Coal-derived hard carbon (HC) represents a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its cost-effectiveness and high carbon yield. However, conventional carbonization induces excessive graphitization, yielding insufficient interlayer spacing (d(002) < 0.37 nm) and underdeveloped closed pores. Herein, we propose a dynamic crystallization control strategy through carbothermal shock treatment (1300 degrees C, 30 s) that decouples thermodynamic and kinetic constraints. This method precisely modulates graphite domain ordering kinetics, producing short-range ordered structures with expanded interlayer spacing (d(002) = 0.385 nm) and homogeneously distributed closed nanopores. Through combined in situ characterization and first-principles calculations, we elucidate a three-stage crystallization mechanism: (i) amorphous carbon transformation, (ii) open-pore collapse, and (iii) pseudo-graphitic ordering. The optimized HC achieves record performance with 88.6 % initial Coulombic efficiency and 204 mA h g(-1) plateau capacity, while its optimal interlayer spacing lowers Na+ diffusion barriers to enable exceptional rate capability (221 mA h g(-1) at 0.5C after 300 cycles). Practical pouch cells maintain 85 % capacity retention after 100 cycles at -20 degrees C and deliver 284 Wh kg(-1) energy density. This work establishes a kinetic regulation paradigm for graphitization-prone precursors, advancing the rational design of high-performance HC anodes. (c) 2025 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Air cooling systems for lithium batteries have been widely applied due to their low power consumption and high stability. This paper proposes a battery thermal management system coupling vortex generators with air cooling, which leverages the compact structure and low resistance loss of vortex generators to enhance heat transfer performance. It considers three discharge rates and investigates the effects of six vortex generator shapes, different Reynolds numbers, and arrangement rows on thermal management performance. The results indicate that plane vortex generators exhibit better performance than curved ones. The heat transfer enhancement is most significant at an airflow velocity of 3 m/s. Under a 3C discharge condition, the maximum battery temperature is reduced by 3.2 K when the rectangular winglet pair is employed. When the number of arrangement rows is increased to seven, the thermal performance reaches an optimum, with the Nu/Nu0 ratio increasing by up to 71.4%, indicating optimal vortex continuity. Finally, the comprehensive heat transfer coefficient R reaches a maximum value of 1.26. The results demonstrate that the heat transfer enhancement provided by vortex generators outweighs the influence of resistance loss. This optimized configuration significantly advances battery thermal management technology by addressing current research deficits in integrated vortex generators, thereby demonstrating tremendous practical potential.

An in-situ reactive strategy using solid silicon sheet feedstock to fabricate Ti-Si intermetallic coating was proposed and validated. A pure Si sheet is preplaced on the Ti alloy surface and melts, diffuses, and reacts during arc-based directed energy deposition to form a continuous Ti-Si composite layer. The coating is uniform, dense, no cracks and metallurgically bonded through a wavy interface. It mainly contains alpha-Ti and Ti5Si3 with no residual Si, indicating complete Si consumption. Ti5Si3 forms a dispersed network in a refined alpha-Ti matrix. The coating significantly improves hardness (reaching 690 HV), improving wear resistance by reducing the maximum wear track depth from 99 mu m to 54 mu m and decreasing the wear rate by 70%. The enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effects of Ti5Si3 second phase strengthening, grain refinement, and Si solid solution strengthening.

The metal phosphides with large capacity and suitable lithiated plateau are considered the alternative anode for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs), while they still suffer large volume expansion and sluggish reaction kinetics resulting in fast capacity fading and poor electrochemical performances. Herein, inspired by high entropy optimization strategy, a multi-cationic substituted ZnGeCuSiMgP5 with large configurational entropy is proposed, which is interestingly found to show high reversibility associated with low volume expansion, long cyclability and rate performance for LIBs. Various electrochemical characterizations reveal that the compositional flexibility and high entropy stabilization in such ZnGeCuSiMgP5 enable a continuous yet gentle multielectron lithiation process, thus avoiding the concentrated volume expansion like single Si. Besides, the entropydominated sphalerite structure promises such phosphide with much faster charge transfer (39.3 Omega vs 132.4 Omega), higher Li-diffusivity (3.35 x 10-12 cm2/s vs 2.04 x 10-14 cm2/s) and uniform solid electrolyte interface. Therefore, this high entropy ZnGeCuSiMgP5 electrode exhibits superior rate capability (436.5 mAh/g at 5 A/g) and long cyclability (758 mAh/g over 250 cycles at 0.5 A/g), suggesting its high potential application for LIBs. This high entropy optimization strategy in metal phosphide may be easily extended to other conversion or alloying type anode materials for advanced energy storage.

Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) based on succinonitrile (SN) are promising candidates for lithium metal batteries, yet their practical application is hindered by severe parasitic side reactions between the α‑hydrogen of SN and lithium metal. Here, we propose a competitive coordination-driven solvation sheath reconstruction strategy, realized through a rationally designed ternary eutectic electrolyte comprising LiTFSI, SN, and 1-penten-1,3-sulfonic acid lactone (PES). Experimental and computational analyses indicate that PES can partially replace SN in the first solvation shell of Li by competitive coordination, thereby suppressing the parasitic side reaction between SN and lithium metal. Simultaneously, the addition of PES can form a competitive hydrogen-bonding network, inducing a PES/TFSI−-dominated solvation structure. The unique competitive coordination structure not only suppresses SN-induced parasitic reactions but also facilitates the formation of robust, inorganic-rich electrode-electrolyte interphases. Consequently, the optimized ternary DEE delivers an ionic conductivity of 2.36 mS cm−1, a Li+ transference number of 0.78, and an electrochemical stability window of 4.82 V. The assembled LFP||Li battery achieves 78.9% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 10C, while the 4.45 V LCO||Li battery retains 76.4% capacity retention over 500 cycles at 5C. This work establishes a competitive coordination paradigm for engineering solvation structures, offering a pathway toward safe, high-voltage, and fast charging DEE-based lithium metal batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries are widely employed today for various energy storage purposes, where air-based cooling methods have become dominant due to their affordability and dependable performance. Among the passive heat enhancement strategies, vortex generators stand out for their ability to boost heat transfer efficiency while preserving structural integrity and ensuring minimal aerodynamic drag. This study introduces a biomimetic vortex generator design, inspired by the shape of a dolphin's mouth, designed for incorporation into air-cooled systems that manage thermal conditions in high-capacity energy storage batteries. Both experimental measurements and numerical modeling have been employed to investigate how variations in number, spacing, and staggered arrangement of vortex generators affect the thermal performance of the battery setup. The findings confirm that the incorporation of vortex generators improves the efficiency of convective heat dissipation, as indicated by increased Nusselt numbers within the airflow channels. Increasing the number of vortex generators from one to six produces a measurable impact on system performance, the Nu/Nu0 ratio improves by 7.7% to 24.2% in comparison to a baseline channel without such structures. For the battery pack as a whole, the mean temperature drops by up to 1.3 K, while the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference decrease by up to 1.6 K and 1.9 K, respectively. Optimizing the spacing between vortex generators enables more effective thermal dispersion throughout the pack, especially in areas prone to elevated temperatures near the rear section. Under conditions with comparable pressure losses, the Nu/Nu0 ratio sees a maximum increase of 26.9%. Additionally, implementing a staggered arrangement of vortex generators helps to minimize low-speed regions forming downstream, enhancing the uniformity of airflow. In this configuration, the mean temperature across the battery module drops by as much as 2.2 K, while the highest cell temperature can be reduced by up to 2.7 K. As the offset in the staggered arrangement grows from 0 mm to 40 mm, Nu/Nu0 improves significantly-by 26.9% to 62.1%. To assess overall thermal performance, the comprehensive heat transfer factor R is examined, with an optimal peak value of 1.28. This indicates that the advantages in thermal regulation outweigh any drawbacks associated with increased flow resistance. Finally, through a comparative analysis with traditional vortex generators, the superiority of the bio-inspired vortex generator and its adaptability to the proposed thermal management system were demonstrated. The study presents an effective and scalable design pathway for improving air-cooled battery thermal management in large-capacity energy storage applications.

In additive manufacturing, successive deposition inherently introduces repeated thermal cycles, and previously deposited layers may undergo localized remelting. As a result, the heat input significantly affects the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties. In the present work, a maraging high-strength steel was produced using plasma arc-based directed energy deposition (PA-DED). The effects of heat input were systematically examined to clarify its role in regulating the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the deposited material. Analysis shows that higher heat input increases austenite content, transforms grain morphology from elongated columnar to short columnar and equiaxed grains, and promotes recrystallization. This leads to a higher proportion of high-angle grain boundaries, reduced texture strength, and more dispersed grain orientations, indicating a transition from strong anisotropy toward near isotropy. Consequently, the vertical tensile strength increases significantly, matching the horizontal strength, with all samples exhibiting ductile fracture. This work provides insight into how heat input governs property anisotropy in PA-DED maraging steel, supporting parameter optimization for performance control.

To enhance the thermal charging/discharging efficiency of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) units, this work proposes an innovative fractal arrow fin design. A validated two-dimensional transient numerical model is established to explore melting/solidification processes of phase change materials (PCMs), enabling quantitative analysis of phase change behaviors and heat transfer characteristics. Comparative evaluations with a conventional unit are conducted, along with investigations into the effects of heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature and PCM type. Results demonstrate that the fractal arrow fin significantly expands the surface area to volume ratio and optimizes heat flow pathways, reducing charge and discharge times by 63.8% and 79%, respectively, compared to the traditional device. The HTF temperature difference is positively correlated with the heat storage/release rates; however, beyond 45 degrees C, its influence on the heat release rate diminishes considerably. The thermal exchange temperature difference potential-closely related to the phase change temperature-is identified as a key factor governing thermal performance. During the conduction-dominated initial melting stage, thermophysical properties associated with sensible heat storage play a primary role. As liquid fraction increases, the thermal expansion coefficient and latent heat become dominant, intensifying natural convection. In contrast, during conduction-driven solidification, a competitive interaction arises between the thermophysical properties related to sensible and latent heat.

The inherently low conductivity and substantial volume expansion of Si-based anodes lead to significant capacity degradation and poor cycling stability. Although alumina (Al2O3) coating modification can mitigate these issues, its insulating nature increases electrode resistance and its rigidity provides insufficient buffering against repeated volume changes. To address these limitations, we propose a novel strategy for growing highly flexible, conductive, and tensile strength single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on Al2O3 coating via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The Al2O3 coating serves a dual function as a catalyst support and a buffering layer, while preserving the structural integrity of the anode. The surface hydroxyl groups on Al2O3 act as anchoring sites for metal catalysts, preventing their aggregation. By employing Ru as the catalyst, an interconnected SWNT network was grown on Al2O3-coated SiO anodes via CVD. The composite electrode exhibits improved electronic/ionic conductivity and volume buffering capability, achieving a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 72.2 %, excellent rate capability (730 mAh g(-1) at 0.2 A g(-1) after cycling at 2.5 A g(-1)), and long-term cycling stability (540 mAh g(-1) after 300 cycles at 0.2 A g(-1) with similar to 100 % Coulombic efficiency). Moreover, this strategy is compatible with conventional Fe, Co, or Ni catalysts, enabling cost flexibility. The Al2O3 coating also prevents catalyst-Si reactions at elevated temperatures, inhibiting inactive silicide formation and promoting SWNT growth. This work offers a versatile strategy for constructing high-performance electrodes, extending beyond Si-based anodes.

ABSTRACT Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) provide a new scheme for large‐scale electrochemical energy storage systems by virtue of high safety and cost‐effectiveness. However, the application of MnO 2 cathodes in AZIBs is hindered by the irreversible structural collapse originating from the Jahn–Teller effects of Mn 3+ and the sluggish diffusion kinetics. Herein, an Al/N co‐doping strategy is proposed to overcome these limitations. Partial Mn 3+ is substituted by Al 3+ in the Al/N co‐doped MnO 2 (Al/N‐MO), where the Al 3+ ions disrupt the long‐range ordering of Mn 3+ and exert a pinning effect within the lattice to restrain the axial deformation of [Mn 3+ O 6 ] units during discharge, thereby mitigating the Jahn–Teller effects. The substitution of lattice oxygen by less electronegative N atoms counteracts the lattice strain induced by Al‐doping and reduces the diffusion resistance for carriers within the tunnels, simultaneously triggering the optimization of the band gap. Furthermore, the substitutional co‐doping of Al and N induces grain refinement, provides abundant grain boundaries, and widens tunnel size, significantly boosting pseudocapacitive storage. The tailored Al/N‐MO cathode demonstrates decent electrochemical performance (315.3 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 and a residual capacity of 292.6 mAh g −1 over 3000 cycles), as well as stable cycling over 130 days with a quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte.

The pronounced mismatch in thermal and mechanical properties between titanium alloys and titanium aluminide alloys presents significant challenges for achieving high-quality metallurgical bonding. In this study, a Ti6Al4V and high-niobium TiAl alloy (Ti45Al8Nb) bimetal were fabricated via wire arc directed energy deposition (wire arc DED). The results demonstrate that a transition zone exists between Ti6Al4V and Ti45Al8Nb. This region comprises five distinct sublayers with a continuous composition gradient from Ti6Al4V to Ti45Al8Nb, and the microstructure evolves progressively from a basket-weave alpha structure, to a tweed-like alpha 2 structure, then to a rod-like alpha 2 + B2 mixture, and finally to fine alpha 2/gamma lamellar colonies. The formation of this gradient transition zone is attributed to the plasma arc heat source, which induces interlayer remelting and promotes melt pool convection, leading to elemental mixing and the establishment of a compositional gradient. Tensile tests revealed an ultimate tensile strength of 341.2 MPa and elongation of 0.82 %, with fracture occurring in the third sublayer. The fracture was primarily caused by the synergistic effects of brittle alpha 2/B2 phase precipitation, strong texture, and local stress concentration. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of wire arc DED for fabricating crack-free Ti/TiAl bimetal and elucidate the microstructural evolution and fracture mechanisms within the gradient transition zone.

Aqueous zinc‑iodine batteries (AZIBs) represent a highly attractive technology for large-scale energy storage, yet their practical deployment is severely hindered by the concurrent challenges of zinc dendrite growth, parasitic side reactions, and the polyiodide shuttle effect. Herein, we design an electrostatic-interaction-tailored polyacrylamide-phytic acid-choline chloride (PAM-PA-ChCl) deep-eutectic gel electrolyte (DEGE) to fundamentally manipulate the interfacial microenvironment. Within this DEGE, the electrostatic shielding of choline cations (Ch+) effectively homogenizes the local Zn2+ flux to suppress dendrite proliferation, while the coordination between PA and Zn2+ optimizes deposition kinetics. Concurrently, the robust electrostatic repulsion from the phosphate anions of PA blocks polyiodide crossover, thereby eliminating the shuttle effect. Benefiting from this sophisticatedly tailored microenvironment, the DEGE enables an exceptionally stable zinc stripping/plating lifespan of up to 4000 h at 1 mA cm−2. Remarkably, the assembled AZIB full cells deliver an ultra-stable cycling performance exceeding 19,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Furthermore, a practical high-loading pouch cell successfully achieves a high reversible capacity of 21.6 mAh after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1. This work provides an effective strategy for designing multi-functional eutectic electrolytes toward practically viable, long-life AZIBs.

This study introduces Ti6Al4V2Fe, a novel dual-phase titanium alloy, manufactured via Cold Metal Transfer Directed Energy Deposition (CMT-DED) for aerospace applications. This alloy meets stringent performance demands and enables efficient additive manufacturing of large-scale components. We investigated its microstructural evolution and mechanical properties under static and dynamic conditions. Room temperature tensile tests and dynamic impact assessments (1500/s to 3000/s) revealed a refined microstructure with short columnar and fine equiaxed prior-beta grains, influenced by undercooling and thermal gradients. The addition of Fe enhanced beta phase nucleation, resulting in a basket-weave alpha + beta structure. Dynamic tests highlighted increasing strength with strain rate, with horizontal samples displaying superior strength. A constitutive model confirmed the experimental stress-strain profiles. At 2500/s, adiabatic shear bands indicated heightened sensitivity in horizontal samples, while vertical samples absorbed more energy, linked to dynamic recrystallization. The Ti6Al4V2Fe alloy, fabricated by CMT-DED, demonstrates remarkable strength, enhanced toughness, and reduced anisotropy, marking it as a prime candidate for aerospace applications.

MnO2 is a promising cathode material for high-energy-density aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to its high voltage and abundance. However, its electrochemical activity is seriously damaged by the sediment of discharge by-product Zn4SO4(OH)6·nH2O (ZSH), which results from the pH change of electrolyte after "dead" H+ ions are trapped within the MnO2 lattice. Herein, MnO2 co-regulated by tungsten (W) and potassium (K) (denoted as WKMO) is proposed to address this issue. The addition of W and K significantly diminishes the resistance to H+ insertion/extraction and facilitates the migration of H+ within the MnO2 lattice, relieving the heavy accumulation of ZSH during the long cycle. Meanwhile, stronger W-O and K-O bonds stabilize the layered structure of WKMO and moderate oxygen defects endow WKMO with high conductivity and increased active sites. Benefiting from the effect of W and K co-doping, exceptional rate performance (150 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1) and long-term cycling stability (238 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1) are exhibited by WKMO, which are 42 % and 209 % higher than the original material, respectively. The reaction mechanism of H+/Zn2+ stepwise insertion/extraction is elucidated through physical and chemical characterization. The strategy of strengthening H+ migration and mitigating ZSH deposition via multi-element modulation offers a novel approach for fostering long-life Zn//MnO2 batteries.

In this work, sulfur-nitrogen doped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) were synthesized through a facile one-step hydrothermal approach using 2-Mercaptopyrimidine and citric acid as precursors. The as-prepared N,S-CDs exhibited a remarkable fluorescence response towards Bi³⁺ ions, achieving highly sensitive detection in the concentration range of 0–45 μM with a detection limit of 230 nM. These findings suggest great potential for the application of N,S-CDs in the detection of real water samples. Furthermore, the N,S-CDs demonstrated an excellent temperature response, showing reversible and recoverable fluorescence characteristics within the temperature range of 25 to 65 °C. The low cytotoxicity and in vitro cellular imaging properties displayed by this carbon dot further contribute to its enhanced functionality and practicality.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are considered to be a class of materials with broad application prospects. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables the direct growth of SWNTs on targeted supports using active metal catalysts. Unfortunately, no work to date has reported silicon (Si) as a viable support for growing SWNTs due to the deactivation of metal catalysts caused by high-temperature reactions with Si. Recent studies show that incorporating SWNTs into Si anodes improves the electrical conductivity and alleviates volume expansion in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the shear forces during dispersion fragment SWNTs and destroy their pristine electronic properties. This work addresses these challenges by using ruthenium to directly grow SWNTs on Si nanoparticles via CVD, preserving their structural integrity and electrical properties. The resulting composites are employed as an anode for LIBs. Owing to the strong binding between synthesized SWNTs and Si nanoparticles, the resulting composite anode exhibits enhanced electronic/ionic conductivity and suppressed volume expansion during cycling. Consequently, the assembled battery displays a higher initial Coulombic efficiency, excellent rate capability, and cycling stability. This work demonstrates the feasibility of growing SWNTs on Si supports, offering valuable insights for optimizing and advancing the application of Si anodes.

Electrochromic batteries, integrating electrochromic functionality with energy storage, have attracted significant attention for their ability to visualize charge status, enable energy reutilization, and support low-power color modulation. However, conventional materials often struggle to simultaneously achieve high-capacity storage and tunable multicolor display. Herein, we propose a multicolor electrochromic battery based on an inverted Fabry-Perot cavity structure. This design innovatively integrates electrochromic functionality, structural color modulation, and energy storage capability within a single device. A porous poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membrane serves as a flexible electrode substrate, supporting a front-side W/WO3 multilayer to form a resonant cavity, while the electrolyte and counter electrode are placed on the back. This configuration minimizes optical loss and enhances color saturation. Furthermore, an extra WO3 layer is introduced between the PES membrane and the W reflector to increases active material loading without compromising the structural color fidelity. Consequently, the device achieves vivid, tunable multicolor display and delivers a high areal capacity of 534.3 mAh m-2 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2. This work offers a novel structural design strategy for developing high-performance, multifunctional electrochromic batteries.

Amidst the escalating demand for sustainable energy-storage systems, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are emerging as a promising contender, leveraging their intrinsic safety, environmental benignity, and the abundant availability of zinc. However, the practical deployment of AZIBs is hampered by stability challenges associated with zinc anodes, including dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion. To address these concerns, this study presents an innovative protective coating strategy for zinc anodes using a zinc-guided fluoride apatite interphase (ZFAP) derived from the synergistic cation-anion exchange mechanism based on hydroxyapatite. The ZFAP@Zn electrode, equipped with this functional architecture and the synergistic effects of cations and anions, effectively suppresses undesirable reactions at the anode-electrolyte interface and mitigates dendrite stress proliferation during zinc deposition and stripping processes. The ZFAP@Zn symmetrical cell maintains stable performance for more than 3000 h, with a small voltage hysteresis of 20.7 mV at 0.5 mA cm- 2/0.25 mAh cm- 2. The ZFAP@Zn||Cu cell achieves an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8 % over 3500 cycles at 4 mA cm- 2. When integrated with the alpha-MnO2 cathode, the full cell retains a reversible capacity of 197.8 mAh g- 1 after 1500 cycles at 2 A g- 1. This work offers valuable strategies for stabilizing zinc anodes towards advancing highperformance AZIBs.

Zinc (Zn) metal has garnered substantial interest as an anode material in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to its cost-effectiveness and high theoretical capacity. However, its commercial viability is impeded by critical issues such as dendritic growth and parasitic side reactions. This study presents the construction of the Zn-induce static activation for hydroxyapatite layer (Z-HAP) on the zinc anode, which exhibits enhanced interface stability. The Z-HAP layer, rich in zinc-affinitive sites, facilitates preferential adsorption and ion exchange with calcium, thereby enabling controlled and uniform zinc ion transport and directing zinc growth and deposition along the hydroxyapatite structure. As a result, the Z-HAP@Zn symmetric cell demonstrates over 1800 h at 1 mA cm-2 with a cumulative capacity of 1 mAh cm-2, maintaining a low polarization voltage. Moreover, the ZHAP@Zn||MnO2 battery achieves exceptional cycling stability, with a capacity of 157.5mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1. This work reports on a statically activated hydroxyapatite layer that is effectively constructed on the zinc anode surface, providing valuable insights for the advancement of interface layer technologies in zinc anode applications.

Lithium metal anode (LMA) is highly promising for next-generation lithium batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity, low potential, and low density. However, issues like lithium dendrite growth and poor reversibility have impeded its practical application. In this study, a hierarchical carbon cloth modified with cobalt nanoparticle-anchored nanoneedle arrays (Co-NA-CC) was fabricated to ensure highly reversible Li plating and stripping within the hierarchical structure confinement. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrated that the lithophilic Co-Nx sites effectively reduced the energy barrier for Li nucleation. The hierarchical structure with gradient lithophilic Co-Nx sites regulates the uniform Li deposition behavior in a bottom-up model. As a result, under the synergistic effect of hierarchical structure confinement and lithophilic Co-Nx sites, the Co-NA-CC substrate achieved a Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.62% over 450 cycles at 1 mA cm- 2 and inhibited Li dendrite growth for over 2600 h. Furthermore, at an ultra-low N/P ratio of 1, the Co-NACC@Li||NCM811 full cell delivered excellent rate performance, providing 150 mA h/g and maintaining cycling stability over 200 cycles at 2 C fast charging. In Li-S batteries, the Co-NA-CC@Li anode also provided 756 mA h/g and maintained cycling stability over 400 cycles at 0.5 C. This work provides a significant reference for the design of carbon cloth with lithophilic hierarchical structures for lithium metal batteries with ultra-low N/P ratios and long-term cycling stability.