Background: Glycosylated flavonoids (GCs) have emerged as a prominent research focus owing to their diverse bioactivities and promising health benefits. Recent advancements have significantly expanded our understanding of their chemical structures, biological functions, and glycosylation mechanisms. In particular, refined glycosylation strategies and the interplay between their physicochemical properties and functional roles have enabled precise structural modifications that enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of flavonoids, thereby amplifying the functional potential. However, the current research remains fragmented, particularly in the comprehensive assessment of their health-promoting properties and applications, which hinders their broader industrial adoption. Scope and approach: This review systematically integrates recent progress in the chemical and biological principles of GCs, outlines glycosylation strategies, and elucidates their bioactive mechanisms. Special emphasis is also placed on their practical applications in the food and cosmetic industries. Key findings and conclusions: Research demonstrates that flavonoids can be glycosylated via chemical synthesis, enzymatic catalysis, and microbial transformation. Compared to non-GCs, their glycosylated counterparts exhibit superior physicochemical properties and functional performance, making them ideal candidates for use as natural antioxidants, functional food ingredients, and bioactive additives. Building on these advances, this review comprehensively analyzes the chemical mechanisms, biological effects, and practical applications of GCs, emphasizing their roles in enhancing stability, bioavailability, and health benefits. Furthermore, it critically discusses current limitations in scalable production and structural design, underscoring the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate chemistry, biotechnology, and food science. In conclusion, this review highlights the innovative applications of GCs in agriculture, medicine, and beyond. By outlining key challenges and emerging opportunities, it provides a forward-looking framework to guide future research and facilitate the translation of GCs into sustainable industrial and therapeutic solutions.

Herein, we report a semi-synthetic strategy affording a nitrophorin 2 (NP2) variant with a N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (Dpa) ligand as sidechain selectively installed at position 27, which was assembled from a synthetic peptide thioester bearing the Dpa ligand and an expressed protein segment via native chemical ligation. The semi-synthetic NP2 was able to accept the natural heme b cofactor and the Dpa ligand was able to bind Cu(II)/Fe(III) ions, leading to heteronuclear active site.

A highly efficient one-pot solid-phase synthesis of peptides with azopyridine is reported. When conjugated with the Mn–CO moiety, the resulting peptide- photoCORMs were able to achieve targeted intracellular CO release upon red light illumination.

A one-pot synthetic route has been developed for the assembly of peptide Mn(i)-carbonyl bioconjugates. It allows the installation of a variety of chelating agents at the late stage, and after just one purification step the TAT-MnCO complexes can be obtained. The resulting bioconjugates showed different and tunable CO releasing kinetics upon visible light activation.

The early CO2 formation is a characteristic for the methyl esters group of biodiesel. A new reaction pathway was added to skeletal methyl esters mechanism for improving the prediction of early CO2 formation. The methyl decanoate, methyl 9-decenoate, methyl 5-decenoate and methyl stearate sub-mechanisms with added reaction pathway were optimized by adjusting reaction rate constants for more accurate prediction. Based on decoupling methodology, a new skeletal mechanism for methyl butanoate was constructed by integrating detailed H-2/CO/C-1 sub-mechanism, reduced C-2-C-3 sub-mechanism and methyl butanoate sub-mechanism. These improved mechanisms were validated well in a shock tube for ignition delay times and in a jet-stirred reactor for major species concentrations over wide operating conditions, respectively. When compared to available mechanism in the literature, the present mechanism has good improvement for the prediction of early CO2 formation. Moreover, the effect of newly added reactions on ignition delay times was analyzed by sensitivity analysis method. Added reaction of Fuel Radical = ME2J + Short Chain Hydrocarbon mainly causes the influence on ignition delay time at high temperature, and decrease the reactivity of oxidation of fuel radical. The reaction of OCHO + M < = > H + CO2 + M dominates the early CO2 formation, and makes less contribution to production of CO2 with higher temperature. The improved mechanisms, which consist of methyl esters from a relatively short to long carbon chain, have a good performance for the prediction of early CO2 formation.

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of MMP-2, which includes a hemopexin-like domain, has been increasingly studied as an alternative target in developing selective intervention strategies towards MMP-2. Moreover, The CTD itself has been implicated in a growing number of biological events, either MMP-dependent or -independent. The production of CTD, however, has been mostly based on the uncontrolled lysis of the latent ProMMP-2 or fusion protein expression that leaves a fusion tag. In this work we present a facile production of the untagged CTD in E. coli. The target protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, and we established an efficient wash and refolding strategy that allows us to obtain the target protein in extremely high purity. The yield was established at similar to 6 mg/L of the culture medium, which would greatly facilitate the production and hence the biological study of CTD. The method described herein might also prove useful for related (domain) proteins in MMP family and beyond.