Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) plays a crucial role in governing the crystallization behavior of glass-ceramics. In this work, the two LLPS mechanisms in Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (LAS) glass-ceramics with SnO2 and ZrO2 nucleation agents were investigated: metastable isolated droplets separation during melt cooling and unstable spinodal decomposition during heat treatment. The as-prepared glass exhibits isolated droplet-like phase separation. During nucleation, increased Zr diffusion redistributes Zr-rich droplets, while compositional variation triggers spinodal decomposition and nanoscale network structure of Sn. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis confirms the phase separation behavior of Sn. Meanwhile, the Sn4 + transits to Sn2+, shifting from network modifier to network former and possibly generating a highly viscous Sn-enriched boundary that suppresses interfacial diffusion. This boundary confines γ-LiAlSi₂O₆ grain growth, enabling ultrafine structural control. Through two-stage heat treatment of 750℃/4 h + 840℃/2 h, the glass-ceramic achieved 10–15 nm grain size, ∼76.6% crystallinity, 8.7 GPa Vickers hardness and 82% visible-light transmittance.

This study presents a new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The sensor can simultaneously detect two key biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II). Specifically, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized by using sodium silicate extracted from rice husks as the silicon source. Ru(bpy)32+ was then electrostatically adsorbed onto the functionalized MSNs to form the Ru@MSNs. In parallel, CdS quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via a solvothermal method. AFP antibodies (Ab) were conjugated to Ru@MSNs and PIVKA-II Ab were bound to CdS QDs via amide bonding to construct AFP Ab/CdS and PIVKA-II Ab/Ru@MSNs immunocapture probes, respectively. AFP antigen and PIVKA-II antigen were simultaneously electropolymerized with dopamine (DA) serving as the functional monomer, polydopamine (PDA) was deposited on the glassy carbon electrode to generate an MIP film. Following template removal, the resulting MIP cavities enabled specific recognition of the target analyte. Upon the target molecular binding, the immunocapture probes were assembled onto the MIP electrode surface, and two "signal-on" ECL signals were generated at + 1.3 V (Ru@MSNs) and - 1.3 V (CdS QDs), respectively. The ECL signal exhibited a concentrationdependent enhancement with increasing levels of the analyte, and demonstrated broad linear responses for AFP and PIVKA-II (0.01 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL), with corresponding limits of detection of 4.91 fg/mL and 4.30 fg/mL, respectively. This work demonstrates the potential of MIP-based ECL biosensors enabling highly sensitive, specific, and simultaneous determination of two tumor biomarkers for clinical diagnostic applications.

Osteosarcoma (OS), a highly aggressive bone cancer with a dismal prognosis in the metastatic setting, urgently demands novel therapeutic modalities. While phototherapy offers a promising, minimally invasive strategy, its clinical efficacy is often hampered by the poor aqueous solubility of photosensitizers and the development of multidrug resistance. In response, we constructed the dual-modal nanoplatform BDP-NPs by leveraging a multifunctional F127/TPGS mixed micelle to encapsulate a cationic BODIPY photosensitizer, thereby creating a system engineered for enhanced tumor accumulation and to overcome multidrug resistance. Benefiting from their uniform size, colloidal stability, and hypoxia-responsive properties, the BDP-NPs demonstrate potent reactive oxygen species generation and high photothermal conversion efficiency under 525 nm laser irradiation. This dual-modal action induces severe mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby triggering apoptosis in both 3D tumor spheroids and tumor tissues. The synergistic phototherapy elicited profound mitochondrial-targeted cytotoxicity, inhibited clonogenic survival, and significantly suppressed tumor growth in human osteosarcoma models, all while maintaining a favorable biosafety profile. Mechanistic analyses revealed that this synergistic phototherapy plays a pivotal role in suppressing the YAP1/β-catenin axis, thereby reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program and consequently inhibiting OS cell proliferation, migration and invasion. This study not only establishes BDP-NPs as a potent and biocompatible nanotherapeutic for OS but also presents a groundbreaking phototherapeutic strategy to disrupt the YAP1/β-catenin axis-a key signaling network driving tumorigenesis and malignant progression. This approach provides a robust conceptual foundation for devising next-generation phototherapeutics that precisely target oncogenic signaling in aggressive cancers.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas. Its course ranges from a mild, self-limited illness to severe disease with organ failure. Current clinical tools do not reliably identify patients at risk of progression early in the disease course, and few molecular markers reflect the inflammatory signals that amplify pancreatic injury. Chemokines coordinate immune-cell recruitment during inflammation, but the regulation and functional roles of CCL28 and CCL5 in AP remain uncertain. We analysed a public pancreatic transcriptomic dataset containing 87 AP and 32 control samples. Differentially expressed genes were intersected with a curated ImmPort chemokine list, and candidate genes were prioritised with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, support-vector-machine recursive feature elimination and random forest analysis. Diagnostic performance was estimated by receiver-operating-characteristic analysis with 95

The evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has resulted in a global public health crisis, necessitating the development of novel antibiotic-independent antimicrobial strategies. In this study, MoS2/Au-Ag@PEG nanosheets (MAAP NSs) were prepared via sequential deposition of gold and silver nanoparticles onto MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2 NSs), which were then used for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Compared to MoS2 NSs, MAAP NSs exhibit a significantly enhanced near-infrared region II (NIR-II) absorption at 1064 nm (a 7.51-fold increase), and the photothermal conversion efficiency improves by 50.7%, reaching 19.9%. Theoretical simulations reveal that the plasmonic coupling effect between adjacent Au-Ag nanoparticles (Au-Ag NPs) on the surface of MAAP NSs leads to the formation of hot spots and significantly enhances NIR-II light absorption, thereby improving the NIR-II photothermal performance. Moreover, the release of silver ions (Ag+) can be effectively controlled by NIR laser irradiation. In vitro experimental results show that, upon NIR-II laser (1064 nm) exposure, MAAP NSs can effectively eliminate established MRSA biofilms with a bacterial inactivation efficiency of 99.992%. Notably, benefiting from the superior tissue penetration of the NIR-II laser, MAAP NSs exhibit potent therapeutic efficacy against both superficial wound infection and subcutaneous implant-associated MRSA biofilm infection in mouse models. In vivo results demonstrate that, under NIR-II laser stimulation, MAAP NSs can not only effectively kill 99.95% of MRSA in infected wounds and accelerate wound healing, but also remove MRSA biofilms from subcutaneous implant surfaces, achieving a 99.92% bacterial reduction. This work presents a novel strategy for designing NIR-II responsive antibacterial nanoagents based on plasmonic coupling effects in two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets and provides a promising solution for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

A metabolomics study was conducted on serum and liver samples from mice with alcoholic liver injury induced by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism(NIAAA). This was combined with network pharmacology to investigate the ameliorative effect of Tricholoma matsutake extracts on alcoholic liver injury in mice and its underlying mechanism. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and triglyceride(TG) were measured, while liver pathological changes were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. Moreover, differential metabolites in serum and liver were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and potential targets of T. matsutake extracts were analyzed via network pharmacology. The predicted targets were compared with those associated with differential metabolites to explore key targets involved in the amelioration of alcoholic liver injury by the extract. The results showed that, compared with the pathological model group, the T. matsutake extracts treatment group showed significantly reduced serum ALT, AST, and TG levels, along with improved lipid vacuolation and hepatocyte morphology, indicating a significant ameliorative effect of the extract on alcoholic liver injury in mice. The metabolomics results revealed that the extract modulated 12 differential metabolites in liver tissues, including glucose, glutamate, leucine, and phenylalanine, and 31 differential metabolites in serum, including alanine, cholesterol, glucose, lactose, and methionine. Further network pharmacology analysis suggested that T. matsutake extracts may ameliorate alcoholic liver injury primarily by targeting pathways related to Myc and Cat, influencing genes such as Aldh9a1, Aldh3a2, Aldh2, Hsd17b4, Ehhadh, Acox1, Acaa1, Acot1, and Gls. These were mainly involved in five metabolic pathways: cysteine and methionine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. In conclusion, T. matsutake extracts may ameliorate alcoholic liver injury in mice by regulating amino acid metabolism and glucose metabolism through pathways associated with Myc and Cat.

Pulmonary diseases encompass a heterogeneous group of conditions, including pneumonia, lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. Although their etiologies are complex, a common denominator is that cytoplasmic DNA from pathogens, mitochondria, and the nucleus is a significant contributor to disease development. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS) is a critical enzyme sensing cytosolic DNA fragments. Emerging evidence indicates that cGAS participates in the physiological and pathophysiological processes of pulmonary diseases by orchestrating cellular homeostasis and the immune response. This review describes structural and functional features of cGAS, explores its manifold influences on pulmonary pathologies, and summarizes advances in chemical regulation of cGAS activity. As a potentially valuable therapeutic target, cGAS warrants further investigation to elucidate its regulatory mechanisms in pulmonary diseases and to assess the clinical feasibility of cGAS-targeted drugs.

Currently, effective therapeutic strategies to halt the irreversible decline of renal function in diabetic nephropathy (DN) are limited. This study aimed to investigate the renoprotective effects of Cordycepin (COR), a bioactive adenosine analog derived from Cordyceps militaris, in a mouse model of DN and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. In a type II diabetic mouse model induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin, COR treatment attenuated hyperglycemia and renal dysfunction, ameliorated glomerular injury, and restored the expression of Nephrin, a critical slit-diaphragm protein in podocytes. In vitro, in palmitic acid (PA)-induced podocyte injury, COR treatment elevated cell viability and upregulated Nephrin expression dose-dependently. Mechanistically, COR restored impaired autophagic flux under diabetic conditions by improving autophagosome maturation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and lysosomal degradation, as demonstrated by the normalized profile of autophagy markers (LC3-II/I, p62, Beclin-1, LAMP1). This pro-autophagic activity was essential for its protection, which was abolished by 3-MA and enhanced by rapamycin. Subsequently, we identified transcription factor EB (TFEB) as the central mediator of COR's action. COR dually regulates TFEB through two synchronized pathways: it inhibits the mTORC1 axis to promote TFEB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, while simultaneously suppressing K48-linked polyubiquitination to prevent its proteasomal degradation, and enhancing its stability. TFEB was essential for restoring autophagic flux and podocyte integrity, with overexpression reversing and knockdown exacerbating PA‑induced injury. In summary, our findings demonstrate that COR alleviates DN by coordinately enhancing the activity and stability of TFEB. This work reveals a novel dual-targeting mechanism and proposes a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy.

Andrographolide (Andro), the primary bioactive compound of Andrographis paniculata, has known bioactivities but also male reproductive toxicity with unclear mechanisms. This study investigated its testicular injury effects and mechanism, focusing on Sertoli cells (SCs) ferroptosis. Toxicity was evaluated in mice and SCs. Mechanisms were probed using RT-qPCR, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, and ubiquitination assays. LC-MS/MS assessed tissue distribution. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations characterized the Andro-β-TrCP interaction. The results demonstrated that Andro exposure caused significant testicular atrophy, blood-testis barrier (BTB) disruption, and spermatogenic impairment in mice. Meanwhile, pharmacokinetic analysis revealed SCs as the primary target of Andro-induced testicular damage, showing rapid Andro accumulation that was subsequently detected in sperm and the epididymis. Furthermore, Andro triggered ferroptosis in testicular injury and SCs, marked by increased ROS, MDA, iron overload, and lipid peroxidation. These effects were rescued by the ferroptosis inhibitor deferoxamine. Mechanistically, Andro directly bound to β-TrCP, downregulating its expression and subsequently stabilizing ATF4 by impairing its ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Silencing ATF4 inhibited ferroptosis and restored cell viability upon Andro challenge. The direct Andro-β-TrCP interaction was consistently confirmed by molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and CETSA. This study reveals that Andro triggers SCs ferroptosis by inhibiting β-TrCP-mediated ATF4 ubiquitination and degradation, leading to BTB disruption and spermatogenic impairment. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing clinical application of Andro in the future.

Objective: Current pharmacological treatments for prostate diseases are limited by poor drug penetration into the prostate and systemic adverse effects. This study evaluated whether a novel vas-deferens injection device could improve targeted delivery of levofloxacin to the prostate. Methods: Healthy adult male Sprague–Dawley rats received a single dose of levofloxacin by either intravenous administration (IV) or trans-vas-deferens administration using a novel disposable device (VS). Plasma and prostate samples were collected from 0.5 to 24 h and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Iodixanol micro-CT imaging was used to visualize the local delivery pathway. Pharmacokinetic evaluation included observed composite-profile Cmax/Tmax, AUC0-24, and fT. Time-dependent tissue selectivity was evaluated through partial AUC analyses, prostate-to-plasma exposure ratios, and pointwise concentration ratios. A bioequivalence-style framework was applied to compare relative exposure parameters using geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with the 80.00–125.00% reference interval. Exploratory PK/PD evaluation combined literature-derived free-drug fractions (fut_plasma = 0.55, fut_prostate = 0.080) to estimate fAUC/MIC against representative uropathogens, supplemented by Monte Carlo simulation (n = 5000) to estimate probability of target attainment (PTA) at an fAUC/MIC ≥ 30 threshold. Results: Imaging confirmed selective distribution within the reproductive tract after vas-deferens delivery. In plasma, VS substantially reduced systemic exposure compared with IV: Cmax was 4.74 μg/mL (VS) versus 10.72 μg/mL (IV), and AUC0-24 was 15.47 versus 28.59 μg·h/mL. In the prostate, VS maintained comparable or numerically higher exposure: Cmax was 61.96 μg/g (VS) versus 52.02 μg/g (IV), and AUC0-24 was 235.77 versus 208.77 μg·h/g. The tissue distribution factor fT was substantially elevated in VS (2.26; 95% CI: 1.58–3.19) compared with IV (1.06; 95% CI: 0.89–1.30). Bioequivalence-style analysis demonstrated that plasma GMRs for AUC0-24 and Cmax fell well below 80%, confirming reduced systemic burden, while prostate GMRs were maintained, and the prostate-to-plasma AUC ratio GMR was increased. Time-dependent partial AUC analyses revealed that VS significantly elevated the prostate-to-plasma exposure ratio. PK/PD evaluation showed that at 24 h, prostate fAUC/MIC against Enterobacteriaceae (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL) was 37.7 (VS) versus 33.4 (IV), with corresponding PTA values of 97% and 94%, while plasma fAUC/MIC remained substantially lower in the VS group. Conclusions: Trans-vas-deferens administration of levofloxacin via a novel injection device effectively reduced systemic drug exposure while maintaining or enhancing prostate tissue concentrations, thereby widening the therapeutic window and reducing systemic drug exposure.

Organic-inorganic Mn(II)-based hybrid halides have garnered significant attention in optoelectronic applications. Most of their emission is restricted to green or red, while the expansion of emission modulation range presents a major difficulty and the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. Herein, we design the synthesis of a series of hybrid Mn halides glass by varying the molar ratio of organic RTPBr (R = Pentyl, Ethyl, Heptyl or Benzyl; TP = (triphenyl)phosphonium) and inorganic MnBr2 & centerdot;4H2O via the melt-quench method to achieve luminescence tuning between 525 and 609 nm. This luminescence tuning phenomenon is exclusive to disordered glass phases and absent in their crystalline counterparts. This luminescence shift originates from the modification of the internal coordination environment of the glass, induced by the reduced organic content. Concurrently, temperature-dependent photoluminescence reveals that the 1:1 glass possesses a high Huang-Rhys factor (S), which may be associated with self-trapped excitons. The highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the synthesized glass was achieved up to 94.79%. This work provides a method for tuning the intermediate band gap from green to red in hybrid Mn halides. Concurrently, the glass exhibits excitation wavelength-dependent emission in selected compositions, offering a fresh insight for luminescent materials in information storage.

Pristimerin (Pri), a natural triterpenoid from the Celastraceae family, exhibits potent anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, yet its further development as a drug candidate is hampered by severe male reproductive toxicity and precise target cells and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the target cells and elucidate these mechanisms. In vivo, male mice were administered Pri to evaluate testicular injury, sperm quality, and BTB integrity, while LC-MS/MS was used to detect Pri distribution in testis, epididymis, and sperm, as well as its cellular uptake. In vitro, CCK-8 assessed cell viability, and inhibitor interventions identified contributions of distinct cell death pathways. Annexin V/PI, C11-BODIPY, and DCFH-DA/DHE were used to assess apoptosis and ferroptosis-related oxidative damage. Transcriptomics, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine activation of the NUR77-ATF3-CHOP axis and molecular docking, MD simulations, CETSA, and siRNA-mediated knockdown validated direct NUR77 binding by Pri. Pri exposure induced testicular atrophy, BTB disruption, and sperm impairment, with accumulation in reproductive tissues. In vitro, Pri inhibited TM4 cell viability. Cell death was partially rescued by Z-VAD-FMK and Fer-1, indicating that Pri triggers apoptosis and ferroptosis. Mechanistically, Pri activated the NUR77-ATF3-CHOP axis and directly bound to NUR77, as confirmed by docking, MD simulations, and CETSA. Knockdown of NUR77 improved cell viability and suppressed Pri-induced ATF3 upregulation. Collectively, this study demonstrates that Pri directly targets NUR77, activating the NUR77-ATF3-CHOP axis and inducing both apoptosis and ferroptosis in Sertoli cells, leading to spermatogenesis dysfunction, thereby providing critical insights into Pri-induced testicular injury.

Intratumoral bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum have been increasingly recognized as modulators of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, motivating localized and antibiotic-free strategies for targeting tumorcolonizing bacteria. Herein, we developed an ultrasound-responsive liposomal nanodroplet (LPGD) co-loaded with gallium protoporphyrin IX (GaPPIX), doxorubicin (DOX), and perfluorohexane (PFH) for the coordinated treatment of F. nucleatum-colonized breast tumors. In this study, GaPPIX served as an antibiotic-free dualfunctional agent for both intratumoral bacterial eradication and ultrasound-activated tumor inhibition, while PFH endowed the nanodroplets with phase-transition-enhanced payload release and local intratumoral distribution under ultrasound irradiation. As a result, LPGD exhibited favorable ultrasound responsiveness, potent antibacterial activity, and enhanced antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this work provides an antibiotic-free and ultrasound-amplified strategy for coordinated elimination of intratumoral bacteria and suppression of tumor, offering a promising approach for the treatment of F. nucleatum-associated breast tumors.

Diabetic wounds pose a major clinical challenge owing to their complex microenvironment and persistent inflammation. To address this issue, we engineered a multifunctional, in situ photocrosslinkable composite hydrogel (CMCSMA/F127/TPGS@α-MG) to promote wound healing. To overcome the hydrophobicity of the antimicrobial agent α-mangostin (α-MG), it was first encapsulated in F127/TPGS nanomicelles. These micelles were then integrated into a methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCSMA) matrix, enabling rapid conformal gelation upon 405 nm light irradiation. The resulting hydrogel exhibited a biphasic sustained-release profile, excellent biocompatibility, and potent contact-killing and anti-biofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In an S. aureus-infected diabetic wound model, the hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure, achieving 99.6% closure by day 14, and facilitated high-quality tissue regeneration characterized by complete re-epithelialization and orderly collagen deposition. Furthermore, an integrated approach combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental validation revealed that the therapeutic efficacy of sustained local α-MG delivery involves the modulation of the PPAR-γ pathway. This regulatory process suppresses the NF-κB/COX-2 inflammatory axis and upregulates pro-angiogenic markers, including VEGF, CD31, and α-SMA. Collectively, this dual-action platform, which synergizes physical barrier protection with targeted molecular modulation, represents a promising translational strategy for refractory diabetic wounds.

Background:Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) might be promising targets for the evaluation and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. However, no study has systematically screened NETs as feature genes and therapeutic targets in pulmonary hypertension. The present study aims precisely to address this issue. Methods:GSE15197, GSE48149 and GSE53408 were used as the training group, whereas GSE113439 was used as the validation group for comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, and the screened feature genes were further confirmed using immunoblotting with animal lung tissues. Results:First, 12 differentially expressed NETs-related genes were significantly upregulated in pulmonary hypertension patients compared with healthy controls. Second, immune infiltration analysis revealed that immature B cells, immature dendritic cells, T helper cells and memory CD8+ T cells were increased in pulmonary hypertension patients. Third, three machine learning models identified five feature genes for pulmonary hypertension, including IQGAP2, HSP90AA1, HK2, MYO5A and NCL, which were further confirmed through animal experiments. In addition, clustering analysis revealed two distinct subtypes of pulmonary hypertension with different immune microenvironment profiles. Finally, hypothesis-generating computational screen of drug-gene interactions yielded potential inhibitors against the five feature genes. Conclusions:Five NETs-related genes, namely IQGAP2, HSP90AA1, HK2, MYO5A and NCL, were identified as feature genes for pulmonary hypertension. The immune microenvironment played an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, and patients in cluster C1 were considered the main disease subtype. In addition, potential inhibitors targeting the five feature genes were further analyzed by computational screen.

The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in electrochemical water splitting is crucial for green hydrogen production,yet its efficiency is limited by bubble dynamics at the electrode surface.Accumulated bubbles can block active sites,hinder mass transport,and increase local resistance,causing energy loss.Thus,precise bubble monitoring is crucial for understanding performance limitations and optimizing catalyst design.Conventional bubble monitoring techniques,such as optical microscopy,high-speed imaging,and electrochemical impedance,are constrained by real-time accuracy,complex post-processing,or signal interference at high current densities.Here,we present an in situ fiber optic sensing system that enables precise,real-time monitoring of bubble dynamics during HER.Unlike traditional methods,this system leverages the sensitivity and real-time capability of fiber optic sensors to quantify key parameters,such as growth rate,detachment rate,intake/output ratio,and detaching size.Its reliability and adaptability were validated using two different Pt/C-loaded carbon paper catalysts with distinct catalytic properties.Notably,the system also achieves a bubble detection limit of 79 μm,which meets the spatial resolution requirements for monitoring bubble dynamics relevant to electrocatalytic activity in HER.This sensing platform establishes a practical framework for connecting interfacial gas evolution to electrochemical performance,offering valuable insight for optimizing HER efficiency through catalyst design.

To address the limitations of conventional radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering using SiO2 target - particularly low deposition rates and pronounced optical absorption, we developed high-quality SiO2 thin films via RF reactive magnetron sputtering with a pure silicon target. The room-temperature (RT) deposition process eliminates the need for substrate heating, resulting in enhanced performance, including the removal of optical absorption and a twofold increase in deposition rate (from 1.15 to 2.85 nm/min), as verified by spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. Building on this advancement, we engineered linear variable optical filters (LVOFs) for spectral operation in the 500-700 nm range by combining the reactive-sputtered SiO2 and RF sputtered TiO2. The LVOFs demonstrated remarkable improvement of average transmittance from 67.7% to 93.6%. Temperature-dependent spectral analysis revealed a thermally-induced blue shift of 3.0 nm at 110 °C relative to RT measurements. This work establishes RT reactive magnetron sputtering as an effective fabrication strategy for high-performance optical filters, showing particular promise for applications requiring precise spectral control and thermal stability in ambient temperature deposition processes.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cordycepin, the main active component of Cordyceps militaris, exhibits various pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor and antioxidant effects. However, its antidepressant effect and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Aim of review: This study aimed to explore the antidepressant effect of cordycepin and elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms. Materials and methods: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model was established to assess antidepressant effect of cordycepin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics with integrated network pharmacology were used to find differential metabolites in serum, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid of rats and identify potential target by cordycepin. Western blot and Real-time PCR were applied to validate the signaling pathway. Results: Cordycepin alleviated CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors by weight gain, sucrose preference increment, immobility time reduction, total travelling distance extension and serum corticosterone levels reduction. Metabolomics showed that cordycepin reversed CUMS-induced metabolic disturbances through alanine and TCA cycle metabolism pathways. Network pharmacology identified GSK3(3 as a potential target. Cordycepin increased protein levels of p-GSK3(3, (3-catenin and nuclear (3-catenin, and enhanced transcription of downstream genes PKM, LDHA, Cyclin D1 and C-myc in brains of CUMS-induced rats. Conclusions: This study indicated that cordycepin exerted antidepressant effect by modulating GSK3(3/(3-catenin pathway, suggesting its potential as a candidate agent for depression.

Fluorine-containing glasses with tailored rare-earth solubility serve as critical IR-transmitting candidates for mid-infrared lasers and low-loss fibers. Machine learning-guided property prediction provides a pivotal pathway for deploying fluorine-containing glasses. In this work, we used six regression models to predict the performance of fluorophosphate glass materials on small datasets, and found that the Random Forest Regression (RFR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR), and Extreme Gradient Boosting Regression (XGBR) models can produce good prediction results (R2 above 0.9) for density, Tg, and refractive index. We designed a new method for rapid prediction and active component design of fluorine-containing glass properties in small datasets with limited data via generative adversarial networks (GANs) combined with machine learning models after transfer learning. In addition, to verify the validity and accuracy of the generated data, we used a machine learning model (trained on a mixed small dataset of fluorine-containing glasses) to conduct an overall inspection and component distribution analysis of the new data, testing its rationality across data dimensions. Moreover, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis is used to improve the interpretability of the model and enhance the credibility of the data. The correlation coefficient evaluation (R2) scores of the new component data obtained by our model are all greater than 0.8, and the component attributes of the new data obtained have good matching characteristics. Our results effectively improve the glass reverse design and prediction accuracy with small datasets, improve the development efficiency of fluorine-containing glass, and provide methodological guidance for the development of new fluorine-containing glass.