Aminated polystyrene (A-PS) microspheres were arranged into a single-layer periodically ordered structure via the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to serve as a template. With citrate ions as the morphology-directing agent, silver (Ag) nanosheets were successfully grown on the orderly arranged A-PS microspheres using Ag seed-induced method. When this array structure was used as a Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering substrate, the gaps inside and between the Ag nanosheets could provide sufficient "hot spots", and the enhanced peaks of rhodamine 6G could still be clearly observed when its concentration was as low as 10-11 mol/L, with an enhancement factor of up to about 3 x 107. Moreover, the array structure exhibited good reproducibility across the entire area, and the relative standard deviation of scattering peaks at 605, 765 and 1356 cm-1 is 12.75 %, 13.53 % and 11.77 %, respectively, which was comparable to those of previously reported substrates.

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers are extensively utilized as encapsulation materials in photovoltaics owing to their excellent adhesion, high transparency, and weathering resistance. However, efficient recycling pathways for the strip-shaped waste generated during industrial-scale manufacturing remain limited. Herein, we devised a novel recycling strategy to fabricate a highly transparent and superhydrophobic self-cleaning coating by incorporating waste EVA and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)-modified SiO2 nanoparticles via a simple dip-coating process. The resultant coating exhibited outstanding superhydrophobicity, with a water contact angle exceeding 155 degrees and a sliding angle below 2 degrees, while maintaining exceptional visible-light transmittance of over 98%. Systematic microstructural analyses revealed that the quantity and size distribution of defects, along with the film thickness, were the primary factors governing optical performance, whereas surface roughness played a comparatively minor role. The coating thickness could be precisely controlled by adjusting the lift speed during dip-coating, and complete curing was achieved within 2 min. This work not only provides an effective recycling pathway for waste EVA but also demonstrates considerable potential for applications requiring both high transparency and self-cleaning functionality, such as solar panel covers and architectural glazing.

UV-absorbing additives have recently been demonstrated to be effective interfacial modifiers that simultaneously enhance the UV stability and crystallization of halide perovskite. However, the underlying mechanisms concerning UV absorption, defect passivation, and efficacy optimization of these additives remain unresolved. Herein, two UV tautomeric absorbers (UV320 and UV327) are selected as defect-passivators for perovskites. The keto–enol tautomeric evolution processes and corresponding defect passivation performance/mechanism of both the original molecules and their tautomers are thoroughly compared and elucidated through experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations. The additional carbonyl (–C=O) groups generated through the keto–enol tautomeric process triggered by the Cl atom in UV327 ultimately provide superior chemical coordination and enhanced defect-passivation capability compared to the original counterparts. Moreover, the versatility of K-UV327 is further demonstrated by its optimization of SnO2 film quality, interfacial energy band alignment, charge extraction efficiency, and defect state suppression. The photodetector optimized by UV327’s tautomer achieves an ultralow dark current density of 3.22 × 10−10 A cm−2, an enhanced linear dynamic range of 94.14 dB, and a fast response time of 23.35/26.19 μs. Notably, unencapsulated devices maintain a stable response at 3900 Hz following 300 h exposure to 40

This work presents a bio-inspired strategy for spin-state engineering in bifunctional electrocatalysis using extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The Co2P/Ni2P-EPS2/NF catalyst is designed to resolve the inherent electronic conflicts between the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by enabling potential-driven charge redistribution and dynamic spin-state reconstruction. The catalyst achieves low overpotentials of 49.1 mV for HER and 198.5 mV for OER at 10 mA cm-2, demonstrating exceptional bifunctional electrocatalytic activity and stability. Furthermore, the catalyst operates efficiently under solar irradiation, achieving a cell voltage of only 1.45 V for overall water splitting, showcasing its potential for sustainable hydrogen production driven by renewable energy. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insights reveals that high-spin Co3+ for OER and low-spin Ni2+ for HER optimally modulate the adsorption of reaction intermediates. This work introduces a novel approach to electrocatalysis and offers a scalable and economically feasible solution for solar-driven hydrogen production from water.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (NO3RR) offers an eco-friendly route for value-added NH3 production, yet efficient NH3 production is limited by the mismatch between nitrate activation and hydrogenation of NOx intermediates. Here, we construct a FeCo-CeO2 catalysts with intimate Fe-Co interfacial coupling to realize an interfacial dual-acceleration strategy for NO3RR. The synthesized FeCo-CeO2 exhibits favorable NO3RR performance, the NH3 yield reaching 0.84mmolh-1 cm-2 at -0.5V vs. RHE and an NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 97.35% at -0.3V vs. RHE, together with good cycling stability. Systematic characterization and theoretical studies reveal that Fe sites facilitate nitrate adsorption and activation, while neighboring Co sites promote reactive hydrogen (*H) generation from water dissociation for subsequent NOx hydrogenation. More importantly, the Fe-Co interface induces interfacial electronic coupling, optimizes intermediates adsorption and reduces the energy barrier of the potential-determining step, enabling a dual-acceleration process that simultaneously promotes NO3- activation and NOx hydrogenation. Furthermore, FeCo-CeO2 is employed as a Zn-NO3- battery cathode, delivering a maximum power density of 7.34mWcm-2 along with an open-circuit voltage of 1.41V. Overall, this work establishes an interfacial dual-acceleration strategy for rational catalyst design, offering a promising pathway toward high performance electrosynthesis of green ammonia and integrated energy conversion.

Perovskite single-crystal heterojunction arrays exhibit significant application potential in advanced optoelectronics, however, achieving comprehensive control over crystallographic and spatial properties of the array remains challenging. Here, we report a selective epitaxial growth strategy for fabricating single-crystal MAPbCl3/MAPbBr3 and MAPbBr3/MAPbI3 heterojunction arrays. This method employs patterned polymer templates to define the pixel dimension and arrangement, while the underlying single-crystal substrate guides the crystal orientation of the heterojunction array, enabling precise control over the pixel size, pixel arrangement angle and crystal plane. The self-powered photodetector arrays were fabricated based on these heterojunctions, showing a specific detectivity of 6.0 × 1011 Jones, a weak-light detection limit of 9 nW cm−2 and long-term operation stability under zero bias. Furthermore, the light pattern with different illumination intensities could be clearly imaged by the device array in the self-powered mode. This work establishes a robust method of fabricating the single-crystal heterojunction arrays for advanced optoelectronic applications.

Converting mid-infrared (MIR) radiation to visible or near-infrared wavelengths is essential for imaging and sensing, yet achieving sensitive, low-power, and scalable detection remains challenging. Lanthanide nanocrystals provide an alternative through ratiometric luminescence but are typically constrained by Boltzmann statistics, which tie population distributions to lattice temperature and limit signal contrast. Here we show that MIR irradiation rebalances dissipative relaxation pathways, driving lanthanide emitters into a non-Boltzmann steady state that enables non-thermal control of population distributions. This allows emission behaviors inaccessible under thermal equilibrium. We exploit this regime to achieve linear MIR detection with respect to MIR power across 6.8 to 8.6 micrometers. The ratiometric response is intrinsically independent of the pump power, enabling operation at an ultralow excitation power of 10 uW, several orders of magnitude lower than conventional approaches. Using standard silicon photodetectors, we then demonstrate room-temperature MIR imaging with detection limits approaching 4 nW um-2. Our results establish lanthanide nanoparticles as an efficient platform for MIR conversion and sensing in nanophotonic systems.

Solution-processable perovskite semiconductors represent a highly promising platform for cost-effective electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, their performance and stability are critically limited by poor top-surface quality arising from incompletely-grown grains, lattice disorder, and widespread inhomogeneity stemming from precursor depletion and volatile components loss during crystallization. Here, we introduce a structured space-confined crystallization (SCC) strategy designed to guide the growth of well-defined, highly ordered perovskite crystals within a robust chemical environment. Our method produces ordered hexagonal arrays of cylindrical protrusions with enhanced crystallinity, reduced defect density, and improved overall film homogeneity. As a result, photodetectors based on such MAPbI3 films exhibit a nearly 500% increase in photocurrent compared to pristine devices. Likewise, MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.6%, significantly exceeding the 20.5% of control devices, while retaining 80% of their initial performance after 1200 h of operation. Notably, applying the same SCC strategy to FA-based perovskite systems boosts the PCE from 23.1% to 24.4%, demonstrating the broad applicability and universality of our approach. This work opens a new and effective avenue to improving the quality of perovskite films and optoelectronic devices in a scalable and reproducible manner.

Silicon/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cells have attracted attention due to their simple fabrication process. While liquid-phase treatments are widely employed to optimize the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, gas-phase pretreatment strategies remain largely underexplored. Herein, we introduce a gas-phase hydrogen pretreatment strategy that effectively screens the negative charges on sulfonate groups, thereby attenuating the Coulombic interactions between PEDOT+ and PSS- chains and enhancing film conductivity. Following a 24-h hydrogen pretreatment, the fill factor (FF) increases from 61 to 65.8%, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement from 12.15% to 13.61%. Further synergy with epoxy resin optimization elevates the PCE to 14.36% and significantly bolsters environmental stability: the devices retain 60% and 70% of their initial PCE after 200 h of storage at 80 degrees C and -12 degrees C, respectively. These results show that hydrogen pretreatment of PEDOT:PSS is a successful and feasible approach for Si/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cells, contributing to the development of solar cell technology.

Achieving the controlled aggregation of luminescent Cu+ ions into emitting Cu+ dimers within an amorphous glass network remains a formidable challenge due to severe cationic Coulombic repulsion and high-temperature oxidation. Herein, we propose a novel "defect-mediated aggregation" strategy to realize full-color emission in Sn2+/Cu+ co-doped alumino-borosilicate glasses synthesized in an ambient air atmosphere. The novelty of this work lies in exploiting the dual regulatory role of the Sn2+ co-dopant: chemically, it constructs an exceptionally low optical basicity (Lambda th=0.483) environment that synergizes with thermal self-reduction to uniquely stabilize low-valence Sn2+ and Cu+ without requiring a reducing atmosphere; structurally, Sn2+ induces the [BO3] -> [BO4] network transformation and generates localized oxygen vacancies. EPR and spectroscopic analyses demonstrate that these electron-rich vacancies act as critical "structural anchors." They effectively shield the Coulombic repulsion between cations, guiding the in-situ assembly of isolated Cu+ monomers into orangeemitting Cu+-Cu+ pairs (Cu2+ 2 ). Benefiting from the highly efficient resonance energy transfer exclusively from Sn2+ to the Cu+ dimers, the glass exhibits excitation-wavelength-dependent (260-380 nm) continuously tunable emission from deep blue to pure white and warm orange. Furthermore, the excellent thermal stability enables the drawing of highly flexible luminescent fibers. This work provides a groundbreaking defect-engineering paradigm for designing low-cost, rare-earth-free optical materials for smart lighting and flexible photonics.

Controlling colloidal assembly for uniform film formation remains a key challenge in shear-driven coating processes for scalable fabrication of high performance silica coatings. Herein, a surface methylation strategy was proposed to modify the interfacial properties of silica nanoparticles, enabling controlled colloidal assembly and uniform film formation during blade coating. Surface methylation of fumed SiO2 with dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS) effectively reduces the surface energy and suppresses particle aggregation, resulting in enhanced dispersion stability and a more uniform particle distribution. Combined with solvent engineering using an EtOH/DMSO mixed solvent system, we promote uniform colloidal assembly during doctor blading, leading to the formation of a homogeneous porous network. This well-defined microstructure simultaneously provides refractive index matching for anti-reflection and surface roughness construction for superhydrophobicity. Consequently, the optimized coating exhibits high optical transparency in the visible region, with an average transmittance of 92.5% when referenced to air, a water contact angle exceeding 150°, and an increase in normalized photovoltaic conversion efficiency from 91% to 93.7%, In addition, the coating demonstrates reasonable durability under mild mechanical impact and abrasion. Importantly, the shear-assisted blade coating process provides a scalable approach for uniform film fabrication. This work establishes a direct correlation between surface methylation, colloidal assembly, and film formation, providing new physicochemical insight and a scalable strategy for multifunctional coating design.

Superhydrophobic coatings have attracted considerable attention in various fields, such as photovoltaics, due to their self-cleaning properties. However, achieving high-performance self-cleaning coatings through simple processes and at low cost remains a significant challenge. In this study, F-Al2O3 sol was prepared by a one-step modification process using isopropylaluminum, perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FAS), and silane coupling agent (KH550). A high-transparency superhydrophobic self-cleaning coating was then fabricated using the dip-coating method. The maximum static water contact angle of the coating was 159.85 degrees, with a sliding angle of 0.2 degrees, demonstrating excellent self-cleaning performance and effective resistance to common contaminants. Compared to bare glass, the coated glass exhibited a 2.5% higher transmittance, which improved the encapsulation efficiency of crystalline silicon cells by 1.5%. Even after undergoing nine cycles of polishing with 400-grit sandpaper or being exposed outdoors for seven months, the F-Al2O3 coating maintained good superhydrophobic performance. This easily prepared, low-cost superhydrophobic coating, with its exceptional self-cleaning properties and photovoltaic efficiency improvement, shows great potential for application in the photovoltaic industry. It is of significant importance for promoting the development of green energy and environmental protection.

Iron-silicon-aluminum soft magnetic alloy has good electrical, mechanical, and oxidation properties, and is widely used in the electromagnetic field. In this paper, Fe2O3, Al2O3,Al2O3 and SiO2SiO2 were used as raw materials to prepare Fe–Si–Al intermetallicFe–Si–Al Intermetallic compounds by molten saltMolten salt electro-deoxidation process at 800 °C in a NaCl–CaCl2 molten saltMolten salt system. The thermodynamicsThermodynamics of the reduction preparation process were calculated to determine the reaction process. The results show that Fe2O3 preferentially undergoes electrolytic deoxygenation, and the O2− produced by deoxidation spontaneously reacts with Ca2+ in molten saltMolten salt and Al2O3Al2O3 and SiO2SiO2 in the cathode to form CaAl12O19 and CaSiO3. CaSiO3 was reduced to elemental elements before CaAl12O19 and formed Fe–Si–Al intermetallic compounds with Fe.

Coumarin asymmetric multi-chain liquid crystals (LCs) were synthesized using click reaction, with coumarin core and 1,2,3-triazole dendritic wings on both sides. The properties of these LCs and the resulting gels were investigated using polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These polycatenars demonstrate the ability to self-assemble into columnar LCs phases, exhibiting p4 mm symmetry in their bulk states. In DMF solvent, ether compounds yield gels with notably more ordered, spherical flower-like morphologies, while ester compounds produce gels that are less ordered and exhibit a nanosphere morphology. The findings indicate that the polarities of both the linkages and the solvents play a critical role in the formation of supramolecular nanostructures. Interestingly, the 2 was proved as promising imaging probe for latent fingerprints (LFPs) and fluorescent fingerprints images were obtained with high-resolution, which showed potential practical application for LFPs detection. Additionally, LCs compounds are used as dopants to modify the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene (PEDOT:PSS) injection layer of Organic silicone-based heterojunction solar cells (HSCs). Finally, Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to theoretically study such as geometric structure, frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic potential, and dipole moment.

Metal halide perovskite‐based devices can exhibit exceptional optoelectronic performance at relatively high defect densities, a phenomenon commonly referred to as defect tolerance, which is one of the most important features of metal halide perovskites (MHPs). Defect tolerance is previously thought to be a static property, determined solely by the composition and manufacturing process. However, recent studies have shown that the defect tolerance of MHPs is dynamic and can vary over time. For example, the power conversion efficiency of MHPs‐based solar cells has been found to improve significantly under continuous illumination. Although this is a unique self‐optimization behavior of MHPs, it can seriously affect the stability of power output of MHPs‐based solar cells in real‐world operating conditions. In view of this, extensive research has been conducted, but the physical mechanism of this photoinduced dynamic defect tolerance (DDT) has remained inconclusive, as both the mechanisms and experimental phenomena continue to be subjects of controversy. Therefore, a timely summarization on mechanisms related to DDT is urgently needed. In this review, a systematic overview is first provided of the experimental phenomena, characteristics, and influencing factors of the DDT. Following that, the proposed mechanisms for DDT are summarized, with a focus on carrier‐defect and carrier‐lattice interactions. Finally, the current challenges faced in DDT research are summarized and an outlook on the future developments is provided. This review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of DDT in MHPs to enhance the performance and stability of MHPs‐based solar cells, thereby facilitating the advancement and commercialization of these technologies.

BiVO4 is a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. However, its performance is hindered by poor charge carrier transport and sluggish water oxidation kinetics. To address this issue, this study, for the first time, utilized Bacillus haynesii (B.haynesii) to reduce Cr(VI) from wastewater into bio-Cr₂O₃ nanoparticles and loaded them as an oxygen evolution co-catalyst (OEC) onto the BiVO₄/Bi₂S₃ heterojunction, successfully fabricating a composite photoanode (BiVO4/Bi2S3@bio-Cr2O3). The advanced BiVO4/Bi2S3@bio-Cr2O3 photoanode achieved an impressive photocurrent density of 6.00 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE), over 4.63 times as high as that of pristine BiVO4, outperforming most BiVO₄-based systems. This study reveal that bio-Cr₂O₃ induces compressive lattice strain in Bi₂S₃, enhancing the built-in electric field for charge separation, while microbial-derived oxygen vacancies and N-doping synergistically reduce interfacial resistance (Rct = 42.79 Ω·cm−2) and accelerate water oxidation kinetics. Density functional theory (DFT) confirms a 0.28 eV reduction in the OER energy barrier due to Cr 3d/Bi 6p orbital hybridization. This work elucidates the role of microbial-derived metal nano-ions as OEC, offering a circular economy approach for developing efficient and stable photoanodes for PEC water splitting and proposing an innovative strategy that integrates environmental remediation with energy conversion.

With the rapid development of wearable flexible electronics, flexible materials integrating high conductivity, superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance, and structural stability have become an imperative trend. In this study, a high‐performance flexible silver‐graphene composite film is successfully fabricated using a metal‐organic decomposition (MOD) ink‐graphene hybrid strategy. This approach utilizes MOD ink to selectively grow silver nanoparticles at graphene defect sites, constructing an anchored dense conductive network. The as‐prepared Ag–G film (≈40 µm) exhibits exceptional comprehensive properties: an average electrical conductivity of 1.9 × 10⁵ S·m −1 and an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 69.8 dB over the 8.2–18 GHz frequency range, along with outstanding structural stability. Remarkably, after harsh treatments (strong acid/alkali immersion, ultrasonic agitation, bending cycles, and water bath immersion), the film retains >96% of its initial EMI SE. Meanwhile, the in‐plane and out‐plane thermal conductivity reach of 4.92 and 0.68 W (m·K) −1 . Furthermore, leveraging the low viscosity of MOD ink, large‐area film fabrication is achieved via spray coating, offering a lightweight and highly reliable solution for electromagnetic protection in flexible wearable electronics.