The impact of drying temperature on peanut quality and flavor is established, but specific effects require further exploration. This study investigated the influence of drying at 35 f 1 degrees C and 65 f 1 degrees C on the flavor and quality of Shuhua 9 peanuts using HC-GC-IMS, untargeted metabolomics, and TMT-based proteomics. Results showed that drying at 65 f 1 degrees C accelerated lipid oxidation compared to 35 f 1 degrees C, causing greater fatty acid degradation and increased flavor compounds production. Moreover, higher ethanol and ethyl acetate levels, potentially contributing to off-odors, were also observed. Metabolomics identified fatty acid degradation as a key pathway affected by drying temperature. Separately, proteomic analysis revealed significant upregulation of proteins involved in stress responses and antioxidant defense, particularly those related to arginine and proline metabolism. Integrated analysis further highlighted the crucial roles of these pathways in shaping peanut flavor and quality under different drying conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing peanut drying processes in the industry.

Inoculating legumes with selected rhizobial inoculant strain(s) to promote legume growth affects rhizosphere microbiota, yet the effects of inoculation vary. We isolated rhizobia from peanut root nodules collected across Sichuan, China, assessed their symbiotic performance in greenhouses and at two field sites with different soil types and climates, determined their competitiveness against native strains using rpoB amplicon sequencing, and assessed inoculation-related differences in peanut rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities using 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing. Four of the eight strains utilized as inoculants in the field experiments were competitive against native soil rhizobia. The differences in structure and taxonomic composition of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities were mostly noted between the sites. The number of differentially abundant rhizosphere genera was greater at the site with no prior peanut cultivation history than at the site in the traditional peanut cultivation areas. In the latter, differentially abundant genera were detected only in treatments where the inoculants were enriched in peanut nodules. The results provided minor support for the hypothesis that competitive inoculants would affect rhizosphere communities more than uncompetitive and ineffective inoculants, and that the effects of inoculation would be larger at a site with no peanut cultivation history. However, differences in the rhizosphere microbiota were likely to depend more on the local microbiota or soil conditions than on inoculation.

The demand for environmentally sustainable and intelligent freshness indicator packaging derived from biobased materials has surged nowadays. In this study, a new kind of aerogel labels is developed by incorporating anthocyanins extracted from wasted black peanut seed coat into dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) and gelatin. The prepared aerogel (DG-5), cross-linked via Schiff base reaction and containing 5 wt% DCMC, demonstrated superior microstructure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties, thereby enhancing its sensitivity to spoilage gases. When incorporated with 1 wt% anthocyanin (DG-PC2), the labels exhibited significant color variations in different buffer solutions. During the chicken freshness test, the color of the material altered significantly after one day of storage at 4 degrees C(P < 0.05), with the most marked change observed on Day 3, indicating chicken spoilage. The experimental outcomes revealed that these color changes were visually discernible and correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with physicochemical indicators of chicken spoilage. The proposed colorimetric porous aerogel labels exhibit great potential for applications in intelligent food packaging systems.

为应对消费者对优质可口食用型花生的需求,利用四川省成都市金堂县的鲜食型红花生地方品种自然变异单株,通过连续5年的系谱选育,培育出适宜四川地区种植的优质高糖水果型花生新品种"蜀花9号".2022年8月通过农业农村部非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号GDP花生(2022)510121.该品种蛋白质含量26.75％,脂肪含量43.54％,油酸含量39.25％,亚油酸含量36.68％,油亚比1.07.2019～2020年参加四川省多点试验,荚果平均产量3839.70kg/hm2,籽仁平均产量2809.80kg/hm2,适宜在四川非青枯病、叶斑病高发花生产区春季、麦/油后直播种植.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) peptides have various functional activities and a high utilization value. This study aims to isolate and characterize antioxidant peptides from peanut protein hydrolysates and further evaluate their neuroprotection against oxidative damage to PC12 cells induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). After the peanut protein was hydrolyzed with pepsin and purified using ultrafiltration and gel chromatography, six peptides were identified and sequenced by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Out of these six peptides, Pro-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Thr (PGCPST) exhibited a desirable antioxidant capacity, as determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Moreover, our results indicated that the peptide PGCPST effectively increased the cell viability and reduced the cell apoptosis in 6-OHDA-induced PC12. RNA sequencing further showed that the neuroprotective effect of the peptide PGCPST was mediated via sphingolipid metabolism-related pathways. With further research efforts, the peptide PGCPST was expected to develop into a new neuroprotective agent.

Abstract The plant-specific TCP transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in multiple processes of plant development and environmental stress response. However, the characteristics of TCP TFs in peanut are still unclear. In this study, we characterized the peanut TCPs including the numbers, classification, structures, and expression patterns based on the information from the available database. We identified 28, 9, and 8 TCPs in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner (AhTCP1-28), A. duranensis (AdTCP1-9), and A. ipaensis (AiTCP1-8), respectively. These genes can be divided into three groups based on the phylogenetic tree: PCF, CIN, and CYC/TB1. A total of 10 paralogous gene pairs in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner, five orthologous gene pairs between A. duranensis and A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner and five orthologous gene pairs between A. ipaensis and A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner, were identified respectively. Most duplicated gene pairs underwent purifying selection except AdTCP2-AhTCP15 and AiTCP8-AhTCP28 were subjected to positive selection. Hormone-related and abiotic stress response elements were abundant in several TCP gene promoters in A. hypogaea cv. Tifrunner. AhTCP12 and AhTCP25 contained four EREs (ethylene-response elements), and AhTCP15 included four TCA elements. Most of TCPs were expressed lowly in 22 tissues, however, several genes such as AhTCP25 and a homologous gene pair, AhTCP13 and AhTCP28 , were expressed highly in peg tip and perianth, respectively. AhTCP duplicated gene pairs did not show significant functional differentiation. This study provided insight into the evolution and expression of AhTCP s and might assist peanut molecular breeding.

四川省农业科学院经济作物育种栽培研究所利用中花8号/K01-6杂交育成高油酸花生品种蜀花7号,2022年与四川花生加工企业四川省百世兴食品产业有限公司联合完成品种登记,品种登记号:GPD花生(2022)510122.蜀花7号具有高油酸、抗逆性强、适应性广等特点.对该品种的选育过程、特征特性、产量表现和栽培技术要点进行了介绍.

为了提供独具特色、高营养品质花生品种,以高蛋白自然优良变异株T58,2014～2017年在青白江试验基地进行单株优选,2017年形成品系18-1534,2017～2018年连续2年参加品比试验及生产试验,编号1534.2019～2020年参加四川省多点试验平均产量3270kg/hm2,籽仁平均产量2320.5kg/hm2,检测平均蛋白质含量27.75％,含油量52.74％,命名为"蜀花8号",2022年正式通过中华人民共和国农业农村部品种登记(编号:GPD花生(2022)510123)."蜀花8号"种子休眠性强、耐旱性强、耐涝性强,抗倒性较强,抗叶斑病,抗锈病,高感青枯病,适宜于四川平原、山区及丘陵的非青枯病地区.

Stem rot, caused by soilborne pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii , is one of the most destructive diseases of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) worldwide. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are indispensable regulators for plant defense, the miRNA species have not been explored for peanut immunity against the soilborne pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii. Here, we report a miRNA comparative analysis of the durably resistant peanut variety Rizhaohua-1 (Rzh) and the susceptible peanut variety Jitian-1 (JT) in response to infection by Sclerotium rolfsii. We identified a group of known and novel miRNAs that were differentially expressed upon S. rolfsii infection. The predicted target genes included receptor kinases, transcription factors, and genes involved in the production and transport of metabolites. In this study, we have shown that miRNAs regulate a broad range of genes to respond to the pathogen, and eventually establish a systemic defense network to combat disease.

Peanuts are a rich dietary source of lipids, which are essential for human health. In this study, the lipid contents of 13 peanut cultivars were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and GC–MS. The OXITEST reactor was used to test their lipid oxidation stabilities. A total of 27 subclasses, 229 individual lipids were detected. The combined analysis of lipid and oxidation stability showed that lipid unsaturation was inversely correlated with oxidation stability. Moreover, lipid profiles differed significantly among the different peanut cultivars. A total of 11 lipid molecules (TG 18:2/18:2/18:2, TG 24:0/18:2/18:3, TG 20:5/14:1/18:2, TG 18:2/14:1/18:2, PE 17:0/18:2, BisMePA 18:2/18:2, PG 38:5, PMe 18:1/18:1, PC 18:1/18:1, MGDG 18:1/18:1, TG 10:0/10:1/18:1) might be employed as possible indicators to identify high oleic acid (OA) and non-high OA peanut cultivars, based on the PLS-DA result of lipid molecules with a VIP value greater than 2. This comprehensive analysis will help in the rational selection and application of peanut cultivars.

选取来自全国各地的不同遗传背景花生材料,对其进行性状统计和发芽实验,以期找到花生发芽产量与生物性状之间的关系,为创制更适宜花生芽产业化的材料提供参考.选取普通、红色、黑色和白色4种种皮颜色的材料127份,材料来自西南地区、华中地区、华东地区、华南地区和华北地区5个地区,种植后考种测定其百仁重、植株高度、单株生产力,并在植物工厂里发芽,比较发芽8天后花生芽的芽长、芽重系数等,并计算产出系数.结果表明,127份花生材料芽长差异显著,极值之间相差7.75 cm,芽长在12～13 cm之间的材料最多,占总数的26.77％;花生芽的芽重系数极值相差7.85倍,差异显著,平均芽重系数4.62.产出系数最高的为YY40号普通色花生,产出系数达到8.24.产出系数在 7以上的均为产量性状比值大于1的材料,占总数的4.72％.颜色和产区对花生芽产出系数的影响不显著.随着花生百仁重增大,花生芽的产出系数逐渐降低,但不同遗传背景的花生芽重系数与产出系数差异很大,百仁重高的花生中依然有芽重系数与产出系数较高的材料,而百仁重低的花生中依然有芽重系数与产出系数较低的材料.

为了快速筛选出适应四川生态环境的高油酸花生品种,发掘优质的高油酸资源,进而促进四川高油酸花生产业发展.以16份本地及引进的高油酸花生品种为材料,用调查取样及数据分析法比较以上品种在经济学性状、产量、生长特点、抗性及单株产量等方面的表现.'中花415'、'冀花13'、'豫花37'、'开农1760'和'冀花16'在荚果大小、饱果率、出仁率、百仁重、产量、口感等性状上表现优良;'中花415'、'豫花37'、'花育961'、'冀花13'、'冀花16'在分枝数、出苗率、长势、抗性等方面综合表现优良;'开农1760'、'冀花13'、'冀花16'、'豫花37'、'中花415'在单株总果数、饱果数、饱果率和单株产量上综合表现优异.对'冀花13'、'冀花16'、'豫花37'、'中花415'表现优良的外引材料将作进一步示范推广,省外引进的品种需要一定时间适应四川本土的环境气候.

Study on the regulation of broad-spectrum resistance is an active area in plant biology. RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) is one of a few broad-spectrum resistance genes triggering the hypersensitive response (HR) to restrict multiple pathogenic infections. To address the question how RPW8.1 signaling is regulated, we performed a genetic screen and tried to identify mutations enhancing RPW8.1-mediated HR. Here, we provided evidence to connect an annexin protein with RPW8.1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew. We isolated and characterized Arabidopsis b7-6 mutant. A point mutation in b7-6 at the At5g12380 locus resulted in an amino acid substitution in ANNEXIN 8 (AtANN8). Loss-of-function or RNA-silencing of AtANN8 led to enhanced expression of RPW8.1, RPW8.1-dependent necrotic lesions in leaves, and defense against powdery mildew. Conversely, over-expression of AtANN8 compromised RPW8.1-mediated disease resistance and cell death. Interestingly, the mutation in AtANN8 enhanced RPW8.1-triggered H2 O2 . In addition, mutation in AtANN8 led to hypersensitivity to salt stress. Together, our data indicate that AtANN8 is involved in multiple stress signaling pathways and negatively regulates RPW8.1-mediated resistance against powdery mildew and cell death, thus linking ANNEXIN's function with plant immunity.

Summary The Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8.1 (RPW8.1) activates confined cell death and defense against different pathogens. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms still remain elusive. Here, we show that RPW8.1 activates ethylene signaling that, in turn, negatively regulates RPW8.1 expression. RPW8.1 binds and stabilizes 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase 4 (ACO4), which may in part explain increased ethylene production and signaling in RPW8.1‐expressing plants. In return, ACO4 and other key components of ethylene signaling negatively regulate RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and disease resistance via suppressing RPW8.1 expression. Loss of function in ACO4, EIN2, EIN3 EIL1, ERF6, ERF016 or ORA59 increases RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and defense response. By contrast, overexpression of EIN3 abolishes or significantly compromises RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and disease resistance. Furthermore, ERF6, ERF016 and ORA59 appear to act as trans‐repressors of RPW8.1, with OAR59 being able to directly bind to the RPW8.1 promoter. Taken together, our results have revealed a feedback regulatory circuit connecting RPW8.1 and the ethylene‐signaling pathway, in which RPW8.1 enhances ethylene signaling, and the latter, in return, negatively regulates RPW8.1‐mediated cell death and defense response via suppressing RPW8.1 expression to attenuate its defense activity.

为解决四川花生新品种繁育加代慢、鲜食花生供应周期短的问题,试验探究了四川地区花生一年两熟的可行性.试验以'蜀花1号(SH1)'、'蜀彩花1号(SCH1)'、'蜀彩花2号(SCH2)'3个彩色花生品种为材料,在四川攀西仁和试验基地对其在全年不同月份播种的生长发育状况、产量相关性状及繁殖系数进行了研究.结果 表明:各个品种自身产量最高的种植时期有所不同,但时期差异不大,种植时间对各品种生长性状和产量性状均产生显著性影响,在1-9月播种期间出苗率、成熟株高、单株结果数、繁殖系数呈现先升高后降低的表现趋势,生育期则与之相反,因积温过低等气候条件限制,10-11月播种3个品种均未结果.进一步分析发现:5月播种'SCH1'的单季繁殖系数为试验最高值,加权平均计算结果显示,3月播种'SH1'和'SCH2'时的全年繁殖系数最高,1月播种'SCH1'的全年繁殖系数最高,最适宜一年两熟种植.结果 证明:在攀西地区进行花生一年两熟种植可行,尤其是使用生育期较短的品种效果更好,可延长四川地区鲜食花生供应时长,同时为四川花生新品种本地快繁加代提供可能.

为更好地防治花生白绢病以及加速抗病育种进程,须加强花生与白绢病互作过程研究.笔者从花生白绢病致病机理入手,详细阐述了花生白绢病菌遗传多样性、致病性及毒力因子等;对目前花生白绢病的防治情况,包括病状表现、生防菌的筛选等做出分析;总结了包括接种方法、已发掘的抗性资源等在内的花生白绢病抗病育种研究;最后做出展望,建议从摸清白绢病菌底细、建立病害防治专家系统等方面入手,从整体上提高中国花生对白绢病的抵御能力.

通过简要介绍彩色花生品种如黑花生、四粒彩、白花生的特点与营养品质,以及关键栽培技术,分析彩色花生在四川的种植现状.为适应产业调整升级,满足市场消费需要,应加大对彩色花生的开发力度,且其产品在四川具有较为广阔的应用推广前景.

miR169 is a conserved microRNA (miRNA) family involved in plant development and stress-induced responses. However, how miR169 functions in rice immunity remains unclear. Here, we show that miR169 acts as a negative regulator in rice immunity against the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae by repressing the expression of nuclear factor Y-A (NF-YA) genes. The accumulation of miR169 was significantly increased in a susceptible accession but slightly fluctuated in a resistant accession upon M. oryzae infection. Consistently, the transgenic lines overexpressing miR169a became hyper-susceptible to different M. oryzae strains associated with reduced expression of defense-related genes and lack of hydrogen peroxide accumulation at the infection site. Consequently, the expression of its target genes, the NF-YA family members, was down-regulated by the overexpression of miR169a at either transcriptional or translational level. On the contrary, overexpression of a target mimicry that acts as a sponge to trap miR169a led to enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. In addition, three of miR169's target genes were also differentially up-regulated in the resistant accession upon M. oryzae infection. Taken together, our data indicate that miR169 negatively regulates rice immunity against M. oryzae by differentially repressing its target genes and provide the potential to engineer rice blast resistance via a miRNA.

Ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 (RPW8.1) boosts pattern-triggered immunity leading to enhanced resistance to different pathogens in Arabidopsis and rice. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains largely elusive. Here, we report that XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER (XCT, At2g21150) positively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance. Forward genetic screen identified the b3-17 mutant that exhibited less cell death and susceptibility to powdery mildew and bacterial pathogens. Map-based cloning identified a G-to-A point mutation at the 3' splice site of the 8th intron, which resulted in splice shift to 8-bp down-stream of the original splice site of XCT in b3-17, and introduced into a stop codon after two codons leading to a truncated XCT. XCT has previously been identified as a circadian clock gene required for small RNA biogenesis and acting down-stream of ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) in the ethylene-signaling pathway. Here we further showed that mutation or down-regulation of XCT by artificial microRNA reduced RPW8.1-mediated immunity in R1Y4, a transgenic line expressing RPW8.1-YFP from the RPW8.1 native promoter. On the contrary, overexpression of XCT in R1Y4 background enhanced RPW8.1-mediated cell death, H2O2 production and resistance against powdery mildew. Consistently, the expression of RPW8.1 was down- and up-regulated in xct mutant and XCT overexpression lines, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that XCT positively regulates RPW8.1-mediated cell death and disease resistance, and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanism of RPW8.1-mediated immunity.

SummaryThe Arabidopsis gene RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 (RPW8.1) confers resistance to virulent fungal and oomycete pathogens that cause powdery mildew and downy mildew, respectively. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that ectopic expression of RPW8.1 boosts pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) resulting in enhanced resistance against different pathogens in both Arabidopsis and rice. In Arabidopsis, transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of RPW8.1‐YFP constitutively up‐regulates expression of many pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP‐)‐inducible genes. Consistently, upon PAMP application, the transgenic line expressing RPW8.1‐YFP exhibited more pronounced PTI responses such as callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species, expression of defence‐related genes and hypersensitive response‐like cell death. Accordingly, the growth of a virulent bacterial pathogen was significantly inhibited in the transgenic lines expressing RPW8.1‐YFP. Conversely, impairment of the PTI signalling pathway from PAMP cognition to the immediate downstream relay of phosphorylation abolished or significantly compromised RPW8.1‐boosted PTI responses. In rice, heterologous expression of RPW8.1‐YFP also led to enhanced resistance to the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Taken together, our data suggest a surprising mechanistic connection between RPW8.1 function and PTI, and demonstrate the potential of RPW8.1 as a transgene for engineering disease resistance across wide taxonomic lineages of plants.