This research was performed to investigate the effect of light source and light quality in night break treatment on the growth and flowering of standard chrysanthemum.It was processed 4 hours (22:00-02:00) night break using LED 590, 610, 630, 660, 680nm and fluorescent lamp (mixed light of 480+540+610nm) in standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' and 'Jinba' for 40 days from transplanting.The days to flower budding from short-day treatment of 'Baekma' were the longgest at fluorescent treatment (21.3 days) and were the shorttest at LED 590nm treatment (15.8 days) among all treatments.The days to flower budding from short-day treatment of 'Jinba' was longger with 18.0 days, 17.8 days, and 17.7 days at the fluorescent, LED 610nm, and 660nm treatments.And it was the shortest with 15.1 days in LED 590nm treatment.Similarly, the days to flowering from short-day treatment of 'Baekma' was the longgest with 56.9 days at fluorescent treatment, and was the shorttest in 51.6 days about LED 590 nm treatment.The days to flowering from short-day treatment of 'Jinba' was longer at fluorescent (56.0 days) and LED 660nm (56.7 days) treatments and was shortest at LED 590nm (52.9 days) among all treatments.Therefore, inhibition of flower bud initiation and flowering were the most effective under fluorescent treatment in case of 'Baekma', and fluorescent and LED 660nm treatments in case of 'Jinba'.The length and weight of cut flower of 'Baekma' and 'Jinba' were most excellent in fluorescent treatment in which the floral differentiation suppression effect was the best.Consequently, as to the growth and flowering of standard chrysanthemum, the treatment which was suitable as the light source and light quality for night break is regarded as the fluorescent lamp, and also under LED 660nm up to a certain level.

There is little information about propagation of the cutting and seed, and management after propagation. To investigate the effective propagation method, cuttings of Clematis were collected and cutting experiment was performed at the greenhouse. Stem cutting lengths were 1 node and 2 nodes and peatmoss, perlite, and vermiculite were used as rooting media. IBA (4,000 mg·L-1 soaking for 5 seconds and 500 mg·L-1 soaking for 30 minutes) and RootoneTM were used as rooting promoter. Rooting rate of clematis cuttings usually took about 10 weeks. The 1-node cuttings increased the rooting rate by about 43% compared to 2-node cuttings. Rooting percentage of 1-node cuttings increased in the RootoneTM treatment about 7% more than in the control group. Using 1-node cutting is more effective in terms of the amount and management of the cuttings. Meanwhile, the rooting rate, and number and length of adventitious roots were largest in vermiculite and IBA 4,000 mg·L-1 soaking for 5 seconds. Thus, when 1-node cuttings were stuck in vermiculite, rooting rate increased to about average 80-83%. Also, rooting rate in vermiculate is 25-29% and 13-39% higher than in peatmoss and perlite, respectively. Cutting in vermiculite increased by 9-13% after soaking into IBA 4,000 mg·L-1 for 5 seconds and was found to be the most effective media and rooting promoter. Keywords: IBA, NAA, Propagation, Rooting rate

This study conducted to examine flower bud initiation and growth characteristics according to wavelength treatments of LED in spray chrysanthemums. It was processed 4 hours (22-02 o'clock) night break using LED 590, 610, 630, 660, 680 nm and fluorescent (mixed light of 480+540+610 nm) in chrysanthemum cv. ‘Pink Pride’ and ‘Yes Song' for 40 days from transplanting. The days to flower budding and flowering from short-day treatment in ‘Pink Pride’ were longer at fluorescent (14.9 days, 67.7 days) and LED 660 nm (14.7days, 66.7 days) treatments than other treatments. Similarly, the days to flower budding from short-day treatment in ‘Yes Song’ was the longest at fluorescent (15.0 days) and LED 660 nm (15.1 days) treatments. But, as to the days to flowering from short-day treatment in ‘Yes Song’, the fluorescent (53.0 days) treatment was the longest, and LED 660 nm (51.5 days) treatment was secondly to longer than other treatments. The plant height increment to flower budding stage from short-day treatment in ‘Pink Pride’ and ‘Yes Song’ were the longest at fluorescent treatment, and the second longest at LED 660 nm treatment. The result on length of cut flower in spray chrysanthemum two cultivars was similarly shown to above results. In the other characteristic except length of cut flower, the clear difference between treatments could not be found. Consequently, fluorescent and LED 660 nm treatment were considered to be the most effective on inhibition of flower bud initiation and flowering, and plant height growth in 'Pink Pride' and 'Yes Song'. Keywords: Light cultivation, Light quality, ‘Pink Pride’, ‘Yes Song’

The current situation of the nanopowders production technology based on the process of electrical explosion of wires is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the electroexplosive technology are indicated. The results of studies characterizing the effect of the electrical explosion conditions on the nanopowders properties are presented, including latest results: conditions of nanopowders passivation, conditions of nanopowders production having narrow size distribution, the methods of nanopowders diagnostic and standartization. In addition, the application and area of future research on this technology are proposed.

This study investigated refinement behaviors of TiC powders produced under different impact energy conditions using a mechanical milling process. The initial coarse TiC powders with an average diameter of 9.3 were milled for 5, 20, 60 and 120 mins through the conventional low energy mechanical milling (LEMM, 22G) and specially designed high energy mechanical milling (HEMM, 65G). TiC powders with angular shape became spherical one and their sizes decreased as the milling time increased, irrespective of milling energy. Based upon the FE-SEM and BET results of milled powders, it was found initial coarse TiC powders readily became much finer near 100 nm within 60 min under HEMM, while their sizes were over 200 nm under LEMM, despite the long milling time of up to 120 min. Particularly, ultra-fine TiC powders with an average diameter of 77 nm were fabricated within 60 min in the presence of toluene under HEMM.

Tungsten nanopowders were produced by the method of wires electrical explosion in the different gases. The study of phase and dispersed composition of the powders was carried out. The influence of electrical parameters such as the value of energy input in wire and the arc stage of the explosion was discussed. The factors that make for decreasing the particles size are the lower pressure of surrounding gas and the use of addition of chemically reactive gas.

In this work the study results of nanopowders properties produced by electrical explosion of titanium wires in various medium (air, oxygen-argon mixture, and water) are presented. It was observed that the phase and size composition of nanopowders depends on the synthesis conditions: energy consumed by wire before explosion, material of wires, kind of working medium. Detailed study of the reactions mechanism of nanoparticles formation of chemical compounds under EEW was carried out.

The electroexplosive route for nanopowders production is a rapidly occurring nonequilibrium process under the action of high power density energy. The electrical explosion of conductor (EEC) powder particles have a spherical shape with protective oxide–hydroxide layer which is an adsorbed layer of working gas on the surface of particles. The formation of EEC end products (nanopowder) occurs in conditions of coexistence of metal in different states: the vapor form (cluster), plasma and superheated liquid. In this work, the formation of particles and excess energy stored during EEC were studied. Themal analysis is suggested as a method for the determination of excess energy value. According to the results of the thermal analysis, the excess energy value for nanosized aluminum powder with various storage time after passivation are 61.99–11.89 kJ/mole, respectively.

We produced cylindrical porous TiNi bodies by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) process, varying the heating schedule prior to ignition of a loose preform compact made from (Ti+Ni) powder mixture. To investigate the effect of the heating schedule on the behaviour of combustion wave propagation and the structure of porous TiNi shape-memory alloy (SMA) body, change of temperature in the compact during SHS process was measured as a function of time and used for determining combustion temperature and combustion wave velocity. Microstructure of produced porous TiNi SMA body was observed and the results were discussed with the combustion characteristics. From the results it was concluded that the final average pore size could be controlled either by the combustion wave velocity or by the average temperature of the preform compact prior to ignition.

One of the possible reasons for low conductivity of in-situ produced dispersion strengthened copper matrix composites may be the incompleteness of the reaction between the initial reactants that remain in a state of solid solutions in the copper matrix. We report in-situ synthesis of TiB2-Cu composites starting from the powder mixtures with the limited content of copper ensuring a high probability of contact between the particles of titanium and boron and, as a result, their full conversion into the TiB2 phase. The nanoparticles were formed in a self-propagating mode in the ball milled Ti-B-Cu powder mixture corresponding to 57 vol.% TiB2-Cu composition. Afterwards, the system was "diluted" with the required amount of the copper matrix using subsequent ball milling. Highly conductive 4.5 vol.% TiB2-Cu composites showing 82-87% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) conductivity were obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) of the powders.

The present study deals with structural transformations induced by high-energy ball-milling of an amorphous Fe90Zr10 alloy prepared by melt-spinning. The amorphous melt-spun ribbons were found to undergo crystallization into BCC alpha-Fe(Zr) nanocrystallites under high-energy ball milling. The decomposition degree of the amorphous phase increased with increasing milling time and intensity. Our results suggest that the observed crystallization is a deformation-induced process rather than a thermally induced one.

Tix(CuNi)90–xAl10 (x = 50, 55, 60) amorphous powder alloys were synthesized by mechanical alloying technique. The evolution of amorphization during milling and subsequent heat treatment was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. The fully amorphous powders were obtained in the Ti50Cu20Ni20Al10, Ti55Cu17.5Ni17.5Al10 and Ti60Cu15Ni15Al10 alloys after milling for 30, 20 and 15 h, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that thermal stability increased with the increasing (CuNi) content: Ti60Cu15Ni15Al10, Ti55Cu17.5Ni17.5Al10 and Ti50Cu20Ni20Al10. Heating of the three amorphous alloys at 800 K for 10 min results in the formation of the NiTi, NiTi2 and CuTi2 intermetallic phases.

Amorphization and crystallization behaviors of $Ti_{50}Cu_{50}Ni_{20}Al_{10}$ powders during high-energy ball milling and subsequent heat treatment were studied. Full amorphization obtained after milling for 30 h was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The morphology of powders prepared using different milling times was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The powders developed a fine, layered, homogeneous structure with prolonged milling. The crystallization behavior showed that the glass transition, $T_g$, onset crystallization, $T_x$, and super cooled liquid range ${\Delta}T=T_x-T_g$ were 691,771 and 80 K, respectively. The isothermal transformation kinetics was analyzed by the John-Mehn-Avrami equation. The Avrami exponent was close to 2.5, which corresponds to the transformation process with a diffusion-controlled type at nearly constant nucleation rate. The activation energy of crystallization for the alloy in the isothermal annealing process calculated using an Arrhenius plot was 345 kJ/mol.

In this contribution the homogeneity of mechanically alloyed Fe-Cu powders for two different compositions (Fe-10 and Fe-2.5at%Cu) has been systematically characterised by atom probe tomography. Since Fe-Cu exhibits the Invar effect, it is among the most attractive systems for technical application. Furthermore, this system is immiscible and characterised by a large positive heat of mixing. In combination with the widespread application and accessibility, this predestines Fe-Cu as a binary model alloy to elaborate the enforced nonequilibrium enhanced solubility for immiscible systems. Depending on the parameters composition and milling time, results on the extension of the solubility limit and on the homogeneity of the alloy are presented, discussed and compared to earlier works. Only for the alloy with lower Cu content and for the prolonged milling time of 50h, chemical homogeneity of the sample as measured by the atom probe was fully reached on the nano-scale. For all other parameter combinations homogeneity could not be achieved, even for long milling times and for those samples that appear to be homogeneous via X-ray analysis. Moreover, impurities were determined, mostly stemming from the fabrication procedure. The arrangement and homogeneity of the most common impurity, oxygen, was evaluated from atom probe data for different samples. Thus, the local concentration, segregation effects and the distribution of impurities could be quantified on the nano-scale, depending on the different nominal compositions and processing parameters. Additionally, structural information could be gained employing transmission electron microscopy and diffraction measurements.

Since temperature at canopy-level is a critical determinant of many biological processes, extrapolation of synoptic data is common to get site-specific temperature data for the purpose of agricultural and natural resources management. Besides elevation, exposure of the site is believed to play an important role in determination of daily maximum temperature in complex terrain. We suggest a simple method using a normalized difference in incident solar energy between a target surface and a level surface (NDSI) to eliminate errors in daily maximum temperature extrapolation in mountainous complex terrain. We measured air temperature at 8 side slope locations circumventing a cone-shaped parasitic volcano (c.a., 570 m diameter for the bottom circle and 90 m bottom-to-top height) covered with natural grasses in Jeju Island, South Korea. A dataset of daily maximum temperature was prepared from summer to winter solstice in 2007 and deviations at each location from a horizontal reference were regressed to the NDSI, to search a quantitative relationship between daily maximum temperature and solar irradiance. The selected nonlinear regression equation (0.76 for the coefficient of determination) was used to extrapolate daily maximum temperature over a mountainous watershed in 2008. When the NDSI corrected temperatures at selected sites were compared with the best official estimates from national automated weather observation network (NAWON), a consistent reduction in the root mean square error (RMSE) was observed for the entire period. Seasonal averages for the RMSE were 0.83 degrees C for the NDSI corrected estimation compared with 1.50 degrees C for the NAWON based interpolation.