通过实地调查,本文初步摸清了甘肃省盐碱地现状及分布情况,并针对不同盐碱化程度的耕地提出了不同的治理与改良技术措施.同时,对全省近年来盐碱地改良项目成效进行了说明,并提出了存在的问题及建议,为进一步做好盐碱地治理工作打下了基础.

本文简要介绍了沼液在制种玉米上的应用技术,重点介绍了沼液还田技术的操作要点,并针对该技术应用中存在的主要问题提出了注意事项.通过研究对比发现,在制种玉米种植中应用沼液还田种植技术,可明显增加土壤有机质含量、提高土壤肥力、补充土壤中的中微量元素、平衡土壤养分,减少化肥施用量与农药用量,可提高肥料利用率,抑制病虫草害发生,进而提高制种玉米品质.

In order to investigate the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic fertilizer on soil microbial quantity, nutrient content, eggplant yield, quality and water use efficiency in Hexi oasis, the field experiments of seven different treatments were carried out in 2019 and 2020 with purple long eggplant Tianlong 8 as the test material.Seven treatments were set up, including 100% common chemical fertilizer（FH）,80% common chemical fertilizer+20% organic fertilizer（FE）,60% common chemical fertilizer+40% organic fertilizer（FS）,40% common chemical fertilizer+60% organic fertilizer（FF）,20% common chemical fertilizer+80% organic fertilizer（FT）,100% organic fertilizer（FZ）and no fertilizer control（CK）.The changes of soil microbial quantity, nutrient content and yield in 0—20 cm after eggplant harvest were analyzed.The results showed that chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer could increase the number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and organic matter in soil.Among them, 60% chemical fertilizer+40% organic fertilizer had the best improvement effect, followed by 80% chemical fertilizer+20% organic fertilizer.The combined application of pure chemical fertilizer had little effect on the growth dynamics of eggplant, but the combined application of organic fertilizer could significantly promote the nutrient absorption of eggplant, increase plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index, and regulate the yield components, laying the foundation for high yield of eggplant.Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer can promote the distribution of eggplant photosynthetic products to fruit and improve eggplant yield.The economic yield of 60% chemical fertilizer+40% organic fertilizer treatment was the highest（42 716.15 kg/ha）,followed by 40% ordinary chemical fertilizer+60% organic fertilizer（41 922.06 kg/ha）and 80% ordinary chemical fertilizer+20% organic fertilizer（40 302.74 kg/ha）,which were 53.64%,50.78% and 44.96% higher than CK.Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer can improve the water and heat status of soil tillage layer and improve the water use efficiency of eggplant.The water use efficiency of FS was the highest（10.46 kg/m~3）,followed by FF（10.37 kg/hm~3）and FT（9.79 kg/hm~3）,which was 47.53%,46.19% and 38.08% higher than that of CK.Therefore, considering the soil environment, yield and water use efficiency, the best recommended treatment is chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer is 60%+40% organic fertilizer.

以春玉米为供试作物,于 2021-2022 年在甘肃省定西市进行不同深度施肥田间试验,以双垄沟覆膜种植为基础,设置 3 个氮肥施用深度:5cm(D5)、15 cm(D15)和 25 cm(D25),以不施氮(N0)处理为对照,共 4 个处理,分析不同氮肥施用深度对农田土壤养分含量、干物质积累、水分利用及玉米产量的影响,为优化施肥模式和进一步提升其节水增产效能提供理论依据.结果表明,随施肥深度的增加,农田 0～40 cm土层土壤养分含量逐渐增大,D25处理较D15 和D5 处理的土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别平均提高 8.67%、2.23%、22.11%和 15.18%;氮肥深施可提高生育后期养分供给能力,玉米干物质积累量显著提高,D25 处理播后 105 d～收获期干物质积累量分别较D15 和D5 提高 6.53%和 25.30%;2 个试验年份农田耗水量和水分利用效率均随着施肥深度的增加逐渐增大,D25处理分别较D15 和D5 平均提高 10.09%和 10.08%;D25 处理玉米生物产量和经济产量较D5 处理分别平均提高27.20%和34.93%.在西北旱作区,氮肥 25 cm深施模式能为玉米提供更好的养分供给,是提高覆膜旱作农田玉米干物质积累量及产量的有效措施.

本文简要介绍了甘肃省耕地质量现状和面临的形势与问题,阐述了耕地质量提升的重大意义,提出甘肃省耕地质量建设与保护工作要坚持绿色发展新理念,建议以耕地保护为中心,建设耕地质量监测和管理信息系统平台,实施有机质提升、中低产田土壤改良、盐碱地改良工程等三大工程,推动甘肃省耕地质量建设与保护工作深入开展,为确保粮食安全、实现绿色高质量发展奠定基础.

Our study provided the characteristics of the fungal composition and diversity associated with rhizosphere soil, root and leaf of Stipa purpurea, and evaluated the capacities of fungal strains on promoting plant growth. A total of 293 isolates were gained from 1048 tissue segments and rhizosphere soil of S. purpurea collected from Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet by traditional methods. It was evaluated for polyketide synthases (PKS), non -ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), plant growth-promoting (PGP) and antagonistic activities. The fungal isolates spread over 14 order and 42 different genera. Aspergillus was the most dominant genus of S. purpurea gained from Gansu and Qinghai, and was the second most dominant at Tibet, Fusarium was the most dominant genus in Tibet. The Simpson and Shannon diversity indices were the highest in roots of Tibet. The PCR were successful in screening 8 fungal PKS and 85 fungal NRPS gene fragments. Among 86 isolates (containing PKS/NRPS) tested, 37 strains were confirmed with indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) producing activity of which 21 produced the IAA more than 10 mg L -1, 27 isolates were showed as strains with phosphate-solubilizing activity while 12 isolates turned out to have siderophore producing activity, and 12 exhibiting 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) positive. The dual culture experiment showed that some fungi had strong antagonistic activity against plant pathogens. This study explored the possible application of PGP activities with potential benefits to the host, which the fungal could promoting high biomass production and increasing the resistance or durability of S.purpurea to an hostile environment. (C) 2022 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

水肥一体化技术具有节水、减肥、提质增效、减轻劳动强度、改善生态环境等优势.本文在总结近年来甘肃省水肥一体化技术应用现状的基础上,针对甘肃省水肥一体化技术应用中存在的对水肥一体化技术认识不足、资金不足制约产业发展、水肥一体化应用技术的研发急待加强、水肥一体化技术在推广中存在的问题等,提出进一步提高对甘肃省发展水肥一体化的认识、提升水肥一体化技术的科技含量、构建适合甘肃省实际的水肥一体化推广体系、加强节水技术培训、提升新型职业农民技能等几个方面的对策建议.

为了解决当归连作障碍,促进当归实现种植科学化、精细化.通过布设采样点对岷县当归产区水、热、光等气象资源和土壤资源进行调查,利用SPSS 26.0、GS+软件调查采样数据进行统计分析,用普通克里格插值法进行插值处理,构建岷县当归评价指标体系,通过利用特尔斐法建立岷县当归层次分析模型进行适宜性评价.结果表明,岷县当归种植高度适宜区、适宜区和勉强适宜区的面积分别为664.27、175.53、29.87 km2,分别占全县耕地总面积的76.4％、20.2％、3.4％;影响岷县当归适宜性分布的主要因素为海拔、降水量、年平均温度和零度积温.

为了探明海瑞达保水剂在西北干旱半干旱地区施用对土壤水分含量和对作物生长的影响,以马铃薯和玉米为研究对象,在13个试验点进行试验.结果表明,施用保水剂(a2)较露地(a1)相比,可明显提高马铃薯和玉米的出苗率、株高、茎粗、土壤水分含量,其使用效果较地膜(a3)相比,差异不大;a2处理下较a3相比,马铃薯产量最大增产率为29.2％,玉米产量最大增产率为27.1％.研究为进一步推广保水剂替代地膜技术奠定基础.

Soil fungi are closely associated with crop growth in agricultural ecosystems through processes such as nutrient uptake and pathogenesis. Plastic film mulching (PM) plays a dominant role in increasing crop yields in dryland agriculture worldwide. The functional guilds of soil fungi under PM and their effects on crops remain unclear. In this study, we explored the absolute abundance, diversity, community composition, and functional guilds of soil fungi after short-term (2 years) and long-term (10 years) mulching experiments. Short-term mulching caused a 37 %-51 % decrease in absolute fungal abundance owing to abrupt changes in the microenvironment. The response of the fungal commu-nity to PM varied with sites, with the effect being more pronounced under poor hydrothermal conditions (314 mm). The abundance of potential fungal pathogens decreased under PM; for example, Gibberella (maize ear rot) abundance was 45 % and 72 % lower under short-and long-term mulching, respectively, when compared with that in control. In contrast, the abundance of plant biocontrol fungi increased under PM; for instance, Glomeromycota abundance in-creased twofold under long-term mulching. Although PM did not alter the complexity and stability of fungal co-occurrence network, competition among fungi increased in the absence of sufficient carbon (C) sources. Long-term mulching reduced phytopathogen guilds by 12 %-77 % and increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) guilds by 89 %-94 %. Structural equation modeling suggested that PM altered fungal functional guilds mainly by shaping the structure of the fungal community, and fungal pathogens decreased with increased AMF functional guilds, induc-ing higher maize yields. These results showed for the first time, from a microbial perspective, that pathogens reduction owing to PM could explain 4.4 % of maize yield variation, providing theoretical guidance to accomplish sustainability of continuous maize mulching.

研发和推广应用高效节水技术是提升扬黄灌区制种玉米产量、支撑制种玉米产业增效和持续发展的重要途径.为了给建立制种玉米水肥一体化技术模式下的科学高效灌溉制度提供科学依据.在甘肃扬黄灌区滴灌水肥一体化条件下,研究了不同灌溉定额和灌水次数下制种玉米的产量表现和水分利用效果.结果表明,灌溉定额从2 250 m3/hm2增加到3 000 m3/hm2时,制种玉米增产幅度达33.84％,但灌溉定额高于3 000 m3/hm2并继续增大时增产效果不明显,生育期耗水量增加,水分利用效率降低明显.灌水次数从10次增加至20次时,制种玉米产量及水分利用效率均呈降低趋势,灌水次数多于15次并继续增加时,制种玉米减产显著.灌水次数和灌溉定额之间不存在互作效应.在灌溉定额偏低条件下,增加灌水次数会造成制种玉米严重减产.当生育期灌溉定额为3 000m3/hm2、灌水次数为10次时,折合产量较高,为7 386.9 kg/hm2,较其余处理增产-2.77％～93.58％;水分利用效率最高,为17.83kg/(mm·hm2),较其余处理提高5.32％～78.30％;种植纯收益较高,为29 683.6元/hm2,较其余处理增加-511.8～20 675.4元/hm2;产投比最高,为3.03,较其余处理增加0.07～1.38.可见,灌水10次、灌溉定额为3 000 m3/hm2时灌溉水利用效果相对优化.

Drought is a major factor limiting the production of the perennial medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Fabaceae) in Northwest China. In this study, 1-year-old potted plants were inoculated with the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, using a gradient of concentrations (CFU), to test for microbe-induced host tolerance to drought condition treatments in a greenhouse experiment. At the concentration of 10(8) CFU ml(-1), FZB42 had significant growth-promoting effect on G. uralensis: the root biomass was 1.52, 0.84, 0.94, and 0.38 times that under normal watering and mild, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions, respectively. Under moderate drought, the positive impact of FZB42 on G. uralensis growth was most pronounced, with both developing axial and lateral roots strongly associated with indoleacetic acid (IAA) accumulation. An untargeted metabolomic analysis and physiological measurements of mature roots revealed that FZB42 improved the antioxidant system of G. uralensis through the accumulation of proline and sucrose, two osmotic adjustment solutes, and by promoting catalase (CAT) activity under moderate drought stress. Furthermore, significantly higher levels of total flavonoids, liquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid (GA), the pharmacologically active substances of G. uralensis, were found in the roots of inoculated plants after FZB42 inoculation under all imposed drought conditions. The jasmonic acid (JA) content, which is closely related to plant defense responses and secondary metabolites' production, was greatly increased in roots after the bacterial inoculations, indicating that FZB42 activated the JA pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrate that inoculation with FZB42 alleviates the losses in production and pharmacological metabolites of G. uralensis caused by drought via the JA pathway's activation. These results provide a developed prospect of a microbial agent to improve the yield and quality of medical plants in arid and semi-arid regions.

区域耕层土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)调查是明确全球土壤碳储量和认识土壤碳循环的重要任务.利用甘肃省1980s、2000s、2020s等3个时期的耕层土壤调查数据,通过计算耕层土壤有机碳密度(Soil Organic Carbon Density,SOCD),估算了甘肃省耕层有机碳储量.结果显示:(1)1980s、2000s、2020s甘肃省耕层SOC储量分别为97.68、109.14、123.13 Tg,近40年固碳总量约为25.45 Tg,固碳速率为0.012±0.01 kg·m-2·a-1,说明当前的农田管理措施有利于研究区耕地土壤长期固碳;40年间河西绿洲灌区、黄土高原区和陇南山地区耕层SOC储量呈增加趋势,甘南高原呈下降趋势.(2)从不同土壤类型来看,黄棕壤固碳速率最大,栗钙土最小.(3)近40年间甘肃省耕层SOC储量总体呈递增趋势,化肥、有机肥施用量以及秸秆还田量的持续增加,提高了作物归还量,进而增加了耕层有机物质含量,最终促进了耕层SOC的累积.

To reveal the allelopathic effects of potato, seven compounds were isolated from the rhizosphere soil: 7-methoxycoumarin (1), palmitic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), chlorogenic acid (4), quercetin dehydrate (5), quercitrin (6), and rutin (7). Bioassays showed that compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6 had inhibitory effects on the growth of L. sativa and tissue culture seedlings of potato. The existence of the allelochemicals was confirmed by HPLC, and their contents were quantified with a total concentration of 9.02 μg/g in the rhizosphere soil of replanted potato. Approaches on the interactions of the allelochemicals and pathogens of potato including A. solani, B. cinerea, F. solani, F. oxysporum, C. coccodes, and V. dahlia revealed that compound 1 had inhibitory effects but compounds 2–4 promoted the colony growth of the pathogens. These findings demonstrated that the autotoxic allelopathy and enhancement of the pathogens caused by the accumulation of the allelochemicals in the continuously cropped soil should be one of the main reasons for the replant problems of potato.

为了促进新型水溶肥的推广应用,以制种玉米LY263为指示作物,在河西绿洲灌区研究了新型水溶肥料、普通肥料和普通水溶肥对制种玉米产量及经济效益的影响.结果表明,在化肥用量较普通肥料减少26.2％的条件下,施用新型水溶肥系列产品玉米高效专用水溶肥Ⅰ型168～240 kg/hm2+Ⅱ型336～480 kg/hm2+Ⅲ型105～150 kg/hm2(70％～100％新型水溶肥),较常规施肥模式制种玉米增产0.5％～7.1％,纯收益增加1470.3～2647.2元/hm2;较普通水溶肥模式增产0.7％～8.8％,纯收益增加1979.6～3156.5元/hm2.与普通水溶肥模式相比,施用80％新型水溶肥和100％新型水溶肥可实现制种玉米显著增产,70％新型水溶肥可确保制种玉米不减产,均可在河西灌区应用.

为了展示当归绿色高效施肥技术,2021年在岷县中药材绿色种植基地开展示范性试验.试验设7个不同施肥处理,研究不同施肥模式对当归形态特征、产量、收益及有效成分的影响.结果表明,较常规施肥[复混肥料(总养分≥45％,N-P2O5-K2O为20-15-10)750 kg/hm2、磷酸二铵300 kg/hm2、有机肥(有机质≥45％,N+P2O5+K2O≥5％)1200 kg/hm2]而言,6种施肥模式当归芦头径增加0.14～0.40 cm、根长增长0.16～3.03 cm、主根径增加0.15～0.34 cm、单根鲜重增加10.67～26.16 g/株;当归产量增加333.90～1740.90 kg/hm2,产量增幅为2.69％～14.03％,较常规施肥增收3665～15159元/hm2.阿魏酸含量增加了0.014～0.020百分点,挥发油含量增加了0.07～0.14百分点,醇浸出物含量增加了0.8～2.9百分点.6种模式对当归根部形态特征、产量、收益、有效成分等均有正效应.

为探讨地膜覆盖和施用保水剂配施菌肥后河西绿洲土壤微生物数量、酶活性变化及制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,在河西走廊绿洲灌区设置单地膜覆盖(AF)、单施保水剂(AW)、单施菌肥(AB)、保水剂配施菌肥(WB)、地膜覆盖配施菌肥(FB)、露地不施保水剂和菌肥(CK)6个处理,分析制种玉米播种前和收获后0—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物数量及酶活性动态变化和产量变化.结果表明:(1)菌肥单施或配施均可提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性和增加真菌、细菌、放线菌数量及土壤微生物碳氮含量,改善土壤微生物环境,其中保水剂配施菌肥处理改善效果最佳,其次为地膜配施菌肥处理.(2)菌肥单施对制种玉米生长影响较小,但地膜配施菌肥可显著提高制种玉米叶面积指数和干物质积累量,并能调节产量构成因子.(3)不同抗旱措施及其配施菌肥能够不同程度促进制种玉米籽粒产量形成,其中地膜配施菌肥制种玉米籽粒产量最高(10105.64 kg/hm2),其次为单地膜覆盖(8967.24 kg/hm2)和保水剂配施菌肥(8323.93 kg/hm2),分别较CK显著增产61.99％,43.74％,33.43％.(4)地膜配施菌肥制种玉米水分利用效率最高(2.40 kg/m3),其次为单地膜覆盖(2.15 kg/m3)和保水剂配施菌肥(1.89 kg/m3),分别较CK显著提高80.10％,61.84％,41.80％.因此,综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及土壤微环境等指标,抗旱措施配施菌肥最佳组合方式为地膜配施菌肥,既能促进制种玉米的生长发育,又能提高灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,在增产的同时,还能改善耕作层土壤微环境,对河西灌区制种玉米可持续发展具有重要的意义.

本文简要介绍了高标准农田耕地质量提升的重要意义,提出了高标准农田耕地质量提升的主要目标,重点介绍了高标准农田耕地质量提升的主要实施内容,分区域针对存在的主要问题论述了高标准农田耕地质量提升的主要技术途径,并提出了制定出台支持意见;健全质量监测体系;加大技术推广力度等提升高标准农田耕地质量的建议.

本文简要介绍了水肥一体化技术在果园的实施应用效果,以及水肥一体化苹果园土壤渗灌技术的主要操作要点和施肥方案,并指明了技术的适宜应用区域.水肥一体化渗灌技术在果园应用将是实现化肥减量增效和农业绿色高质量发展的一条有效途径,也是解决当前农村劳动力短缺、实现打通农技推广服务"最后一公里"的有效技术手段,对全面实现乡村苹果产业振兴具有重大意义.

甘肃省属温带季风气候,干旱缺雨,温差较大.地形复杂多变,地域差异较大,土壤类型多.由于自然环境和人类活动影响,导致省内耕地质量不高.耕地质量等级普遍偏低,中低产田占比大,盐碱地治理难度大,土壤有机质含量低,存在农田污染现象,因此通过运用增施有机肥、秸秆还田、轮作休耕、盐碱地改良等技术提升保护耕地质量刻不容缓.另一方面要建立健全法律法规、土壤监测体系、控制污染源头、加大宣传力度等措施防治农田污染现象.