This paper examines modern Chinese gun machining technology by analyzing the Jin-made 36 Type 75 mm mountain gun manufactured by the North Western Industrial Corporation. It also investigates the technical characteristics and introduction process of the SOMUA rifling machine as a mechanical heritage, while discussing artillery manufacturing during the era of the Republic of China.

China is the earlier country in the world to master zinc smelting technology,there is a record of zinc smelting technology in Tiangong Kaiwu in 1637.Since the 18th century,the zinc smelting technology in Europe had become more advanced than China,and there had been more popular British zinc smelting method,Belgian zinc smelting method and Silesian method.In the late 19th century,these technical knowledge began to be translated into China by the Translation Department of Kiangnan Arsenal.During this period,China had always applied the traditional method of zinc smelting.It was not until 1934,nearly half a century after the introduction of this knowledge,that the first zinc refinery using the Western method was built in China.The main questions to be investigated in this paper are the following:Through what medium was the knowledge of Western zinc refining introduced into China?What knowledge was introduced?Was those knowledge related to the first practical application of Western zinc refining technology in China?By analyzing the translated texts of the translations of Kiangnan Arsenal and sorting out the historical materials,it can be concluded that the three translated books,namely Jinshi Shibie,Baozang Xingyan,and Kuangxue Kaozhi,systematically introduced three kinds of zinc smelting technical knowledge popular in the West at that time,among which Baozang Xingyan is the most detailed and systematic.In terms of the efficiency of zinc refining,all three western technologies are more efficient than the traditional Chinese zinc refining technology.The article also provides a preliminary reconstruction of the application of those knowledge in the first Western-style zinc refinery in China,the Shuikoushan Western-style Zinc Refinery in Hunan province.Several attempts of western zinc refining had been made in Hunan,but all were unsuccessful.It was not until 1934 that Raoshi,the chief engineer of the Shuikoushan Western-style Zinc Refinery in Hunan,succeeded in realizing the Western method of zinc refining after a number of trials,and the technology he chose was the Belgian technology.The Shuikoushan Western-style Zinc Refinery has the following characteristics:Firstly,it has a very prominent feature of the localization in the practice of knowledge,compared with other industries that directly purchased foreign equipment,it was realized by choosing its own process and developing its own equipment on the basis of the enterprise's reference to the technical principles of the Western style.Secondly,there was a gap of about half a century between the importation of zinc refining knowledge and its industrial application,and the importation of knowledge did not produce immediate results,which was due to some complex reasons including China's well-established traditional zinc refining technological system,the market,and technical education,etc.This paper provides the first overview of Western zinc refining knowledge imported into China in the modern era,suggests for the first time that the earliest weatern technology to be successfully practiced in China was the Belgian zinc refining method,and discusses the process of technological selection of the Shuikoushan Western-style Zinc Refinery and the factors that influenced the implementation of the knowledge into practice.

The determination of the insulin structure in the 1960s and 1970s opened up a precedent for the study of biological macromolecules in China, and had a profound impact on domestic development of molecular biology. Based on archives and other historical documents, this paper takes the porcine insulin crystal structure determination project as a case study to investigate relevant Sino-British scientific and technological exchanges, through which the role of Sino-British exchanges in the process of the project and the development of the discipline are analyzed, and the characteristics of scientific and technological exchanges between China and Western countries against the specific historical background are discussed.

Historical conditions and features of earliest stage of introducing locomotive technology in Italy and China in 19th Century are outlined and compared. The paper presents how a technological innovation realized its global transfer in the 19th century and the differences between the developments in the two countries in terms of technology transfer.

[目的/意义]中国科学院学部是国家在科学技术方面的最高咨询机构,在不同时期为国家发展战略提供决策参考.本文分析了学部咨询工作的演进历程及特点,以期为国家高端智库的研究和建设提供借鉴.[方法/过程]本文利用档案和文献资料考察学部咨询工作的历史,探究了学部咨询工作的演进历程,分析了不同时期学部咨询模式,并对学部咨询工作的特点进行了讨论和总结.[结果/结论]各个时期的学部咨询工作模式不同,学部在服务国家重大需求和国民经济社会发展方面取得了实质效果.国家高端智库建设为学部咨询能力拓展提供了更大空间.

: Panzhihua-Xichang region is one of the most abundant areas of mineral resources in China. Vanadium-titanium magnetite of this region is a typical metal-associated iron ore resource with a comprehensive utilization value. Institute of Chemical Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICM CAS, now Institute of Process Engineering, IPE CAS) conducted an important comprehensive utilization research mission and supported the construction of Panzhihua iron and steel industry base. CAS academician Yap Chu-Phay, the first director of ICM CAS, has been engaged in comprehensive utilization research for a long time. At the National Science Conference in 1978, comprehensive utilization research on Panzhihua mineral resources was listed as one of the three major research centers in China. As deputy premier of the State Council, Fang Yi distributed related scientific and technological tasks to many institutes, universities, and enterprises of China. As national strategic strength in science and technology, this paper analyses the important functions of CAS in utilizing the major mineral resources in China through studying the history of the cooperation of ICM CAS and Panzhihua (1958 — 2001). From this case study, the paper reflects how Chinese state-run research institutions like IPE CAS have conducted scientific and technological research to meet major national strategic needs since its foundation in 1958.

Xu Baosheng was an outstanding figure in the field of metallurgical machinery. He was not only the founder of Chinese own discipline system of metallurgical machinery, but also a world pioneer in inventing and designing the continuous casting machine. He designed and manufactured the first two-flow vertical continuous casting machine of China in 1958. Then, he designed independently the first experimental unit of curved mold caster in the world in 1960, two years earlier than the famous Von Moos’ continuous casting machine. Xu Baosheng was also the very first to utilize flying shears in the continuous casters. Furthermore, he introduced the critical innovation such as the composite vibration mold and the differential gear type vibration mechanism. The curved mold caster designed by him in 1962 soon became the largest combination continuous casting machinery unit in the world. In view of the foregoing, it can be said that Xu Baosheng made a very important contribution to the development the machinery technology of steel casting not only in China but also in the world. As a matter of fact, he was awarded as one of the thirteen pioneers of the development of the continuous casting.

文章以晋造36式75毫米山炮制造的技术史为视角,利用档案和工业遗存,考察西北实业公司火炮制造历史,探究了36式山炮仿制的原因和过程.分析了钢铁材料的来源和火炮制造标准的形成,整理出制造工序和加工设备,考证了施耐德产来复线机的技术特点和引进过程,并对其中所折射出的民国时期我国火炮制造的特点进行了讨论.

The Yangchuang movable dam was the first completed movable dam in China. It controlled flow velocity and guaranteed appropriate levels of shipping water depth using western movable dam technology. Yangchuang was located at the intersection of the Old Yellow River bed and Zhong Canal. This location played a key role in harnessing the Huai river, as the Qing dynasty attached increasing importance to flood prevention. Zhang Jian first presented the idea of constructing the Yangchuang regulator, and the Huai River Commission transformed this idea into design and action. Based on archival investigation, this study focused on the Yangchuang regulator project, reproducing the design and construction processes. The study also discusses technology design improvements and the changes of engineering experts’ roles in harnessing water in modern hydraulic engineering.

Bayan Obo in Baotou is a large polymetallic symbiotic mine in China. In 1978, comprehensive utilization research on Bayan Obo mineral resources was listed as one of the 108 key projects and 3 major research centers in China. As deputy premier of the State Council, Fang Yi, distributed scientific and technological research to more than a 100 institutes, universities, and enterprises, The first director of the Institute of Chemical Metallurgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICM CAS, now Institute of Process Engineering, IPE CAS) Yap Chu-Phay made a forward-looking and strategic suggestion on the comprehensive utilization of Bayan Obo mineral resources in the 1950s-1960s; however, it was not totally accepted by the central ministries at that time. From 1978, ICM CAS assumed the important comprehensive utilization research mission that was to extractrare earth from the blast furnace slag of Bayan Obo ore. Scientists of the ICM CAS made fruitful research achievements with pilot test successes in Baotou enterprises. This paper analyses the relationship between scientific and technological consultation and research and major national strategicneeds through studying the history of Yap Chu-Phay’s suggestion of the comprehensive utilization of rare earth and the chemical metallurgy research on Bayan Obo mineral resources comprehensive utilization. From this case study, the paper reflects how Chinese state-run research institutions such as IPE CAS conduct scientific and technological research to meet major national strategic needs.

In the middle of the 20th century, the emergence of continuous casting technology, especially represented by curved mold caster, triggered a revolution in the steel industry. Xu Baosheng, the designer and manufacturer of the first experimental unit of curved mold caster and the first curved mold combination caster for wide slabs and blooms in the world, was honored as one of the thirteen pioneers for the development of continuous casting in the world. This paper explores the development of the design and test process for his curved mold caster, aspects of his critical innovation on designing the mode vibration mechanism, and spread of the curved mold caster technology in China.

顺丁橡胶是汽车轮胎制造最重要的原材料,丁二烯是其合成原料.20世纪50年代末至70年代,我国历经实验室研发和两次联合攻关,独立自主地实现了顺丁橡胶工业化生产,成为世界上首先实现丁烯氧化脱氢制丁二烯工艺工业化生产的国家之一,顺丁橡胶项目因此于1985年获得国家科技进步特等奖.在这一案例中,中科院兰州化物所是丁烯氧化脱氢制丁二烯的研发单位,深度参与了顺丁橡胶由实验室到工业化联合攻关各阶段的研发工作.本文以中科院兰州化物所为对象,通过对中科院兰州化物所、中科院办公厅、锦州石油六厂等单位档案文献的挖掘,还原兰州化物所在丁烯氧化脱氢项目的研究以及参与顺丁橡胶联合攻关的情况,探讨在20世纪六七十年代特殊历史背景下,中国材料工业技术创新的模式与特点,以及中科院所发挥的作用.

中国煤铁矿业的工业化始于1874年李鸿章的直隶磁州煤铁矿开发计划,虽然1881年开平煤矿的投产才使得该计划得以实现,但它是首个基于中国矿产资源的科学认知而由晚清洋务官员实施的计划。19世纪六七十年代来自西方的地质学家和传教士开始对直隶矿产资源进行科学考察,但由此形成的矿产资源新知识主要流传于西方学术界。本文通过挖掘1863至1874年间与直隶煤铁矿资源相关的中外文献,系统还原这些最早的科学知识是如何产生,并通过何种途径在中国传播而最终导致李鸿章磁州煤铁矿开发计划的出台的。研究表明,直隶矿产新知识源于19世纪60年代庞培利等地质学家的考察,后因韦廉臣等传教士的兴趣和努力而得以在中国传播,但真正使这种理论知识向中国人的实用性知识转变并直接传递给洋务官员的,则主要是英国商人亨德森的工作。

In the process of industrialization of modern China, the mining and metallurgy in-dustry was the first to be valued along-side that of the military. Hence, mining and metallurgy engi-neers played a vital role in the development of the mining and metallurgy industry. Through research on historical data and statistical analysis, this paper systematically restores the formation of the com-munity of mining and metallurgy engineers in modern China, revealing the evolution of China's do-mestic capacity in mining and metallurgy technology in modern times.

Early industrialization of iron and steel production in China began with establishment of the Hanyang Iron Works at the end of the nineteenth century, which in the early twentieth century became the Hanyehping Coal and Iron Limited Company. In order to develop its own expertise, the Hanyehping Company sent some ten Chinese students to Western countries to study metallurgy. These students would later become the first generation of Chinese iron and steel engineers and play a crucial role in the modernization of iron and steel technologies and industrialization in China. This article focuses on some foreign study experiences of these engineers and their subsequent working lives in China, from 1894 to 1925, thus providing insight into how the modern Chinese iron and steel industry was established and how the earliest efforts to transplant Western metallurgy technology in China were made.

从1927年南京国民政府建立至1937年抗日战争全面爆发,这一时期国内政局相对较为稳定,中国近代工业得到了暂时相对宽松与自由的发展环境,但近代工业化中能源与材料基础产业——矿冶业在这一时期的发展却不尽如人意.本文从矿冶专门工程学术团体——中国矿冶工程学会入手,通过挖掘相关史料,探讨该时期中国矿冶工程学会在矿业法与矿冶业发展、矿冶科学技术知识传播、矿冶科研学术等方面所做的努力,并指出受当时矿冶事业发展曲折以及政府支持力度不足的双重约束,中国矿冶工程学会所能发挥的作用与原始预期存在一定偏差.

Hanyehping Company was the first and only manufacturer of steel rails prior to 1926 in China. There are 148 sections of old steel rails were collected in the National Railway Museum of China, including 12 sections of early steel rails which made by Hanyehping. Through carrying out a systematical test and analysis of material performance of the Hanyang rails of NRMC and some imported rails of the same time, the producing process of Hanyang rails in the early modern China was restored and some historical issues of the steel making technology of Hanyehping Company in the early of 20th Century were discussed.

This study aims to investigate the role played by Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), minister of the Ming Dynasty, in the development of European scientific and technical knowledge in China between the 16th and 17th centuries by analyzing a book of Western technology that he wrote, namely, Taixi Shuifa (On Western Hydraulics). Several Western books related to machine knowledge are searched to trace the source of the illustrations in Taixi Shuifa. We found that Archimedes’ screw and Ctesibius’ machine, which are included in Vitruvius’ De Architectura volumes, also appear in the work of Xu Guangqi.

The paper presents a peculiar case of study of an attempt of technological transfer from Italy to China. It is remarkable the history of those conditions hat made China Imperial government to choose the Italian just established company Ansaldo for a first orders of a new warship. The history of this warship itself is peculiar and worthful to be discussed as an emblematic case of machine developments within international frames.