streptomycin sulfate mixture.

Abstract Thirty-three honey samples were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Kastamonu Province, in order to characterise the palynological and physico-chemical properties of the honey produced in the western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Melissopalynological characteristics of the honey samples were determined based on the total pollen number in 10 g (TPN-10 g) along with the pollen taxa diversity. The physicochemical properties of the samples including humidity ratio, volatile organic compounds, total phenolic content, fructose/glucose ratio and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were determined using a refractometer, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Melissopalynological analysis revealed that the honey samples contain 49 taxa, of which 18 were determined at family level and 31 were determined at genus level. The most common taxon was Castanea sativa while the other important taxa were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Eleven out of 33 honey samples were monofloral and the remaining 22 samples were multifloral. According to the TPN-10 g results of the honey samples, the total number of pollens in 10 g of Kastamonu honey was between 1051 and 325 108 pollen grains. The moisture ratio was obtained between 11.9 and 18.9% while the fructose + glucose values were between 35.84 and 84.1 g/100 g. HMF content varied between 0.38 and 21.31 ppm while the total phenolic content varied between 39.6 and 138.8 mg GAE/100 g. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the samples contain compounds belonging to the groups of aldehydes, aliphatic acid and its esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, flavonoids, carboxylic acid and esters, ketones, and sugars.

In this study, detailed light microscopy (LM) and scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of pollen grains belonging to 11 taxa of genera Grammosciadium, Vinogradovia and Caropodium were performed. The pollen is radially symmetrical and generally isopolar with the exception of Grammosciadium macrodan ssp. nezaketiae where 65% of the grains have asymmetrical appearance. All the taxa are tricolporate. Ectoapertures are discontinuous (colpus length: 14.7 +/- 0.8 and colpus width: 21.20 +/- 2.28) with narrow and acute at the ends extending to the subpolar region. Endoapertures are in the mid-section of the ectoapertures, which is lolangate, prolate-spheroidal in Grammosciadium scabridum, while lalongate, ellipsoidal, oblate or suboblate in the other taxa. Pollen shape is triangular and semi-triangular in polar-view. Pollen outline in equatorial view is subrectangular-straight in G. scabridum and Caropodium platycarpum, however, those were subrectangular and slightly constricted in equatorial region in all others. Based on the P/E ratio, it is prolate in G. macrodon ssp. macrodon while it is perprolate in the other taxa. Ornamentation variation (i.e. psilate, psilate-perforate, psilate-rugulate, rugulate and rugulate-perforate) was observed around the apertural, equatorial and polar regions. This character has been found as taxonomically important for the studied taxa.

Aim of study: The aim of this study is to reveal the biochemical component and antimicrobial effects of essential oils obtained from different parts of Abies taxa in Turkiye. Material and methods: Essential oils were analyzed for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by using Steam Distillation Method and MIC test against nineteen microorganisms, In the wells where the effect was observed according to the MIC test, the MBC test was performed to determine that the effect was bactericidal or inhibitory (bacteriostatic). For determination of chemical composition; samples of essential oils obtained from plants with Hydrodistillation were analyzed with GC MS QP 2010 Ultra (Shimadzu). Main results: Beta-pinene, cis-Ocimene and Beta-Phellandrene were found to be the main components in all parts of the taxon when looking at the chemical compounds of A. cilicica subsp. isaurica taxon. There are differences in essential oil components in the branches and leaves of A. nordmanniana subsp. nordmanniana and A. cilicica subsp. cilicica taxa in the main components. Highlights: The results of the study reveal that the oils obtained from the leaves, branches and cones of Abies taxa can be used as a supportive health product and for medical purposes with additional studies.

Ganoderma comprises a common bracket fungal genus that causes basal stem rot in deciduous and coniferous trees and palms, thus having a large economic impact on forestry production. We estimated pathogen abundance using long-term, daily spore concentration data collected in five biogeographic regions in Europe and SW Asia. We hypothesized that pathogen abundance in the air depends on the density of potential hosts (trees) in the surrounding area, and that its spores originate locally. We tested this hypothesis by (1) calculating tree cover density, (2) assessing the impact of local meteorological variables on spore concentration, (3) computing back trajectories, (4) developing random forest models predicting daily spore concentration. The area covered by trees was calculated based on Tree Density Datasets within a 30 km radius from sampling sites. Variations in daily and seasonal spore concentrations were cross-examined between sites using a selection of statistical tools including HYSPLIT and random forest models. Our results showed that spore concentrations were higher in Northern and Central Europe than in South Europe and SW Asia. High and unusually high spore concentrations (> 90th and > 98th percentile, respectively) were partially associated with long distance transported spores: at least 33% of Ganoderma spores recorded in Madeira during days with high concentrations originated from the Iberian Peninsula located >900 km away. Random forest models developed on local meteorological data performed better in sites where the contribution of long distance transported spores was lower. We found that high concentrations were recorded in sites with low host density (Leicester, Worcester), and low concentrations in Kastamonu with high host density. This suggests that south European and SW Asian forests may be less severely affected by Ganoderma. This study highlights the effectiveness of monitoring airborne Ganoderma spore concentrations as a tool for assessing local Ganoderma pathogen infection levels.