Carbon dots (CDs) have potential to become adsorbents due to low toxicity, good biocompatibility, abundant surface functional groups and easy modification. However, the nanoscale size makes recycling become a challenge. Therefore, in this work, L-serine and L-cystine were selected as precursors for carbon dots (LL-CDs), which were modified on the surface of sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel. LL-CDs was used to increase adsorption capacity and enhance the rigid structure between SA chains, which was beneficial for the internal diffusion of REEs. An adsorption capacity of 217.9 mg/g for Er (III) represented a significant enhancement compared to the unmodified SA hydrogel. The adsorption mechanism of REEs was determined to involve electrostatic, ligand exchange, and chelation interactions. According to the theory of hard and soft acid-base, compared to S atom, O and N atoms had the stronger affinity with REEs, which were confirmed by Materials studio calculations. When 1 M HNO3 was used as the desorption solution, the adsorption capacity for Er (III) was still better compared to some other adsorbents. It revealed that the LL-CD modified SA hydrogel had strong potential for the recovery of REEs.

Advanced phosphate removal is crucial for mitigating eutrophication. Adsorption stands out for phosphate removal, yet, a weak affinity and slow mass transfer at low concentrations often hinder it. Herein, hierarchical CuCo-LDH@SA-10 hydrogel beads prepared by ZIF-67 conversion and alginate immobilization were fabricated with freeze-drying, which yielded a nanosheet-coated mesoporous architecture accelerating transport. The adsorbent removed phosphate from 50 to 0.05 mg L-1 in real wastewater within three cycles, achieving an adsorption capacity of 140.65 mg g-1 under batch conditions. Equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm, while the pseudo-second-order model provided the best description of uptake kinetics. High removal persisted over a pH range of 3-6, with good tolerance to coexisting anions (chloride being the most suppressive). Beyond phosphate, the material effectively removed chromate, achieving an uptake of 86.75 mg g-1. The beads were regenerable, retaining ≥90% capacity over three cycles and 87% after five cycles. Overall, the integration of hierarchical porosity, strong performance at low concentrations, and demonstrated dual-pollutant removal underscores CuCo-LDH@SA-10 as a promising adsorbent for advanced phosphate and chromate polishing in wastewater.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) detection is crucial for public health surveillance and the early diagnosis of related diseases. Currently, carbon dot (CD)-based fluorescent probes for HClO detection face issues such as insufficient green synthesis, a short fluorescence wavelength, and a lack of in-depth mechanistic studies. To address the above challenges, in this work, the biomass lotus leaf was used as the carbon source, and red fluorescent lotus leaf CDs (L-CDs) were green-synthesized. The probe exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for HClO, with a detection limit of 0.44 μM. This method was successfully applied to detecting HClO in real water samples and the fluorescence imaging of endogenous and exogenous HClO in living cells. Through the combination of density functional theory calculations and experiments, the structure of L-CDs was speculated, and the oxidation and chlorination reactions with HClO were revealed from the perspectives of molecular structure and electron orbitals. This study introduced a new method for the sensitive detection of HClO, offering further insight into the mechanism of HClO detection by CDs.

Flexible electronic devices have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential in wearable sensing, health monitoring, and soft robotics. However, developing conductive hydrogels that simultaneously possess high stretchability, low hysteresis, strong adhesion, and stable conductivity remained challenging due to the poor dispersibility of conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy). In this study, a carbon dots (CDs)-induced microphase separation strategy was proposed to construct multifunctional conductive hydrogels. CDs regulate the polymerization behavior and dispersion state of PPy, promoting the formation of PPy-rich conductive domains within an oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA)/polyacrylamide (PAM) network. The resulting microphase-separated architecture enhances interfacial coupling between conductive and elastic components, leading to improved electrical continuity and mechanical robustness. The optimized hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength of 77.56 kPa, a fracture strain exceeding 4300%, low energy loss (<11%), and high recovery (>89%). The resultant POCP hydrogel demonstrated great potential for applications in wearable strain sensors, bioelectrodes, and flexible supercapacitors.

As a severe intestinal disorder, short bowel syndrome (SBS) has become the leading cause of chronic intestinal failure worldwide. Teduglutide, a 33-amino-acid glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog, offers a novel therapeutic option for individuals suffering from SBS. In this study, Teduglutide purity certified reference material (CRM) with certified value and expanded uncertainty of (85.0% ± 2.7%) was developed with Teduglutide produced through recombinant gene expression technique. After a comprehensive purity verification and structure confirmation, two independent isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) strategies based on amino acid (AA) and sulfur measurements were employed for CRM certification, with the later strategy being used for the first time to certify a solid purity CRM. The Teduglutide purity CRM showed good homogeneity, it also exhibited satisfying stability for at least 14 days at 4 °C, 24 h for 25 °C and 12 months at -20 °C. The development of Teduglutide purity CRM (GBW09342) enables the establishment of accurate and reliable analytical methods for purity assessment, which is essential for ensuring the quality, consistency, and clinical safety of corresponding pharmaceutical products. It also provides a reliable reference for the quality control of other peptide-related drugs.

Accurate protein recognition is crucial for early disease diagnosis and biomarker screening. Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) is a promising cancer biomarker, yet its sensitive and selective detection in complex biological samples remains challenging. Here, a molecularly programmable multichannel fluorescence sensor array was constructed by employing three chemically distinct carbon dots (CDs), synthesized from Congo red coupled with ascorbic acid, citric acid, and glutathione, as parallel sensing units to generate multiple fluorescence response channels. This precursor-engineering strategy enabled the precise modulation of surface functional groups, redox properties, and protein-interaction behaviors, offering a novel route to tailor CDs for specific sensing targets. The resulting CDs functioned as complementary fluorescent sensing units, collectively forming a cross-reactive array capable of 100% accurate discrimination of 11 proteins in both buffer and whole blood samples. For the clinically relevant biomarker PGRMC1, the array displayed a broad linear response (0.010-1.000 ng/mL) and an ultralow limit of detection of 0.013 ng/mL (95% confidence interval from 0.004 to 0.021 ng/mL). More importantly, the analysis of 64 blinded clinical blood samples achieved robust differentiation between breast cancer patients and healthy individuals, demonstrating its translational potential for early cancer diagnosis. Fluorescence lifetime analysis combined with density functional theory calculations elucidated the underlying mechanism of interaction between the CDs and proteins, highlighting the contribution of precursor-dependent surface states. This study introduces a new design paradigm for CD-based fluorescent arrays and showcases their strong promise for complex biological analysis, precision biomarker detection, and clinical diagnostics.

The growing global concern about water contamination demands the development of sustainable, efficient water purification technologies. In this work, a multifunctional Mn-CuBi2O4/rGO nanocomposite was synthesized to perform interfacial solar thermal water evaporation and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The dual functional properties of Mn-CuBi2O4/rGO nanocomposite were due to broadband photothermal properties of rGO to promote the efficient steam generation under sunlight, while the Mn-CuBi2O4 nanorods catalyzed the visible light-driven photodegradation of organic contaminants such as Rhodamine B. The nanocomposite Mn-CBO/rGO exhibited 98 % photodegradation within 80 min, compared to the individual material under one-sun illumination. Similarly, the membrane of Mn-CBO/rGO/CG exhibited rapid and continuous water evaporation, with an evaporation rate of 1.92 kg & sdot;m-2 & sdot;h-1, and maintained a continuous water evaporation rate from 3 % to 20 % of salt addition. Furthermore, the membrane showed over 99 % removal efficiency for methylene blue, crystal violet, Congo red, and diclofenac sodium, and maintained a consistent evaporation rate in the presence of these organic pollutants. More importantly, the membrane removed over 99 % of the salts (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). However, the membrane showed excellent long-term stability towards organic and inorganic pollutants. This work demonstrated the synergistic benefits of combining photothermal and photocatalytic mechanisms in a single nanocomposite, offering a scalable, energy-efficient solution for addressing both water desalination and pollutant removal, and advancing the development of solar-assisted water purification technologies.

Against the strategic backdrop of the implementation of the Basic Discipline Talent Training Plan 2.0 and the Chemistry"101 plan",integrating new concepts,content,and methodologies into core course teaching is the key to improving the quality of talent cultivation.To address the problems existing in the teaching of atomic spectrometry,such as fragmented knowledge systems,abstract concepts,and the disconnection between theory and practice,this paper systematically elaborated on the teaching reform and practice of atomic spectrometry for the cultivation of innovative talents in chemistry.The reform was discussed from four dimensions:reconstruction of teaching content,innovation of teaching methods,integration of teaching resources,and integration of ideological and political educa-tion into courses.The teaching content was categorized into three levels—basic core,advanced integration,and extended frontier—to construct a modular knowledge system.For teaching methods,a diversified model incorporating the comparative method,heuristic interaction,and case-based learning was adopted to strengthen the cultivation of students'autonomous learning and innovative abilities.Multidimensional teaching resources,including textbooks,digital resources,and scientific research cases,were integrated to expand the boundaries of learning.Ideological and political elements such as patriotism and the scientific spirit were organically integrated into the entire teaching process,so as to achieve the synergistic integration of knowledge imparting,competence development,and value guidance.The relevant research findings and practical achievements are expected to provide valuable references for the teaching reform of analytical chemistry and related courses.

Conductive hydrogels have emerged as superior candidates for flexible electronics owing to their flexibility, biocompatibility, and self-healing properties. Nonetheless, challenges persist, including water evaporation upon exposure to air, leading to a reduction in flexibility. Moreover, conventional hydrogels rapidly absorb water, resulting in permanent destruction of their structure and electrical characteristics. Organogels have emerged as a viable solution to address these limitations. Herein, a multifunctional organogel was synthesized via the solvent exchange method, exhibiting outstanding stretchability, remarkable environmental stability, and good self-healing properties. The HA3PAmSm-PG organogel demonstrated a toughness of 2.45 MJ m-3, an elongation at break of 1621%, and a tensile strength of 0.258 MPa. Furthermore, a HA3PAmSm-PG organogel-based multifunctional strain sensor was constructed, which showed excellent ability for real-time motion detection, underwater finger flexion motion sensing, and gesture recognition of humans by monitoring the movements of humans with outstanding sensitivity and accuracy even in multiple environments, such as in air and water. Moreover, a HA3PAmSm-PG organogel-based pressure sensor was constructed, displaying exceptional efficiency in the immediate detection of handwritten mathematical digits and English letters. This versatile organogel showed excellent potential in multifunctional human-machine interaction and human health monitoring applications.

Adzuki beans are rich in active substances called adzuki saponins,which have various physiological functions such as prevention of hyperlipidemia,antioxidation,anticancer,and antiviral effects.A high-speed counter-current chromatography was established,and high-purity active component azukisaponin V was successfully isolated from crude adzuki bean extracts.By screening different types of chromatographic columns and optimizing the elution mode of the mobile phase,the analytical conditions were determined as follows:a C18 reversed-phase chromatographic column was adopted,and an acetonitrile-water system was used as the mobile phase for gradient elution.The gradient elution procedure was set as follows:acetonitrile maintained at 10%for 0～5 min,linearly increased from 10%to 65%during 5～15 min,then decreased back to 10%from 15～20 min.The detection wavelength was set at 205 nm,the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,the injection volume was 10 μL,and the column temperature was 30℃.The partition coefficients of adzuki saponins in different solvent systems were calculated using the established high-performance liquid chromatography,and four solvent systems were selected for the separation of azukisaponin V using high-speed counter-current chromatography.Combining with the retention rate of the stationary phase in the counter-current chromatography system and the separation effect of adzuki saponins,the optimal solvent system was identified as n-hexane:n-butanol:water(volume ratio 3:4:7).Under this system,5.8 mg of azukisaponin V with a purity of 93.0%was successfully isolated and purified from 500 mg of crude adzuki bean extract in a single run.This method not only provides technical support for the efficient separation of azukisaponin V but also offers a technical approach for the separation of other natural products.

Abstract Recovery and reuse of rare-earth elements from wastewater have gained increasing importance due to their growing applications and associated environmental risks. To address this challenge, a phosphonate-functionalized hybrid hydrogel was designed and fabricated by incorporating aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) into a sodium alginate (SA) matrix (SA@ATMP). The fabricated hydrogel was characterized using SEM-EDS, FT-IR, ζ-potential, and XPS, which confirmed successful functionalization and identified the surface functional groups involved in La(III) binding. The adsorption performance was examined systematically with respect to the amount of ATMP loading, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, temperature, coexisting ions, regeneration, and wastewater application. The optimized SA@ATMP-20 hybrid hydrogel exhibited enhanced adsorption performance toward La(III) under optimal experimental conditions. The adsorption kinetics were better described by the pseudo-second-order model, whereas the equilibrium data were more effectively fitted by the Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 279.00 mg/g. Density functional theory calculations revealed a more favorable adsorption energy for La(III) on SA@ATMP (−5.073 eV) than on pristine SA (−4.038 eV), confirming that ATMP incorporation provided additional coordination sites and strengthened metal-ion adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis further indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and was endothermic. In addition, the hydrogel retained 85.35% of its recovery efficiency after five adsorption–desorption cycles. Its practical applicability was further demonstrated in industrial wastewater, where the La(III) concentration was decreased from 342.4 to 0.525 mg/L after four successive adsorption cycles. Collectively, these results indicated that the SA@ATMP-20 hydrogel is a promising, low-cost, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for La(III) recovery from complex aqueous systems.

A cost-effective and environmentally friendly composite hydrogel for the adsorption of Cd2+ was fabricated by combining sodium alginate with lotus carbon dots (SA@lotus CDs). The impact of many factors, including doping amount, dose, pH, initial solution concentration, adsorption period, and temperature, on the process of Cd2+ adsorption was studied. The adsorption isotherm was fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model with high accuracy (R2 = 0.9604). The adsorption kinetics conformed to the Pseudo-Second-Order kinetic model, demonstrating a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9238). The Langmuir model predicted that the adsorbent had adsorption capacity of 179.35 mg/g for Cd2+. After undergoing five cycles, the SA@lotus CDs continued to exhibit a removal effectiveness of 85.1 %. The SA@lotus CDs hydrogel composite was also used for the removal of Pb2+ by 291.23 mg/g. The adsorption capability of the hydrogel was improved due to the addition of CDs. Pb2+ was adsorbed by SA beads at 275.5 mg/g, while SA@lotus CDs had a slight increase to 291.23 mg/g (5.7 %). However, there was a 40.2 % increase in Cd2+ adsorption from 127.89 mg/g by SA beads to 179.35 mg/g by SA@lotus CDs beads. The results of the adsorption tests showed the different removal efficiency of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by SA@lotus CDs. These findings suggested that SA@lotus CDs were more effective for removing Cd2+ than Pb2+. The interaction mechanism between materials and metal ions was studied by using density functional theory. The interactions between CDs sites or SA sites and metal ions were calculated respectively. The results showed that the adsorption energy of CDs sites for metal ions was Cd2+ < Cu2+ < Pb2+ < Fe2+ < Co2+ < Mg2+, while the adsorption energy of SA for Pb2+ was much lower than that for Cd2+. Therefore, the affinity order of SA@lotus CDs for metal ions was Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Fe2+ > Co2+ > Mg2+, which was consistent with the experimental results.

The enhancement and removal of rare earth ions from wastewater resources have emerged as a crucial study to ensure the superior quality of rare earth resources application. In this work, amide humic acid-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AHA MNPs) were fabricated by chemical coprecipitation hydrothermal technique. The fabricated nanoparticles showed excellent stability in aqueous solutions. They could be easily collected from solutions using a magnetic separation strategy. Adsorption studies were used to investigate the adsorption performance of Fe3O4@AHA MNPs for La (III) under a variety of circumstances. Furthermore, isothermal adsorption lines and kinetic and thermodynamic modeling were used to examine the adsorption mechanism of La (III). Results revealed that Fe3O4@AHA MNPs had a high adsorption capacity of 148.83 mg g(-1) and adsorption equilibrium was attained after 45 min when the adsorbent dose was 20 mg at pH 6. Fe3O4@AHA MNPs demonstrated high reusability for La (III), retaining 78.5% of initial adsorption capability after five cycles. Finally, the fabricated Fe3O4@AHA MNPs was successfully employed and applied to remove La (III) from industrial wastewater samples. According to these results, the Fe3O4@AHA MNPs have potential to be a useful material for enrichment and preconcentration of La (III) or other trivalent lanthanides from wastewater.

With the rapid development of wearable devices, there is an increasing demand for multifunctional conductive soft materials. Nanocomposite hydrogels containing carbon nanofillers such as carbon dots (CDs) composite gels emerge as promising candidates. However, traditional CDs nanocomposite hydrogels face limitations in terms of mechanical strength, stability and elasticity. To overcome these critical challenges, in this work, a cationic carbon dots (CCDs)-reinforced polyelectrolyte hydrogel engineered through synergistic electrostatic assembly and salting-out strategies is developed. The polyacrylic acid/sodium hyaluronate/cationic carbon point glycerol-water binary solvent fluorescent organohydrogel (PAH-CG) is fabricated. The resulting organohydrogel PAH-CG successfully overcame the plasticizing effect of glycerol, resulting in a significant enhancement of mechanical properties, with a 149-fold increase in Young's modulus compared to the control hydrogel. Specifically, the PAH-CG hydrogel exhibited high tensile strain (1200%-2734%), tensile strength (234 kPa), and modulus (275 kPa), alongside excellent elasticity, fluorescence, and dehydration resistance. The improvement in mechanical properties leads to excellent performance in flexible sensor applications. Concurrently, glycerol incorporation not only amplifies fluorescence intensity but also improves dehydration resistance and moisture absorption. Applications for encrypted transmission of information and anti-counterfeiting have been developed based on these properties, making PAH-CG hydrogels a promising platform for advanced smart devices.

Steroid hormones constitute a group of hormones with molecular weights ranging from 200 to 400 daltons, characterized by their highly similar chemical structures. Each hormone within this group holds significant value for the diagnosis of various diseases. Accurate clinical measurement of the levels of each hormone is crucial for the diagnosis in clinical settings. Due to the wide variety and different properties of steroid hormones in organisms, sample pretreatment is the rate-limiting step for analysis and detection. In this paper, magnetic molecule-imprinting polymers (MMIPs) were prepared by surface imprinting on silicon coated magnetic spheres, and a detection method of MMIPs-combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for 19 steroid hormones in plasma was developed and verified. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the formation of MMIPs materials, and the conditions of material synthesis and pretreatment of steroid hormones from plasma were optimized. The detection method was evaluated by using linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision, accuracy and matrix effect. The linearity of 19 steroid hormones was good, and the linear correlation coefficient was greater than 0.995. The coefficients of variation were 2.1-9.8 % and 1.1-9.7 % for intra-day and inter-day, respectively, and the recoveries were 83.6 %-118.2 % at low concentration, and the recoveries of medium and high concentrations were 94.6 %-113.8 % and 89.5 %-113.6 %, respectively. The coefficient of variation of Relative matrix effect of 19 steroid hormones measured in different batches of plasma was 2.1-5.4 % after isotope internal standard correction, which eliminated the influence of matrix effect.

Conductive hydrogel-based strain and pressure sensors have been extensively employed in various fields such as soft robotics and human-machine interaction. Nonetheless, it still remains challenging to synthesize a conductive hydrogel with exquisite mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and sensitivity. Herein, a novel double network nanocomposite conductive hydrogel was fabricated by using sodium alginate (SA), polyacrylamide (PAm) and copper metal nanoparticles (CuNPs) and further utilized to construct highly sensitive strain and pressure sensors. The optimized SA:PAm/CuNPs-18 hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength of 0.42 MPa, an elongation at break of 1448 %, a toughness of 3.90 MJ m-3 and an electrical conductivity of 2.4 S m-1. Furthermore, the SA:PAm/CuNPs-18 hydrogel-based strain sensor was successfully utilized for multi-scale sensing and monitoring of the movements of elbow joint, knee joint, wrist joints, neck muscles, facial expressions and pulse of humans. In addition, the SA:PAm/CuNPs-18 hydrogel-based pressure sensor also showed great potential to detect and differentiate handwritten letters of English even at variable applied pressures and speeds. All these results indicate that the strain and pressure sensors can be integrated in wearable electronic devices, which are useful in medical observation and accurate signature recognition of humans.

In the field of clinical testing, precise quantitative analysis of steroid hormones is an important basis for disease diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation. However, the sample pretreatment techniques currently widely used still have significant bottlenecks. In this study a strategy for magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) based on surface imprinting technology, using genistein as a virtual template and bifunctional monomers (3,3diaminobenzidine and p-benzoquinone) to construct multiple recognition sites was designed and carried out. The adsorption capacity for tetracyclic skeleton steroids was enhanced through synergistic effects, such as beta-Eatradiol (E2) up to 5.31-fold increase. The key parameters such as material dosage, adsorption time, and elution condition were systematically optimized. Magnetic solid-phase extraction technique combined with UPLC-MS/MS was established to achieve efficient enrichment and simultaneous detection of 29 steroid hormones in human plasma, and the methodology was verified by linear range, precision and recovery. A low-cost, high-specificity, and environmentally friendly detection scheme was provided for clinical testing, achieving recoveries of 80.0-118.0 % across three spiked concentration levels and LOD and LOQ ranges of 0.17-309.00 pgmL- 1 and 0.56-597.00 pgmL- 1 for all 29 steroid hormones. This work further promoted applications of MMIPs in complex biological matrices.

Conductive hydrogels have emerged as excellent candidates for the design and construction of flexible wearable sensors and have attracted great attention in the field of wearable sensors. However, there are still serious challenges to integrating high stretchability, self-healing, self-adhesion, excellent sensing properties, and good biocompatibility into hydrogel wearable devices through easy and green strategies. In this paper, multifunctional conductive hydrogels (PCGB) with good biocompatibility, high tensile (1694 % strain), self-adhesive, and selfhealing properties were fabricated by incorporating boric acid (BA) and glucose (Glu) simultaneously into polyacrylic acid (PAA) and chitosan (CS) polymer networks using a simple one-pot polymerization method. Furthermore, the hydrogel strain sensor constructed from the PCGB assembly had great sensing property including high sensitivity (GF = 5.7), durability and stability (5000 cycles). The hydrogel strain sensor was applied to the detection of human motion, which exhibited accurate detection behavior for both large-scale motions and small activities. A strategy to design and fabricate multifunctional conductive hydrogels integrating high stretchability, self-healing, self-adhesion and good biocompatibility was provided, and the multifunctional conductive hydrogels broadened the application of hydrogel-based wearable sensor.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is one of the most abundant proteins in serum, and its high-throughput detection is still one of the current challenges. Nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was used as a precursor for the synthesis of CDs, providing the required carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources for the CDs. It was also used as an organic bridge ligand for coordination polymers. Upon addition of the lanthanide metal ion Tb3+, the AMP molecules formed lanthanide coordination polymers in solution, resulting in fabrication of the novel ratiometric fluorescent probe AMP-CDs@Tb with dual emission centers. This fabricated method greatly reduced the complexity of dualemission CDs doped with lanthanide metals. The designed ratiometric fluorescent probe only needed one precursor AMP to realize the synthesis of CDs and bound to lanthanide metal ions as an organic ligand, this probe could be used for rapid and sensitive analysis of BSA. The linear relationship was good when the concentration of BSA was 0.1 to 650 mu M, and the LOD was 0.042 mu M. In addition, the possible detection mechanism of BSA was explored through fluorescence lifetime and density functional theory calculations.