Extensive shrimp aquaculture can release a significant amount of greenhouse gas (GHG). Its rapid expansion in China has raised environmental concerns. Most studies focus on GHG emissions during the farming stage. They often overlook emissions that occur during non-farming seasons. This oversight has led to a limited understanding of the temporal variations in emissions throughout the complete farming cycles. This study analyzed CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes across different farming stages and identified key environmental drivers through a meta-analysis of 564 sets of data from 26 studies spanning 2012-2024. During the farming period, the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from shrimp ponds were 8.05 mg m-2 h-1, 27.33 mg m-2 h-1 and 16.65 mu g m-2 h-1. The non-farming period with average emissions of 14.53 mg m-2 h-1 for CO2, 2.86 mg m-2 h-1 for CH4, and 80.26 mu g m-2 h-1 for N2O. Water physicochemical parameters (like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen) primarily drove emissions during farming periods. In contrast, sediment characteristics (like water depth, sediment pH, sediment total carbon, sediment total nitrogen) became dominant during non-farming periods. Notably, excluding the non-farming period from assessments overestimated CH4 emissions and underestimated CO2 and N2O emissions. These findings emphasize the necessity of year-round monitoring for accurate GHG emission assessments from shrimp aquaculture. They also provide crucial insights for developing effective climate mitigation strategies.

Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (P/LPVs) in DNA damage response (DDR) genes are known ovarian cancer (OC) risk factors, but gene-specific risk estimates in Han Chinese remain unclear. To accurately assess the risk associated with DDR genes in the Han Chinese population to facilitate personalized risk management and enhance clinical decision-making. We performed next-generation sequencing of 45 DDR genes in 666 OC patients from Henan, China. Associations between P/LPVs and clinical features were assessed using chi-squared tests. Variant frequencies were compared with population controls (gnomAD and ChinaMAP databases) to estimate gene-specific odds ratios (ORs) using Fisher’s test. In Henan Ovarian Cancer patients, the median disease onset age was 53 years (range: 24–81), with 7.7

To address inherent limitations of standard diagnostic procedures for lung cancer, like long turn-around-time and the need for sufficient samples for analysis, we innovatively integrated traditional smear cytology (TSC) with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays on micro cell samples (MCSs) for the diagnosis of lung cancer. All patients underwent TSC and qPCR assays targeting 11 genes based on different MCSs, including samples obtained by flushing needles used for endobronchial ultrasound biopsies and percutaneous aspiration biopsies of lung in 38 cases (G1) and 108 cases (G2), and lavage fluid samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage in 38 cases (G3). With clinical diagnosis and pathological biopsy as diagnostic gold standard, the diagnostic value of these MCSs were explored. In G1, G2 and G3, the diagnostic yield of MCSs-based TSC alone was 78.9%, 93.5% and 76.3%, respectively. Combination of TSC and genetic testing increased the diagnostic yield to 81.6%, 98.1% and 84.2% in G1, G2 and G3, respectively. In addition, the qPCR results of MCSs and paired tissue samples was all matched with a concordance rate of 100%, and the quantity of DNA extracted from our samples was significantly higher than that of tissue samples in G1 and G2. Notably, the TAT of our diagnostic method required only 24 h, which greatly improved the timeliness of diagnosis. Our study demonstrated that MCSs-based TSC combined with genetic testing could not only rapidly and reliably diagnose lung cancer, but also effectively detect gene targets, with potential for widespread application.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells released from primary, metastatic, or recurrent tumors into the peripheral blood and responsible for metastasis. They are also useful as a biomarker for cancer, influencing researchers to focus on early detection, enumeration, and isolation of CTCs due to their demonstrated substantial advantages in clinical theragnostic. Detection and isolation of CTCs are particularly challenging because of their extreme rarity and heterogeneity. Although new CTC enrichment and detection techniques have been continuously developed in recent years, enabling deeper analysis of CTC biology and clinical significance, none have yet achieved the “gold” standard. Even the FDA‐approved CellSearch™ suffers from low capture accuracy, high expense, and time consumption. Nowadays, liquid biopsy has become a more convenient and noninvasive method than traditional tissue biopsy in cancer patient management. It is used to develop predictive biomarkers, in addition to prognostication. In a broad spectrum, CTC detection methods can be categorized as label‐dependent (based on positive enrichment using cell surface markers such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule or EpCAM) and label‐independent (based on negative enrichment, considering size or other differential biophysical properties of CTCs). CTCs have provided critical insights into the metastasis process and will continue to do so, potentially leading to the creation of a brand‐new cancer treatment system. In this review article, we provide an overview of the most modern methods for CTC detection and isolation, along with their significance in cancer management. The review also outlines further prospects for advancements in the field. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04556916, NCT03511859, NCT02380196, and NCT05127096

Anti-PD-(L)1 treatment is standard for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but patients show variable responses to the same regimen. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is associated with immunotherapy response, yet the heterogeneous underlying therapeutic outcomes remain underexplored. We applied single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing (scRNA/TCR-seq) to analyze surgical tumor samples from 234 NSCLC patients post-neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy. Analyses revealed five distinct TIME subtypes with varying major pathological response (MPR) rates. MPR patients had elevated levels of FGFBP2+ NK/NK-like T cells, memory B cells, or effector T cells, while non-MPR patients showed higher CCR8+ Tregs. T cell clonal expansion analyses unveiled heterogeneity in non-MPR patients, marked by varying expansions of Tex-relevant cells and CCR8+ Tregs. Precursor exhausted T cells (Texp cells) correlated with recurrence-free survival, identifying a patient subgroup with reduced recurrence risk despite lack of MPR. Our study dissects TIME heterogeneity in response to chemoimmunotherapy, offering insights for NSCLC management.

The intestinal microflora, which is vital for nutrient absorption and immune regulation, can experience dysbiosis under environmental stress, potentially enhancing host susceptibility to pathogenic invasion. The impact of ocean acidification on bivalves is substantial, but its effects on their intestinal microflora remain poorly understood. To explore the impact of ocean acidification on the intestinal microflora of Sinonovacula constricta, this study used high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing technology to investigate the variations in the intestinal microflora communities of S. constricta during ocean acidification across different time points. After exposure to ocean acidification, changes in the composition of the intestinal microflora of S. constricta were observed, with no significant difference in α-diversity between the acidified and control groups. The abundance of Proteobacteria in the acidification group increased, whereas that of Cyanobacteria decreased. The abundance of Firmicutes initially decreased and then increased. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas was lower than that in the control group, whereas the relative abundance of Photobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter gradually increased. LEfSe analysis identified Serpens as the discriminative biomarker at 7 days of acidification, Enterobacteriales, Rhodobacteraceae, and Martvita at 14 days of acidification, and Serpens, Acidibacteria, and Aeromonadaceae at 35 days of acidification. Functional prediction analysis indicated significant stimulation in various metabolic pathways at different time points following acidification stress. Specifically, pathways involved in biosynthesis were significantly stimulated at 14 days of acidification, while those related to sucrose degradation were disrupted at 35 days. The results further indicated that ocean acidification stress can influence the intestinal microflora of S. constricta, but no severe dysbiosis or digestive system impairment was observed at the microbial level. This study provides new insights into the effects of ocean acidification on the intestinal microflora of marine bivalves.

Background Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a significant health concern, characterized by a lack of specific therapies and limited treatment options for patients in advanced stages. This study aims to identify key molecules of prognostic importance in LUSC and provide an experimental foundation for their potential therapeutic applications. Methods Immune-related transcriptome expression analysis was performed on LUSC samples using the NanoString digital gene analysis system to develop a prognostic transcriptomic signature. This was followed by validation within the LUSC cohort database, and the immune properties and cellular functions of the critical molecule were examined through molecular biology experiments. Results Advanced nCounter analysis revealed significant differences in the numbers of T cells, cytotoxic cells, B cells, and CD45+ and CD8+ T cells between the OS1 (short-term survival) group and the OS2 (long-term survival) group. A comparison of the differences in tumor immune-related pathways between the two groups revealed that signaling pathways such as the PI3K-AKT, NF-kappaB signaling, Notch signaling, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and metastasis pathways were activated in the OS1 subgroup, and DNA damage repair and lymphatic chamber signaling pathways were activated in the OS2 subgroup. We analyzed and compared differentially expressed mRNAs with high expression levels in the OS1 and stage IV groups. Collagen type V alpha 1 (COL5A1) was found to be associated with the prognosis of LUSC. Phenotypic analysis revealed that COL5A1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SKMES1 cells. Locating COL5A1 was shown to be expressed in CAFs, T cells, and EPI cells through single-cell omics analysis. Conclusion COL5A1 plays a crucial role in tumor progression, indicating that COL5A1 inhibitors may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of LUSC.

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that pose significant diagnostic challenges due to their clinical and molecular diversity. Traditional detection methods (e.g., morphology and immunohistochemistry) could confirm most cases, but 10% remain difficult to diagnose. Comparatively, immunoglobulin clonality assessment has great potential to support the diagnosis of lymphocytic malignancies. This study retrospectively analyzed 996 patients with suspected B-NHL and reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) from three centers. Immunoglobulin heavy/light chain (IGH/IGK) gene rearrangements were detected using capillary electrophoresis, and results were compared with final diagnoses based on clinical follow-up. Among 978 cases with definitive diagnoses, 97.1% (369/380) of B-NHL patients showed IGH/IGK gene rearrangements, while 99.7% (596/598) of non-B-NHL patients were negative. The combined evaluation of morphology and IGH/IGK rearrangement improved the sensitivity from 70.8 to 98.2% and the accuracy from 81.7 to 92.1% over morphology alone. The combined assessment of morphology, immunohistochemistry and IGH/IGK rearrangement improved the sensitivity from 71.6 to 98.2% and the accuracy from 83.2 to 93.4% compared to the combined assessment of morphology and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, IGH rearrangements were more frequent than IGK rearrangements in B-NHL patients, with significant differences in rearrangement patterns among B-NHL subtypes. The IGH rearrangement was mainly found in small lymphocytic lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma; the IGK rearrangements were mainly found in B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas and marginal zone lymphoma; the IGH and IGK rearrangements were mainly found in mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. In conclusion, IGH/IGK rearrangement analysis showed high consistency with final diagnoses, supporting its integration into routine clinical diagnostics to improve the accuracy of B-NHL diagnosis.

BACKGROUND:Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and the response of patients to clinical treatment varies substantially. There is no satisfactory strategy for predicting curative effects to date. We aimed to explore a new method for predicting the clinical efficacy of GC treatment based on immune variables detected via flow cytometry. METHODS:We collected 394 tumour tissues from GC patients for flow cytometry analysis and gating analysis of tumour-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). Unsupervised consensus clusters were generated from the cohort to classify patients into different phenogroups, and their clinical characteristics were examined. The derived model was evaluated via principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbourhood embedding analysis. Kaplan-Meier's curves were used to determine the prognosis during a 920-day-long median follow-up period (interquartile range: 834-1071 days). Adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of clusters with disease-free survival (DFS) and recurrence. RESULTS:All patients were classified based on their TIIC profiles into the C1 (characterized by low CD45 negative cell, high lymphocyte, high neutrophil and low CD3 + T cell levels), C2 (characterized by high CD8 + CD279+ cell and low CD4+ Th and CD8+ Tc cell numbers) and C3 (characterized by high CD4 + CD25+ and Treg cell levels) phenogroups. Patients from the three clusters had varied pathologies, MMR statuses and TIIC distribution patterns (p < .05). Kaplan-Meier's analysis showed that the prognosis of C3 was inferior compared to C1 and C2 (p = .0025). Adjusted Cox proportional hazard models helped us identify that C1 and C2 exhibited a favourable factor of recurrence after surgery, compared to C3. Kaplan-Meier's analysis showed that C1 and C2 were associated with a better DFS than C3 in some GC patient subgroups. CONCLUSIONS:The machine learning model developed was found to be effective model at predicting the prognosis of patients with GC and their TIIC profiles for risk stratification in clinical settings.

The euryhaline bivalve Sinonovacula rivularis exhibits remarkable adaptability to low-salinity stress, yet its integrated physiological and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study systematically investigated its physiological responses and transcriptional regulatory strategies under acute low-salinity conditions (0 %o salinity) using physiological profiling and transcriptomic analyses. Under low-salinity stress, significant gill filament swelling and transient respiratory suppression within the initial 12 h were observed. During 12-24 h of exposure, ammonia excretion rates surpassed control levels, accompanied by markedly reduced oxygen-to-nitrogen ratios. Heart rates declined progressively after 24 h, indicating prioritized energy allocation toward osmoregulation and amino acid metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis identified 3011, 804, and 443 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12, 24, and 72 h post-exposure, respectively. These DEGs were predominantly enriched in glutathione metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and ion transport pathways. Key genes involved in energy metabolism (PKM, PEPCK, PRKAA2), taurine synthesis (CSAD, CDO1), free amino acids metabolism (CRANS1, CA1, GAUD1), antioxidant defense (GSTP1), and ion transport (CLCN7, SLC9A2, KCNN3) were significantly upregulated. Conversely, downregulation of SLC8A1, a gene associated with cardiac rhythm regulation, likely contributed to the sustained heart rate decline post-24h. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) revealed core gene modules linked to energy metabolism, ion transport, and amino acid homeostasis. These findings demonstrate that S. rivularis employs a multi-layered adaptive strategy, involving accelerated amino acid turnover, structural gill modifications, and transcriptional regulation of free amino acids metabolism, energy pathways, and ion transport. This work enhances our understanding of molluscan euryhaline adaptation and provides a theoretical foundation for breeding salinity-tolerant aquaculture species and managing estuarine ecosystems under climate change.

The human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) genotypes have been proven to have an impact on the oncogenic mutational landscape and immunotherapy outcomes in several cancers. However, the HLA-I genotype landscape and its implications for lung cancer remain largely unknown. In this study, whole blood samples from 400 Chinese lung cancer patients were subjected to DNA sequencing for the detection of HLA-I genotypes. RNA sequencing data from 32 SCLC primary tumors were analyzed for immune cell infiltration and activity. Additionally, we collected HLA-I genotype and transcriptome data from 445 LUAD and 430 LUSC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for comparisons. The proportion of HLA supertypes was similar among lung cancer patients with different pathological types but different among patients of different races. Chinese SCLC patients with the B44 supertype had more potent cytolytic activity and increased expression of MHC-II genes, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and chemokine signature genes than Chinese patients with other supertypes. Moreover, increased expression levels of immune checkpoint molecules were observed in tumors from B44(+) patients. Most importantly, we analyzed the correlation between the HLA supertype and prognosis and found that the positive effect of the HLA-B44 supertype on PFS verifies the prognostic value of HLA-B44 in SCLC. In conclusion, this study is among the first to depict the landscape of HLA-I genotypes in lung cancer patients. Comprehensive analysis revealed the effect of the B44 supertype on the tumor immune microenvironment and survival outcome of Chinese SCLC patients, providing fresh insight for the treatment of SCLC.

Aquaculture, a vital component of global food supply, faces challenges from environmental stressors that compromise aquatic animal health and productivity. Astaxanthin, a potent carotenoid antioxidant, has shown promise in enhancing growth and stress resilience in aquaculture species, yet its effects remain inconsistent across studies. This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the efficacy of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in aquaculture animals. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 64 studies (33 species, 964 comparisons) published prior to 2025 were analyzed using a random-effects model. Results demonstrated that astaxanthin significantly improved final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, and protein efficiency ratio, while reducing feed conversion ratio. Additionally, it enhanced digestive enzyme activities, hepatopancreas antioxidant biomarkers, and immune parameters. The subgroup analysis revealed differences related to species, trophic level, and habitat, and estimated the optimal dose for key indicators. Despite heterogeneity and publication bias, adjusted effect sizes remained significant for most outcomes. These findings underscore astaxanthin’s potential as a multifunctional feed additive to promote sustainable aquaculture, though its efficacy depends on species, dosage, and environmental context, warranting further mechanistic and optimization studies.

Abstract Aquaculture generates less greenhouse gas emissions compared to other agriculture practices due to its limited land‐use changes, improved feed conversion rates, and reduced methane emissions from animals' digestive systems. The aquaculture carbon emissions come from various production stages, including feed production, farm operations, processing, transportation, and so forth. This review illustrates the theories, calculation methods, and practical applications of the carbon footprint in fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the challenges and strategies for emission reduction. The factors influencing the carbon footprint of fishing and manufacturing aquaculture are also discussed. Further research should focus on refining carbon footprint assessment techniques, promoting green technologies and sustainable aquaculture practices. Managing aquaculture's carbon footprint though is crucial for mitigating environmental impacts and supporting sustainable development.

BACKGROUND:Immunoneoadjuvant therapy has gained significant attention due to its remarkable advancements in cancer treatment. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying immunoneoadjuvant therapy through a comprehensive multiomics analysis of samples from a registered clinical trial cohort. METHODS:Preoperative samples were collected from 16 patients, and postoperative samples were obtained from 12 among them. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Olink proteomics were employed to identify key genes before and after neoadjuvant treatment. The weighted coexpression network was constructed using Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Furthermore, the proportion of infiltrated immune cells was calculated using xCell based on normalized expression data derived from RNA-seq. RESULTS:Patients were stratified into T1 (good efficacy) and T2 (poor efficacy) groups based on Tumor Regression Grade (TRG) to neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Compared to the T2 group (TRG2 and TRG3), the T1 group (TRG0 and TRG1) showed significant differences in pathways related to inflammatory response and myeloid leukocyte activation. Furthermore, the T1 group exhibited elevated levels of CD8+ T cells and B cells. The top two factors with the highest area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were CD8a molecule (CD8A) (1.000) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) (0.967). Additionally, the expression of placenta growth factor (PGF) and TNF receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21) proteins significantly increased in the T1 group compared to the T2 group. High expression of CD8A and PGF were associated with favorable and poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients, respectively. Immunoinfiltration analysis revealed a positive correlation between CD8A and dendritic cell (DC) levels, while a negative correlation was observed with myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) levels. CONCLUSIONS:Through multiomics analysis, we discovered that CD8A is linked to enhanced treatment response and tumor regression. In contrast, PGF appears to exert adverse effects on treatment outcomes, suggesting a complex interplay of factors influencing the efficacy of immunoneoadjuvant therapy in gastric cancer.

BackgroundCancer patients are highly susceptible to infections due to their immunocompromised state from both the malignancy and intensive treatments. Accurate and timely identification of causative pathogens is crucial for effective management and treatment. Targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) has become an important tool in clinical infectious disease diagnosis because of its broad microbial detection range and acceptable cost. However, there is currently a lack of systematic research to evaluate the diagnostic value of this method in cancer patients.MethodsTo evaluate the diagnostic value of tNGS for cancer patients with pneumonia, a retrospective analysis was conducted on 148 patients with suspected pneumonia who were treated at the Henan Cancer Hospital. The tNGS results were compared with conventional microbiological tests (CMT) and clinical diagnoses based on symptoms and imaging studies to assess the diagnostic performance of tNGS in cancer patients with pneumonia.ResultsAmong these 148 patients, 130 were ultimately diagnosed with pneumonia. tNGS demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (84.62% vs. 56.92%) and diagnostic accuracy (85.81% vs. 62.16%) compared to the CMT method. The tNGS method identified more pathogens than CMT method (87.50% vs 57.14%), regardless of whether they were bacteria, fungi, or viruses, primarily due to its broader pathogen detection range and higher sensitivity compared to the CMT method. tNGS had significantly higher diagnostic accuracy for Pneumocystis jirovecii and Legionella pneumophila than the CMT method, but for most pathogens, tNGS showed higher sensitivity but with a correspondingly lower specificity compared to CMT.ConclusiontNGS demonstrates higher sensitivity and a broader pathogen detection spectrum compared to CMT, making it a valuable diagnostic tool for managing pneumonia in cancer patients.

The induction effect of excess Ca2+ and Mg2+ alone or in combination on settlement (and metamorphosis of) Mercenaria mercenaria larvae were studied by initiating ion supplementation at two different developmental stages. (Pediveligers) were supplemented with a range of excess Ca2+ (0-18 mM), Mg2+ (0-40 mM) and Ca2+/ Mg2+ (0-7.5/0-37.5 mM), respectively. Results showed excess Ca2+ and Mg2+ alone or in combination could induce settlement and (metamorphosis of M. mercenaria. The o)ptimal concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+/Mg2+ were 10 mM, 20 mM and 3.125/15.625 mM, respectively. The supplementation of the above optimal concentration of ions from D-shaped larvae stage also significantly induced larval metamorphosis (P < 0.05), and at the same concentration, the induction effect was better than that initiating from pediveliger stage. In addition, compared with the control group, ion supplementation from D-shaped larvae stage significantly increased the survival rate of pediveligers (P < 0.05) and prolonged the planktonic duration. The longer the planktonic duration, the larger the larval size at the end of the planktonic stage and the higher (metamorphosis rate of) larvae. In the hatchery seed production of M. mercenaria, it is recommended to supplement 3.125/15.625 mM Ca2+/ Mg2+ from the D-shaped larvae stage to induce the settlement and metamorphosis.

The regulation of gene expression through chromatin architecture plays a critical role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, the influence of MAPK3 on CTCF-mediated chromatin interactions in AML was examined, focusing on gene regulation and chromatin architecture. Immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry (IP-MS) was conducted to identify CTCF-binding proteins in AML cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was used to assess the impact of MAPK3 modulation on CTCF DNA binding, following treatment with an MAPK3 activator or inhibitor. Additionally, chromatin interactions were evaluated using 3C-qPCR, and specific enhancer sites at the SKAP2 locus were deleted using CRISPR-Cas9. Results demonstrated that IP-MS identified MAPK3 as a key CTCF-binding protein, indicating its potential role in AML chromatin regulation. MAPK3 significantly influences CTCF binding at distal intergenic regions upstream of SKAP2, as confirmed by ChIP-seq. Chromatin interaction analyses revealed that CTCF-regulated enhancer-promoter interactions at SKAP2 are modulated by MAPK3 activity. Furthermore, deletion of enhancer regions E4 and E6 led to decreased SKAP2 expression. These findings highlight the critical role of MAPK3 in regulating CTCF-mediated chromatin interactions and suggest that targeting MAPK3-regulated chromatin remodeling could be a novel therapeutic strategy for AML.