Cellulose nanofibers/metal-organic framework (CNFs/MOF) composites hold promise for energy storage thanks to high porosity, large specific surface area, and inherent flexibility, but their poor conductivity limits applications to environmental remediation and gas adsorption. Herein, flexible CNFs served as substrates for in situ growth of continuous ZIF-8 nanolayers via interfacial synthesis, with a CNFs/ZIF-8 gel network built to enhance structural integrity and flexibility. A novel strategy first regulated the layered pore structure: ZIF-8 in CNFs/ZIF-8 nanofibers was etched in the acidic environment of aniline in situ polymerization, constructing a hierarchical porous architecture with interconnected micropores and mesopores. CNFs/ZIF-8/PANI gel composite membranes were then fabricated. As self-supporting electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors, the composites showed excellent electrochemical performance: 1350 F/g at 1 A/g for the electrode, and the flexible solid-state device delivered a specific capacitance of 220.9 F/g at 0.5 A/g, along with a capacitance retention rate of 74% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles at 10 A/g. The superior performance stems from synergistic hierarchical pore structure regulation via partial MOF sacrificial templating and gel matrix-mediated rapid ion diffusion, offering a feasible approach for high-performance flexible energy storage devices.

P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 has emerged as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity and excellent air stability. However, this material suffers from two critical bottlenecks: first, it is prone to undergo an irreversible oxygen evolution reaction at a voltage of 4.2 V; second, it experiences significant specific capacity fade under high current density conditions. This work addresses these issues by using a solid-state reaction method to fabricate the Na0.66Sr0.01Ni0.32Li0.01Mn0.67O2 material via co-doping modification with trace amounts of Li and Sr. The research results show that the Li and Sr co-doped material exhibits significant spatially enhanced structural stability at high voltages and effectively suppresses the P2-O2 phase transition. The modified material exhibits superior rate capability (delivering a reversible specific capacity of 62 mA h g-1 at 20 C) and cycling stability (achieving a capacity retention of 87% after 1000 cycles at 10 C). In summary, this Li/Sr synergistic doping strategy provides an effective and straightforward approach for designing layered oxide cathode materials that combine high rate capability with long-term cycling stability.

The development of high-performance multifunctional electrodes for both supercapacitors and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for advancing energy storage and conversion systems. Herein, a self-supported Fe-Ni3S2/FeOOH heterostructure on nickel foam (Fe-Ni3S2/FeOOH@NF) is fabricated via a combined hydrothermal-electrodeposition method. The abundant heterogeneous interfaces between crystalline Fe-Ni3S2 and amorphous FeOOH induce strong electronic interactions, which significantly enhance charge transfer and reaction kinetics, especially for supercapacitors. As a supercapacitor electrode, the Fe-Ni3S2/FeOOH@NF electrode delivers a high specific capacitance of 838 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1). The assembled hybrid supercapacitor device achieves a specific capacitance of 63 F g(-1) and exhibits outstanding cycling stability, retaining 87.3% of its initial capacity after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, the electrode demonstrates notable electrocatalytic performance for the OER, requiring a low overpotential of 262 mV to reach 50 mA cm(-2). These results underscore the great potential of the Fe-Ni3S2/FeOOH@NF as a high-performance, multifunctional material for advanced energy storage applications.

The construction of edge-hosted FeN sites presents a promising way to boost catalytic performance of typical FeN sites for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the controllable synthesis of densely accessible edge-hosted FeN sites remains challenging. Herein, an oxalate anion-assisted strategy is developed for precise preparation of densely edge-hosted FeN4 atomic sites for ORR. The strong coordination between oxalate anions and Fe3+ ions facilitates the formation of dense edge-hosted FeN4 atomic sites. The subsequent decomposition of oxalate anions creates a hierarchically porous structure. Remarkably, the obtained e-FeNC exhibits improved ORR activity in acidic (0.79 V) and alkaline (0.89 V) electrolytes, a higher site density (SD), and an enhanced turnover frequency (TOF, 3.71 s-1). Density functional theory calculations reveal that edge FeNC sites exhibit a lower energy barrier for ORR than center FeNC sites. The downward shift of the d-band center weakens the adsorption of ORR intermediates, accounting for the high intrinsic activity of edge FeNC sites. Additionally, the assembled Zn-air battery displays a high specific capacity of 781 mAh g-1, a large energy density of 999 Wh kgZn-1, and outstanding cycling performance over 550 h with minimal voltage gap of 0.84 V.

Hydrogen production via water splitting has emerged as a viable strategy to address environmental degradation and energy crises, offering a sustainable route to clean energy. ZnFe-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are regarded as promising electrocatalysts for overall water splitting due to their high activity and stability, yet their practical application is limited by poor electrical conductivity. Herein, we fabricate sulfur-doped ZnFe-LDH (S-ZnFe-LDH) ultrathin nanosheets on nickel foam as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The S-ZnFe-LDH electrode exhibits good performance, requiring overpotentials of only 245 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at 50 mA cm− 2 and 142 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at 10 mA cm− 2, along with good durability. When assembled into a two-electrode electrolyzer, it achieves 50 mA cm− 2 at a low cell voltage of 1.80 V. In this work, Zn acts as a dynamically sacrificial species whose leaching kinetics are precisely regulated by S, creating and stabilizing catalytically vital cation vacancies. This S-induced stabilization effect effectively prevents the structural collapse typically associated with such cation leaching. This work provides a valuable reference for designing efficient electrocatalysts for integrated water splitting.

This study successfully prepared Se-Sb-Ag optoelectronic alloy coatings by pulse electrodeposition in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The electrochemical behavior of SeO2, SbCl3, and Ag2SO4, in a choline chloride-ethylene glycol DES, was systematically investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). CV and CA results revealed an induced codeposition mechanism. The nucleation mechanism of the Se-Sb-Ag alloy coatings between -0.30 V and -0.70 V was identified as a diffusion-controlled three-dimensional (3D) instantaneous process. The effects of pulse potential on surface morphology, composition, crystal structure, and photoelectrical properties of the coatings were systematically examined. The SEM results indicated distinct potential-dependent nanostructural evolution. A moderate negative shift produced smaller secondary nanoparticles and denser, more uniform coatings, whereas an excessive negative potential led to finer but loosely packed nanograins with increased porosity and reduced compactness. The EDS results demonstrated that Ag content initially decreased and then stabilized, Sb content first increased and then declined, while Se content showed an overall increasing trend. The crystalline phases were mainly Ag, Se, Sb, and Ag2Se phases. The coatings exhibited p-type semiconducting behavior. The band gap increased from 0.66 eV to a maximum of 0.76 eV as the electrodeposition potential shifted negatively, followed by a decrease to 0.72 eV at more negative potentials. A similar trend was observed in photocurrent density, which reached a maximum of 0.24 mA/cm2 at -0.80 V. By taking advantage of the strong complexation and solvation capabilities of DESs, this work demonstrates a pulse electrodeposition route suitable for reusing semiconductor elements such as Se and Ag. The electrodeposition mechanism of Se-Sb-Ag ternary coatings was clarified, and pulse deposition in DESs was shown to enable controlled tuning of their structural and photoelectrical properties. These findings indicate that DES-based electrodeposition holds promise for the green preparation of optoelectronic semiconductor materials.

Efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for chloride-containing electrolytes are highly desirable for practical water and seawater electrolysis. Herein, a nanorod-arrayed heterostructure with single-atom Ru anchored at the CoMoO4/Co2P interface was directly grown on nickel foam through a stepwise synthesis route. Spectroscopic analyses reveal that isolated Ru atoms are stabilized by Ru-O coordination, which induces interfacial electron redistribution and optimizes intermediate adsorption. Owing to the synergistic effects of heterojunction coupling and single-atom modulation, the catalyst exhibits low overpotentials of 116 mV for HER and 234 mV for OER at 100 mA cm-2 in alkaline media. It also maintains high activity and durability in simulated alkaline seawater, showing strong chloride-corrosion resistance. An electrolyzer assembled with this catalyst requires only 1.49 V at 10 mA cm- 2 and operates stably over extended testing, offering an effective strategy for robust water splitting in complex electrolytes.

The bioaccumulation of hepatotoxic Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) in aquatic products poses a severe threat to human health via the food chain, underscoring the urgent need for sensitive detection methods. Herein, a self-powered electrochemical aptasensor was developed for on-site MC-RR monitoring based on ZIF-67/g-C3N4 heterojunctions. By coupling hydrovoltaic and photoelectric effects, the engineered built-in electric field significantly enhanced charge separation and water evaporation, amplifying the electrical signal by 11-fold under illumination. The aptamer-functionalized platform enabled specific MC-RR detection via modulating the interfacial charge transfer, achieving a wide linear range from 1 × 10− 14 M to 1 × 10− 10 M and an ultra-low detection limit of 2.36 × 10− 15 M. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity against interfering substances and was successfully applied to the analysis of aquaculture water and crucian carp samples. This work presents a sustainable, high-performance self-powered sensing platform for early cyanotoxin screening to safeguard aquatic food safety. Its advantages of simple operation and high sensitivity make it a promising tool for on-site food safety monitoring.

In the field of self-powered sensing, the demand for materials with enhanced wearing comfort and superior flexibility has become increasingly prominent, driven by the rapid advancement of wearable electronics and intelligent monitoring technologies. Although piezoelectric ceramics exhibit exceptional piezoelectric performance, their inherent brittleness and poor deformability severely restrict their practical applicability in flexible self-powered sensors. In pursuit of addressing the requirement for improved wearing comfort while retaining efficient energy conversion capability, elastomer-based composite fibers have emerged as a promising class of materials and developed rapidly in recent years. Nevertheless, a critical challenge remains in achieving uniform dispersion of fillers within the polymer matrix and the fabrication of defect-free composite fibers under high filler loading, primarily due to the significant surface energy discrepancy between the fillers and the polymer matrix. In this work, a novel thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) based composite piezoelectric fiber with strong organic-inorganic interfacial adhesion and uniform high-content filler dispersion was proposed, achieved by interfacial modification of PZT and in situ reduced Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) into TPU via wet spinning for flexible wearable piezoelectric sensors. Notably, even at total inorganic filler loadings surpassing 80 wt%, the resultant composite fibers maintain outstanding mechanical properties, with breaking strength >10 MPa and elongation at break >200%. When optimized with 80 wt% PZT and 3 wt% Ag precursor, the composite fibers, after weaving into fabrics and corona polarization, exhibit ultrahigh piezoelectric output sensitivity of 133 ± 2.1 mV N-1 and ultrafast response time (≈20 ms). This work offers a scalable fabrication route for high-performance piezoelectric fibers, which is helpful for self-powered sensors with better performance and more comfortable use in human motion monitoring and recognition.

The luminol-dissolved oxygen electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system is fundamentally limited by the poor redox activity of oxygen, which fails to generate sufficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) for efficient luminol excitation, restricting the performances of sensors. Herein, a high-performance ECL sensor was fabricated for sensitive detection of isocarbophos (ICP) by utilizing sulfur vacancy-engineered ZnIn2S4 (Sv-ZIS) as a novel photocatalytic co-reaction accelerator with superior molecular oxygen activation. The introduction of sulfur vacancies not only effectively enhanced visible-light harvesting but also accelerated interfacial electron transfer while maintaining a sufficient thermodynamic driving force for O2 reduction, generating abundant ROS for the luminol ECL reaction, thus remarkably boosting the ECL signal intensity and luminescence stability of the system. By integrating with the specific target recognition capability of aptamers, the as-fabricated aptasensor achieved highly sensitive and specific detection of the organophosphorus pesticide ICP, with a linear range of 0.1-50 ng mL-1, an ultralow limit of detection (LOD) of 32.63 pg mL-1 at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3, and excellent detection stability. This proposed sensing platform can be successfully applied to the quantitative determination of ICP in real samples, providing a reliable strategy for pesticide residue monitoring and a new avenue for sensitive detection of hazardous small molecules in environmental and food analyses.

Herein, Fe/Sn-NC was synthesized from a derivative of ZIF-8 via thermal treatment, exhibiting optimal ORR performance and highly improved power density and cyclical stability in a zinc-air battery. This work provides new ideas for promoting the progress of clean energy technology.

Extensive efforts have been devoted to the activity engineering to atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, systematic analysis of their degradation mechanisms and strategies to enhance long-term stability under practical working conditions has received comparatively less attention. This review highlights degradation mechanisms and enhancement strategies of stability. Firstly, evaluation methods of stability regarding tests, characterization and analysis methods, are introduced. Then, four degradation mechanisms including metal center dissolution, micropore flooding, carbon matrix corrosion and active site protonation are discussed and summarized. In view of the above challenges, recent proposed strategies for improving stability of atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts are systematically reviewed, such as single atom dispersion strategy to inhibit metal migration, heteroatom doping to optimize the adsorption kinetics of the intermediates, design of bimetal site to synergistically enhance the bond energy strength of active sites, and construction of hierarchically porous structure to balance mass transfer and active site exposure. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of developing highly stable atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts for ORR are discussed.

Dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) provide notable advantages in selecting anode materials for copper foil electrolysis. Among them, titanium-based oxide electrodes are extensively employed in the electrochemical industry owing to their superior corrosion resistance and low oxygen evolution potential. In this study, RuO2u2013ZrO2u2013rGO titanium-based composite electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition to improve catalytic activity, corrosion resistance, and service life. The results revealed that the incorporation of ZrO2 markedly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the electrode, while the introduction of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) significantly improved its electrical conductivity and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the RuO2u2013ZrO2u2013rGO titanium electrode exhibited a low onset potential for oxygen evolution (1.191 V vs. SCE), a small overpotential of 167 mV at 10 mA/cm2, and a Tafel slope of 47 mV/dec, indicating high electrocatalytic efficiency. The electrode showed optimal stability when fabricated at a thermal decomposition temperature of 400 u2103 with an rGO doping concentration of 0.6 g/L. These findings suggest that the RuO2u2013ZrO2u2013rGO titanium-based composite anode is a durable and efficient candidate for copper foil electrolysis, holding considerable promise for industrial application.

A ZnPTC@MoS 2 -based electrochemiluminescence platform was developed for trilobatin detection. The synergistic integration of ECL-active ZnPTC and conductive MoS 2 enables enhanced emission and Tri-induced signal quenching for accurate analysis.

Abstract Atomically dispersed metal−nitrogen−carbon (M−N−C) catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to platinum-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, comprehensive and systematic reviews focusing on activity-enhancement engineering and stability-improvement strategies remain scarce, leading to an ambiguous understanding of the structure-activity-stability relationship. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes heteroatom doping engineering, and stability enhancement strategies, aiming to offering new insights to break the activity-stability trade-off. Firstly, the regulation mechanisms of heteroatom doping strategies on the electronic structure of active centers and ORR performance are discussed in depth. Specifically, this review encompasses the electronic modulation of the central metal via first coordination shell engineering, the structural optimization of the carbon support through second-shell doping, and the synergistic catalytic effects derived from multiheteroatom codoping. Then, the deactivation mechanisms of M–N–C catalysts are summarized, along with corresponding strategies for stability enhancement. Finally, future research directions for atomically dispersed M–N–C catalysts are proposed.

The multi-signal conversion "on-off-on" mode has attracted considerable attention due to its high sensitivity. We developed a novel "on-off-on" electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor, in which an Ag-MOF with coordination-triggered aggregation-induced emission (AIE) served as the emitter and polydopamine-modified Fe-MOF (PDA@Fe-MOF) as the quencher for the sensitive detection of malathion (MAL). The rigid Ag-MOF, assembled from 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-(pyridin-4-yl) phenyl) ethene (TPPE) ligands, not only increased the loading capacity of the luminescent TPPE molecules but also effectively restricted their intramolecular motions, thereby suppressing non-radiative relaxation and resulting in pronounced ECL enhancement. Meanwhile, the porous architecture of Ag-MOF facilitated the diffusion and excitation of TPPE by coreactants, further improving the emission efficiency. In addition, PDA@Fe-MOF exhibited a dual quenching effect: it not only enabled resonance energy transfer but also efficiently scavenged electrochemically generated co-reactive radicals, ultimately leading to highly effective signal suppression. By integrating a competitive aptamer strategy, the constructed Ag-MOF-based "on-off-on" ECL aptasensor achieved sensitive MAL detection across a wide dynamic range (1 ×10-14 mg/mL to 1 ×10-7 mg/mL) with a detection limit of 2.54 × 10-15 mg/mL, and it was successfully applied to the determination of MAL in cabbage and white tea samples. This method provided a promising platform for MAL monitoring in food and demonstrated considerable potential for practical applications.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is an artificial estrogen with 'trans-generational carcinogenicity'. Its residues in environmental media and food matrices can easily enter the human body and pose a potential risk to human health. In this work, we first developed an electrochemiluminescence sensor based on the CeO2/Ag3PO4 heterojunction for the detection of the endocrine disruptor diethylstilbestrol. The CeO2/Ag3PO4 heterojunction significantly enhanced the electrochemiluminescence performance of the sensor through interfacial synergistic effects, including band alignment and free radical regulation. Firstly, the energy levels of CeO2 and Ag3PO4 are staggered to form a built-in electric field, which promotes the transmission of electrons and reduces the recombination loss. At the same time, the synergistic enhancement of Ag3PO4 and CeO2 double active sites significantly enhanced the ECL intensity. In addition, CeO2, rich in oxygen vacancies, promotes charge transfer, and the Ce3+/Ce4+ cycle of CeO2 efficiently promotes the formation of sulfate radicals (SO4•-), which promotes the intensity of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in multiple ways. With optimal settings, the ECL sensor provides a detection limit of 4.71 × 10-15 M and a linear response ranging from 1 × 10-14 M to 1 × 10-6 M, while exhibiting outstanding selectivity, stability, and repeatability. The aptamer sensor demonstrated excellent DES recognition in real samples, with accurate quantitation and strong potential for environmental water and food monitoring.

In this study, micrometer-sized magnetic beads equipped with artificial antibodies whose reactivity could be controlled by temperature tuning were developed. An artificial antibody that can specifically bind to doxorubicin (Dox) was fabricated on an N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer matrix on the surface of the magnetic beads. The growth reaction of gold nanoparticles (NPs) was effectively used to promote the selective polymerization reaction on the beads. To develop magnetism and polymerization via the growth of gold NPs, plastic beads were coated with both magnetic iron oxide and gold NPs. The fluorescence microscopy evaluation of the fabricated artificial antibody revealed that the temperature-dependent affinity change in the copolymer reversibly changed its binding properties upon temperature control. This engineered antibody is effective against anthracyclines with complex molecular structures and exhibits excellent selectivity (>50-fold). This development makes the efficient separation and recovery of Dox contained in human plasma samples using an external magnetic force and temperature control feasible. The results of this study could guide the development of highly efficient artificial antibodies that could revolutionize cancer treatment.