Abiotic stress has a significant impact on soybean growth, development, and yield. Proteins containing the Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1 (RCC1) domain, known as RCPs, play important roles in plant stress responses. However, systematic analysis of the RCP gene family in soybean remains limited. In this study, a total of 52 GmRCP genes were identified in the soybean genome and classified into nine phylogenetic clades. Members within the same clade exhibited similar domain architectures. Collinearity analysis suggested that segmental duplication served as the major driver for the expansion of this gene family, and most duplicated gene pairs underwent purifying selection. Analysis of gene structure and conserved motifs revealed high conservation within clades but divergence among them, indicating potential functional diversification of GmRCPs. Furthermore, promoter analysis identified abundant cis-acting elements associated with hormone signaling and stress responses. Expression profiling demonstrated that most GmRCP genes were expressed across various soybean tissues, and several members were responsive to salt, drought, and low-phosphorus stresses. Notably, GmRCP31, GmRCP43, and GmRCP46 were induced under multiple stresses, suggesting their potential roles in stress adaptation. These findings provide important insights into the functional diversity and evolutionary history of GmRCP genes and establish a foundation for further investigation of their roles in soybean development and stress resistance.

Enhancing photosynthesis is an important approach to improve crop yields. Photosynthesis, as a key factor determining crop yield, is an important approach to increasing crop production and addressing global food security issues. Improving its efficiency is crucial in this regard. However, traditional photosynthetic phenotyping has long been a bottleneck in crop breeding due to time-consuming data collection. In this study, we simultaneously measured the spectral reflectance and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of soybean leaves to develop a high-precision model for estimating Pn based on hyperspectral data. By applying this model, we evaluated Pn in 219 soybean materials. A multi-environment genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on multi-environmental prediction Pn was carried out using the 3VmrMLM method, and 24 significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and four suggestive QTLs were identified. Among them, 24 QTLs overlapped with multiple previously reported QTL related to photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, quality, etc., or with genes related to key agronomic traits such as yield. Additionally, four new QTLs were discovered, and four candidate genes potentially associated with Pn were identified. Further, haplotype analysis identified their optimal haplotypes. This study presents a robust and nondestructive hyperspectral model for estimating the photosynthetic rate in soybeans, which is successfully applied to genetic analysis, yielding stable and biologically meaningful results. The approach offers an effective means to explore the genetic basis of photosynthesis and provides a solid theoretical foundation for large-scale, monitoring of soybean photosynthetic physiology.

The Sec14 domain is an ancient lipid-binding domain that evolved from yeast Sec14p and performs complex lipid-mediated regulatory functions in subcellular organelles and intracellular traffic. The Sec14 family is characterized by a highly conserved Sec14 domain, and is ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells and has diverse functions. However, the number and characteristics of Sec14 homologous genes in soybean, as well as their potential roles, remain understudied. In this study, we identified 77 Sec14 genes in the soybean genome that were unevenly distributed across 19 chromosomes. Based on the classification method used for Arabidopsis Sec14 members, GmSec14s can be categorized into three classes: GmPITP1 to GmPITP37, GmSFH1 to GmSFH25, and GmPATL1 to GmPATL15. Structural analysis of the GmSec14 genes revealed that the SFH subfamily contained more introns than the other subfamilies. A total of 10 conserved protein motifs were detected within GmSec14 proteins, with each subfamily possessing unique motifs. Two tandem duplications and 73 segmental duplications were identified among the GmSec14 genes. Additionally, a large number of cis-acting elements, particularly those related to plant hormones, were abundant in the promoter regions of the GmSec14 genes. Tissue expression analysis of the GmSec14 genes indicated that they exhibited distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. In response to salt stress, multiple genes were found to be either upregulated or downregulated. In contrast, the majority of genes were downregulated under drought stress conditions. Notably, 12 GmSec14 genes exhibited significant alterations in expression following salt or drought stress, suggesting a potential role for these genes in stress response mechanisms. Furthermore, the protein interaction network and miRNA regulation associated with GmSec14s were predicted to elucidate the potential functions of GmSec14 members. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive examination of the Sec14 gene family in soybean, which will facilitate further functional research into their roles in response to salt and drought tolerance.

The secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs), which are an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein family ubiquitously present in plants and animals, are implicated in various abiotic stress responses. However, their functional roles in plant adaptation to phosphate limitation remain unexplored. Through systematic genomic and transcriptomic analyses of soybean under low-phosphate (LP) stress, we identified GmSCAMP4 as a key LP-responsive candidate, exhibiting root-predominant expression and strong transcriptional induction under phosphorus deprivation. Functional validation revealed that GmSCAMP4 overexpression in soybean hairy roots significantly enhanced LP tolerance, marked by optimized root architecture, elevated biomass production, and increased phosphorus accumulation. Conversely, RNAi-mediated knockdown of GmSCAMP4 exacerbated LP sensitivity, mirroring inverse phenotypic trends. Molecular investigations demonstrated that GmSCAMP4 orchestrates the expression of important LP-responsive genes and physically interacts with GmZFP2, modulating its transcription level during phosphate stress. These findings collectively establish GmSCAMP4 as a central regulator of soybean's phosphate starvation response, driving adaptive root remodeling to enhance phosphorus acquisition efficiency. This study not only elucidates a novel molecular mechanism underlying LP adaptation but also positions GmSCAMP4 as a strategic genetic target for breeding phosphorus-efficient soybean varieties.

This study explores the current state and future prospects of accelerating crop resistance trait improvement through Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) strategies. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, GWAS has emerged as a powerful tool for linking DNA variations to important crop traits. This research particularly emphasizes the strategies for integrating multi-omics data, as well as the application of precision breeding and gene editing technologies based on GWAS findings, offering new directions and strategies for the improvement of crop resistance traits. Additionally, the emergence of methods such as Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies (TWAS) provides robust tools for identifying genes associated with complex traits, suggesting a more comprehensive understanding of genomic regulation and genetically regulated genes in the future. These advancements not only propel the scientific research of crop genetic improvement but also provide a solid scientific foundation for the sustainable development of crop production and food safety.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the drought resistance of wheat cultivars in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the drought resistance of 46 wheat cultivars at germination stage were identified, the validity of three drought resistance-related molecular markers were verified, and used molecular markers to detect haplotype distribution of drought resistance-related genes 1-feh-w3, TaDreb-B1 and TaNRX-B1. The results showed that the average relative germination rate of wheat cultivars was 64.8%, with the variation ranging from 30.7%to 95.4%, and wheat cultivars with moderate and strong drought resistance accounted for 84.8%. The average relative germination rate of the haplotype Westonia type of 1-feh-w3 gene was generally higher than that of the haplotype Kauz type, but the correlation with the relative germination rate was not significant.The average relative germination rate of TaNRX-B1a haplotype of TaNRX-B1 gene was generally higher than that of TaNRX-B1b,and the correlation with the relative germination rate was significant.The TaDreb-B1a haplotype of TaDreb-B1 gene accounted for 95.7% of all the materials, and the average relative germination rate of the TaDreb-B1a haplotype was significantly higher than that of the TaDreb-B1b, which played an important role in the drought resistance of wheat, but the correlation with the relative germination rate was also not significant. The average relative germination rate of the haplotype combination Westonia type/TaDreb-B1a/TaNRX-B1a was the highest, reaching 76.79%. Fourteen wheat cultivars with strong drought resistance were identified: Xumai 36, Zhongzhi 0914, Tunmai 127, Luomai 26, Bainong 418, Qimin 7, Fengdecunmai 20,Fengdecunmai 12,Fengdecunmai 1,Saidemai 7, Zhumai 328, Zhoumai 32, Guohong 3 and Qianmai 088, which can be used as drought-resistant germplasms in wheat breeding.

Phytocyanins (PCs), plant-specific blue copper proteins, are crucial for various biological processes during plant development. However, a comprehensive characterization of the soybean PC gene family (GmPC) is lacking. In this study, we performed genome-wide screening of soybean PC genes, and 90 PC genes were identified in the soybean genome. Further analysis revealed that the GmPC family was categorized into four subfamilies (stellacyanins, GmSCs; uclacyanins, GmUCs; plantacyanins, GmPLCs; and early nodulin-like proteins, GmENODLs). In-depth analysis revealed that each specific GmPC subfamily exhibited similar characteristics, with segmental duplications playing a major role in expanding the members of GmPC. Additionally, synteny and evolutionary constraint analyses suggested that GmPCs have undergone strong selective pressure for purification during the evolution of soybeans. The promoter cis-regulatory elements analysis of GmPCs suggested that GmPCs might play a crucial role in various stress responses. The expression patterns of GmPCs exhibited tissue-specific variations. Moreover, 23 of the GmPCs may be involved in soybean's response to salt stress. In all, our study presents a systematic overview of GmPC, which not only provides a valuable foundation for further functional investigations of GmPCs, but also offers new insights into the mechanism of soybean salt tolerance.

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), as zinc metalloenzymes, are ubiquitous in nature and play essential roles in diverse biological processes. Although CAs have been broadly explored and studied, comprehensive characteristics of CA gene family members in the soybean ( Glycine max ) are still lacking. A total of 35 CA genes ( GmCAs ) were identified; they distributed on sixteen chromosomes of the soybean genome and can be divided into three subfamilies (α-type, β-type, and γ-type). Bioinformatics analysis showed that the specific GmCA gene subfamily or clade exhibited similar characteristics and that segmental duplications took the major role in generating new GmCAs . Furthermore, the synteny and evolutionary constraints analyses of CAs among soybean and distinct species provided more detailed evidence for GmCA gene family evolution. Cis -element analysis of promoter indicated that GmCAs may be responsive to abiotic stress and regulate photosynthesis. Moreover, the expression patterns of GmCAs varied in different tissues at diverse developmental stages in soybean. Additionally, we found that eight representative GmCAs may be involved in the response of soybean to low phosphorus stress. The systematic investigation of the GmCA gene family in this study will provide a valuable basis for further functional research on soybean CA genes.

The HAK/KUP/KT potassium transporter gene family plays an important role in the uptake, transport, and distribution of potassium ions (K + ) in plants. To better understand the biological functions and expression regulation mechanism of potassium transporter gene GmHAK5 in soybean, the coding sequence (CDS) of GmHAK5 gene was cloned in this study, and its encoding protein had the typical structural features of the HAK/KUP/KT family genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the plant HAK5 proteins were in Cluster I, in which GmHAK5 was closely related to PgrHAK5 of pomegranate ( Punica granatum ). The GmHAK5 protein was localized in the plasma membrane, which was consistent with its function as a potassium transporter involved in K + uptake. The GmHAK5 gene had a root-specific expression pattern, and was induced expression by low-potassium stress treatment. The GmHAK5 gene function was evaluated using a K + uptake-deficient yeast mutant R5421 (trk1Δ , trk2Δ ), and the transformation with GmHAK5 rescued the growth defect of mutant yeast strain R5421 at the low K + concentration range between 0 and 50 mM. Promoter sequence analysis demonstrated that the GmHAK5 promoter had five conserved root-specific expression motifs and an ARF2 binding site. Further dual-luciferase assays showed that ARF2 transcription factor in soybean ( GmARF2 ) can bind to the GmHAK5 promoter, and the luciferase (LUC) expression driven by the GmHAK5 promoter was relatively low when the GmARF2 gene was expressed, suggesting that GmARF2 might act as an inhibitor to participate in the transcriptional regulation of GmHAK5 gene in soybean. These results can provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the function and expression regulation mechanism of GmHAK5 , improving the potassium uptake efficiency and breeding varieties with high potassium efficiency in soybean.

种业作为我国农业的核心生产力,具有战略性、基础性地位.近年我国种业发展迅速,涌现出一大批具有高竞争力的"育繁推一体化"上市种业公司.文章选取了国内8家主要上市种业公司,分析发展现状并根据存在的问题提出对策建议.

我国地广物博,人口众多,从事农业劳动的农民占比极高,自古便是农业大国.发展农业是我国立国之本,是强国之路,也是我国人民高质量幸福生活的保障.从农业大国向农业强国发展的道路上,现代农作物种业是极具研究价值的课题.课题组以我国现代农作物种业的发展现状为基础,分析了我国现代农作物种业发展过程中所出现的问题,通过探讨与研究,针对部分问题提出了相应的对策,以期推动我国现代农作物种业的发展.

锌指蛋白是真核生物中被广泛研究的转录因子,在植物生长发育和逆境应答中发挥重要作用.为了揭示大豆锌指蛋白基因功能,从商豆1201中克隆获得GmZAT12基因的CDS全长序列,并对其编码的蛋白质进行生物信息学分析.通过烟草表皮注射系统检测GmZAT12蛋白的亚细胞定位情况,采用实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)技术对GmZAT12基因在大豆不同组织和非生物胁迫中的表达模式进行分析.结果表明,GmZAT12全长516 bp,共编码171个氨基酸,分子质量为19.26428 ku,理论等电点(pI)为9.02;主要构成元件为无规则卷曲和α螺旋;含有20个磷酸化位点,其中以丝氨酸磷酸化位点为主.序列分析结果表明,GmZAT12蛋白含有2个保守的C2H2锌指结构域;亚细胞定位结果显示,GmZAT12蛋白定位于细胞核.qRT-PCR表达分析结果显示,GmZAT12基因在大豆根、叶片和种子中表达量较高,在花和茎中表达量较低;GmZAT12基因受到高温、低温、NaCl和ABA诱导表达,推测该基因可能参与大豆非生物胁迫应答.

Background There were significant differences in the change of moisture content and grain composition at the late stage of grain development among different maize varieties, but the regulation mechanism is not clear. Objective To explore the key genes causing the variation in physiological traits of two typical maize inbred lines in late grain development. Methods The grains at different development stages were selected as materials to determine the content of water, sucrose, starch and ABA. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the materials were performed to screen relevant genes. Results The grain dehydration rate and the content of sucrose, starch and ABA were showed significant differences between two varieties in the late stage of grain development. The enrichment analysis of common differentially expressed genes (proteins) showed that most of the genes (proteins) were enriched in the extracellular region. The downregulated genes were mainly concentrated in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism, while the upregulated genes were mainly in response to stress. Furthermore, this study also identified many key candidate genes (dehydrin genes, pathogenesis-related genes, sucrose synthase and secondary metabolites related genes) related to late grain development of maize. Conclusions The suggested genes related to late grain development of maize can be candidates for further functional study.

Stress is an important factor that affecting plant growth and crop yield. Stress Associated Protein (SAP), a type of zinc finger protein, is widely involved in plant development and stress response. In order to explore the function of SAP gene in soybean, we cloned the GmSAP3 gene in Shangdou 1201 and carried out bioinformatics analysis, then the expression pattern of GmSAP3 in soybean tissues and temperature stress was analyzed by real-time PCR. The results showed that the CDS of GmSAP3 was 513 bp and encoded 170 amino acids. The isoelectric point (pI) of GmSAP3 was 6.79 and its molecular weight was 18.30568 kD. GmSAP3 contained two conserved domains (zf-A20 and ZnF- AN1), and evolution analysis showed that GmSAP3 is closely related to GmSAP26. RT-PCR results showed that GmSAP3 mainly expressed in roots and leaves, and GmSAP3 is induced by high temperature stress. It is speculated that GmSAP3 play an important role in soybean stress response. This study may provide theoretical foundation for further research on the function of GmSAP3.

Drought seriously threats the growth and development of Gossypium hirsutum L. To dissect the genetic basis for drought tolerance in the G. hirsutum L. germplasm, a population, consisting of 188 accessions of G. hirsutum races and a cultivar (TM-1), was genotyped using the Cotton80KSNP biochip, and 51,268 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained. Based on the phenotypic data of eight drought relative traits from four environments, we carried out association mapping with five models using GAPIT software. In total, thirty-six SNPs were detected significantly associated at least in two environments or two models. Among these SNPs, 8 and 28 (including 24 SNPs in 5 peak regions) were distributed in the A and D subgenome, respectively; eight SNPs were found to be distributed within separate genes. An SNP, TM73079, located on chromosome D10, was simultaneously associated with leaf fresh weight, leaf wilted weight, and leaf dry weight. Another nine SNPs, TM47696, TM33865, TM40383, TM10267, TM59672, TM59675, TM59677, TM72359, and TM72361, on chromosomes A13, A10, A12, A5, D6, and D9, were localized within or near previously reported quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance. Moreover, 520 genes located 200 kb up- and down-stream of 36 SNPs were obtained and analyzed based on gene annotation and transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that three candidate genes, Gh_D08G2462, Gh_A03G0043, and Gh_A12G0369, may play important roles in drought tolerance. The current GWAS represents the first investigation into mapping QTL for drought tolerance in G. hirsutum races and provides important information for improving cotton cultivars.

对32份大豆种质资源的9个农艺性状及产量进行了综合分析.结果表明,参试种质资源有效分枝数变异系数最高(30.37％),生育日数最低(2.19％);主成分分析获得了3个主成分因子,累计贡献率达到63.14％;聚类分析将32份大豆种质资源划分为4个类群,其中第IV类具有较高的增产潜力,可作为夏大豆新品种选育的重要种质资源.