The planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) regulates air pollutant dispersion, yet the combined effects of aerosols and meteorology remain insufficiently quantified. Here, an interpretable XGBoost SHAP framework is applied to daytime (08:00-20:00 BJT) PBLH across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions using ERA5 and MERRA-2 reanalysis data for 2013-2023. The mean PBLH in BTH (812 m) is about 125 m higher than in YRD (687 m), largely due to contrasting humidity conditions (46.3% vs. 68.6%). Meteorology dominates PBLH variability, with surface net solar radiation (SSR) and near-surface wind speed correlating positively, whereas relative humidity (RH) is the opposite. Among aerosol factors, single-scattering albedo (SSA) exerts the strongest influence (10.9% in BTH; 10.8% in YRD). In BTH, absorbing aerosols are associated with lower PBL more strongly than scattering aerosols, whereas in YRD neither type exerts dominant control. High RH enhances the hygroscopic growth of scattering aerosols, increasing the extinction efficiency and SSA and weakening the positive SSA-PBLH relationship, especially in YRD. Component-specific analysis shows that hygroscopic components are identified as the major contributors to scattering extinction, with the sulfate effect markedly amplified under humid conditions. Seasonal analysis shows that thermal variables (SSR, RH) dominate the model in summer, while dynamic factors are more influential in winter, especially over BTH. These findings provide quantitative evidence for the coupled impacts of aerosols and meteorology, especially hygroscopic growth, on boundary layer dynamics, offering a scientific basis for region-specific air quality management in eastern China.

This study examines seasonal variations of raindrop size distribution (DSD) characteristics in heavy rain core region over the Southwest Coast of China, using eight years (2017-2024) of disdrometer observations. The monsoon period exhibited the broadest size spectrum characterized by substantial medium-and large-sized drops, while the post-monsoon period had the narrowest size spectrum dominated by small-sized drops, and pre-monsoon period displayed intermediate features. Convective rain (CR) contributed over 83% of total rainfall, with medium and large drop concentrations 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than in stratiform rain. The monsoon CR displayed the highest mass-weighted mean diameter Dm (1.92 mm) with normalized intercept parameter log10Nw (3.81) comparable to pre-monsoon, tending toward continental-like convection characteristics. Microphysical principal component analysis and vertical structure profiles revealed that the underlying mechanism was enhanced ice-based processes under conditions of high instability, upward motion and mixed-phase clouds. Conversely, low instability and shallow clouds during post-monsoon period resulted in warm-rain process dominance with maritime-like convection characteristics. A Rain Parameter Diagram was implemented to visualize the connection between radar reflectivity-rainfall rate relationship and Dm-Nw pairs, effectively distinguishing precipitation types and revealing the seasonal shifts of microphysics along continental-like and maritime-like convection characteristics. These findings provide a foundation for the key physical mechanisms underlying seasonal DSD variability, with implications for microphysical parameterization and quantitative precipitation estimation in monsoon-dominated coastal regions.

High-temporal and spatial resolution vertical observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are scarce compared to near-surface measurements, limiting an in-depth understanding of their vertical photochemical characteristics and spatiotemporal variations. This study integrated autumn lower-tropospheric (0∼1000 m) VOC sounding observations over Nanjing, China, from 1 to 15 November 2020, with the WRF-Chem model to examine the vertical distributions of typical VOC species (ethene, ethane, xylene, and toluene). Results demonstrated the model's effectiveness in capturing surface and vertical VOC and meteorological profiles, along with their key regulating processes. For instance, the diurnal variation of the boundary layer (BL) governed the surface VOC concentrations, characterized by higher values in the morning and evening and lower values in the afternoon, and inversion led to VOCs accumulation near the surface. Furthermore, using the VOCs tagging method coupled into WRF-Chem, it was found that wind field profiles variation dominated the difference in VOCs regional source profiles. Moreover, local source (YRD-NJ: Nanjing) contributed largely to near-surface VOCs of Nanjing (57.0%, 27.5%, 61.4%, and 49.9% for ethene, ethane, xylene, and toluene, respectively) and diminished with altitude (16.1%, 2.6%, 25.3%, and 12.1% at 900 m, respectively), while the contributions from external sources correspondingly increased. Significantly, low-reactivity VOC species had longer lifetimes and thus were more easily affected by farther source contributions at different altitudes (e.g., ethane and toluene, 60% to 90% and 20% to 80% from surface to 900m under northwesterly winds), compared to high-reactivity VOC species (ethene and xylene, 8% to 67% and 3% to 62%).

While daytime heatwaves are well-known to exacerbate surface ozone (O3) pollution, the role of compound heatwaves with persistent day-night hot in O3 pollution remains unclear. Taking China's Sichuan Basin (SCB) as an example, we find compound heatwaves persistently intensify surface O3 concentration day and night, with significant positive anomalies of 29.3 mu g/m3 and 12.1 mu g/m3 during daytime and nighttime, respectively. In details, daytime hot triggers high daytime O3 concentration by enhancing O3-forming photochemistry, thereby providing a nocturnal residual layer (RL) with O3-rich air and substantial heat storage. Nighttime, the persistent day-night hot combined with easterly flow jointly drive a plateau-basin secondary circulation across RL and stable boundary layer over the SCB, facilitating RL's O3-rich air mixing to the surface and increasing nighttime O3 concentration. These findings advance understanding of how extreme heat and large-scale topographic forcing jointly modulate atmospheric environmental changes in plateau-basin regions.

The vertical distribution of ozone and its precursors within the boundary layer in plain urban agglomerations have been extensively studied. However, the vertical evolution of precursors and its impact on photochemical ozone formation mechanisms remain unclear under the conditions of intense solar radiation and deep convective boundary layer over plateaus. In this study, we conducted a 15-day intensive sounding campaign using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform in Yulin, a typical energy and chemical industrial city on the Loess Plateau in China, during summer. Combined with an observation-based box model, we quantitatively evaluated the vertical variations in ozone production rates and sensitivity. The results indicate that ozone pollution episode was characterized by high temperature, low humidity, weak winds, strong radiation, and deep convection. Alkanes showed a uniform vertical distribution, while alkenes and aromatics decreased with height. In contrast, the proportion of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) increased with altitude due to chemical oxidation during vertical mixing. Aromatics and OVOCs were the dominant contributors to ozone formation. The column ozone concentration in the residual layer (RL) during pollution episode was twice that during non-pollution periods, with RL transport contributing 44.4% to the midday mixing layer (ML) ozone and photochemical production accounting for 47.6%, together serving as key drivers of pollution episode. Ozone formation throughout the boundary layer was VOCs-limited. Ozone production near the surface was dominated by aromatics, while sensitivity to OVOCs increased significantly at 1000 m height. NOx accumulation at higher levels suppressed ozone formation. This study elucidates the ozone pollution mechanism under the effect of deep convective boundary layer over the Loess Plateau, providing a scientific basis for targeted regional ozone control.

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure significantly impacts the vertical distribution of atmospheric pollutants. As PM2.5 and O-3 are the most important atmospheric pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta, clarifying the vertical structure evolution characteristics within the PBL is crucial for understanding the atmospheric pollution formation mechanism. Via PBL vertical soundings in Nanjing from May 26 to June 16, 2018, the vertical pollutant structure under three pollution types (O-3 pollution, PM2.5 pollution, and PM2.5-O-3 composite pollution) is examined. The vertical structures of the different pollutants under the three pollution types vary. The O-3 concentration increases with height below 900 m under the three pollution types, following composite type > O-3 type > PM2.5 type. The O-3 concentration suddenly decreases from 900 to 1500 m under the influence of the boundary layer top. The PM2.5 concentration under the three pollution types decreases with height, with the highest concentration below 850 m, but the difference decreases with height. The PM2.5 concentration above 200 m under the O-3 pollution type is greater than the composite pollution type. The vertical BC concentration changes under the three pollution types are similar to those in PM2.5, both decreasing with height. The BC concentration differences among the pollution types are greater below 450 m, approximately 1937 ng/m(3), while above 450 m, the differences are relatively small, around 576 ng/m(3), accounting for about 30 % of the difference below 450 m. The diurnal vertical O-3 and BC profile changes are similar across the different pollution types. Overall, the O-3 concentration increases by 1.9 times with height, while the BC concentration decreases by 0.48 times. In the PM2.5 pollution type, PM2.5 shows significant cross-layer transport at the boundary layer top following the boundary layer's diurnal variation. The vertical pollutant structure differences at different O-3 pollution stages are small, mainly in terms of concentration, with the order being stable stage > reduction stage > increasing stage. At 11:00, the O-3 concentration at the increasing stage is much greater than in the other two stages. The PM2.5 concentration difference is large in different stages, especially from 14:00 to 20:00, with small BC differences.

Weak turbulence often occurs during heavy pollution events in eastern China (EC). However, existing mesoscale meteorology models cannot accurately simulate turbulent diffusion under weakened turbulence, particularly under the nocturnal stable boundary layer (SBL), often leading to significant turbulent diffusivity underestimation and surface aerosol overestimation. In this study, a new parameterization of minimum turbulent diffusivity coefficient (Kzmin) was tested and applied to PM2.5 simulations in EC under SBL conditions in WRF-Chem. The original model overestimated the PM2.5 simulation and the simulation performance can be improved by adding Kzmin. Sensitivity experiments revealed different ranges of available Kzmin values over the northern (0.8 to 1.2 m2/s) and southern (1.0 to 1.5 m2/s) regions of EC. The geographically related Kzmin was parameterized by sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE), which also exhibited regional differences related to the climate and underlying surface. Furthermore, we assign physical significance to the parameterized formula Kzmin and found that our proposed Kzmin scheme can reasonably yield dynamic Kzmin values over EC. The revised Kzmin scheme (EXPNEW) enhanced the turbulent diffusion (north: 0.93 m2/s, south: 1.10 m2/s on average) in the SBL, simultaneously improving the PM2.5 simulations on the surface (north: 65.78 to 0.67 µg/m3; south 30.48 to 12.86 µg/m3) and upper SBL. A process analysis showed that vertical mixing was the key process for improving PM2.5 simulations on the surface in EXPNEW. This study highlighted the importance of improving turbulent diffusion in current mesoscale models under SBL and has great significance for aerosol simulation.

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in fog formation and duration, yet its impact has not been sufficiently assessed in fog numerical simulations. This study evaluates the impact of soil moisture constraints (SMC) on fog simulation over East China using the WRF-Chem model, incorporating a series of soil moisture observation data from the China Meteorological Administration and reanalysis products. Additionally, the study assesses the improvements achieved through the meteorological observation nudging (MON) assimilation scheme. Results indicate that the MON scheme significantly improves the simulation accuracy of fog coverage, with the threat score (TS) improving from 65.1 % to 71.2 %, alongside better simulation of key meteorological variables. When combined with MON, SMC derived from observational data further enhances accuracy of fog area simulation, achieving a TS of 72.3 %. Notably, SMC derived from observational soil moisture (Obs-SMC) data outperforms SMC from reanalysis products (ERA5-SMC and FNL-SMC) in overall fog simulation. For RH, MON raised the average index of agreement (IOA) from 0.67 to 0.69 and reduced the normalized mean error (NME) from 24.4 % to 21.7 %. With Obs-SMC, the IOA further increased to 0.83, and the NME dropped to 14.3 %, demonstrating notable improvements in simulation performance. Process analysis suggests that the Obs-SMC further enhances surface evaporation, facilitating near-surface fog condensation and increasing the regional mean liquid water content (LWC) by approximately 0.01 g/kg. Our findings highlight the critical role of accurate soil moisture data in improving fog simulation, implicating a valuable approach for enhancing fog forecasting accuracy.

As an important absorptive component of aerosols in the atmosphere, black carbon (BC) plays a key role in climatic processes. Continuous BC measurements in the atmosphere of Nanjing, China, were performed from 2015 to 2022. By combining data from PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and meteorological variables, the temporal variations in BC during different pollution events were determined in this study. The annual mean BC concentration increased from 2015 to 2018 (0.80 +/- 0.05 mu g/(m3 a)) and decreased from 2019 to 2022 (0.30 +/- 0.001 mu g/(m3 a)). The daily variations in BC concentrations during different processes (haze, dust, ozone, fireworks and fog) in Nanjing showed different characteristics. The BC concentration increased the most during haze events (50 %-100 %), while it changed little during fog events, so BC can be used to distinguish between these two processes. During O3 pollution events, the BC concentration increased by 6 %-44 %. During dust pollution events, BC concentration decreased owing to the high wind speed. Besides, BC wasn't a major pollutant originating from Nanjing fireworks. During haze and O3 pollution events, BC concentrations tended to increase (0.45 mu g/m3-1.51 mu g/m3) as the pollution levels increase. It's worth noting that BC concentrations were higher in autumn (4.85 mu g/m3) than other seasons during moderate haze events because of enhanced long-range BC transport. Furthermore, during O3 pollution events, high BC concentrations exacerbated BC-boundary layer (BL) interactions and sustained high O3 concentrations. Bimodal distribution of haze (O3) pollution at all levels, but the nocturnal BC concentration peak weakened during heavy haze events.

Aerosol hygroscopicity plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry, radiation, and climate effects. While previous studies have investigated regional differences in aerosol hygroscopicity, long-term observational studies focusing on seasonal variations in specific regions remain scarce. This study explores size-resolved and seasonal variations in aerosol hygroscopicity in northern Nanjing, using one-year hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyser (H-TDMA) measurements in 2021. Aerosols in the region show relatively low hygroscopicity due to a high organic content (annual average mass fraction: 42.92 % in PM2.5) in fine particles. The mean hygroscopicity parameter (κmean) increases with particle size across all seasons. Particles (40–200 nm) show seasonal κmean variations: winter (0.12–0.24) and spring (0.14–0.25) display relatively higher values attributable to relatively higher secondary inorganic content, while summer (0.12–0.21) and autumn (0.10–0.20) exhibit relatively weaker hygroscopicity due to enhanced contributions from less hygroscopic components. Diurnal patterns are shaped by photochemical aging and aqueous-phase reactions, leading to κmean slight enhancement for larger particles in the afternoon and evening. New particle formation (NPF) events occur most frequently in spring. During spring NPF days, Aitken-mode particles exhibit slightly low hygroscopicity, whereas accumulation-mode particles demonstrate relatively higher hygroscopicity compared to non-NPF days. Regional transport analysis reveals distinct controlling factors: hygroscopicity of 40 nm particles may be mainly controlled by local sources, while 200 nm particles are more influenced by seasonal air mass transport. These results improve understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions and support regional climate modeling and air quality management in urbanizing areas.

The characteristics of summertime raindrop size distribution(DSD)and associated relations in the semi-arid region over the Inner Mongolian Plateau(IMP)were investigated,utilizing five-year continuous observations by a PARSIVEL2 disdrometer in East Ujimqin County(EUC),China.It is found that only 7.94%of the 15 664 one-min precipitation samples meet classification criteria as convective rain(CR),but its contribution to the total rainfall amount is 63.87%.Notably,40.72%of the rainfall comes from large-sized raindrops(D>3 mm),despite the fact that large-sized raindrops account for only 1.73%of the CR total number concentration.Further results show that the mean value of mass-weighted mean diameters(Dm)is larger(2.43 mm)and generalized intercepts(lgNw)is lower(3.19)in CR,aligning with a"continental-like"cluster,which is mainly influenced by the joint impact of in-cloud ice-based processes and the below-cloud environmental background.Also,the empirical relationships of shape-slope(μ-Λ),radar reflectivity-rain rate(Z-R),and rainfall kinetic energy(KEtime-R and KEtime-Z)are localized.To quantitatively analyze the impact of DSD parameters on kinetic energy estimation,power-law KEtime-R and KEtime-Z relationships are derived based on the normalized gamma distribution.Nw takes precedence over μ in affecting variabilities of multiplicative coefficients,especially for KEtime-R relationship where the multiplicative coefficient is proportional to Nw-0.287.It should be noted that although the proportion of CR occurring throughout the summer is small,raindrops with lower Nw and larger Dm will generate higher KEtime,which will bring a higher potential risk of soil erosion in semi-arid regions over IMP.

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region, teeming with anthropogenic black carbon (BC), lacks clarity on the fast and slow responses of EASM precipitation and other atmospheric water cycle processes to BC forcings. Through Community Earth System Model, version 1, simulations with an atmospheric water tracking (AWT) method, fast atmospheric adjustments and slow sea surface temperature (SST)-meditated responses of EASM to BC are found inconsistent, and the summertime precipitation anomaly exhibits a "positive-negative" and "negative-positive" meridional pattern, respectively. Quantitative AWT results highlight the dominant influences of BC-induced atmospheric dynamics adjustments in shaping the EASM precipitation anomaly pattern. The impacts of moisture transport by the southwesterlies, primarily from tropical Indian Ocean, overweigh those of surface evaporation changes, governing both fast and slow precipitation responses. Tropospheric warming from high BC concentrations over northern East Asia in the fast response creates a positive meridional temperature gradient anomaly at the lower level of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EASWJ) center. This weakens EASWJ, leading to significant upper-level convergence at 200 hPa and anomalous descending motion north of 30 degrees N, reducing precipitation over North China. Compensatory ascending motion and low-level convergence south of 30 degrees N enhance precipitation over South China. Conversely, BC-induced SST warming in the Indo-Pacific warm pool generates a negative meridional temperature gradient anomaly and strengthens EASWJ, leading to an opposite slow precipitation response pattern. Overall, the total EASM responses manifests as a "wetter- drier-wetter" meridional precipitation pattern and slightly strengthened circulation, aligning with the main structures of interdecadal summer precipitation anomalies over East Asia in recent years reported in previous observational studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Black carbon (BC), the most influential absorbing aerosol with warming effects second only to greenhouse gases, poses significant risks to human health and the climate. East Asia, a major contributor to global BC loading, is recognized as one of the largest monsoon regions, with its summer hydrological processes being sensitive to BC forcings. Our study utilizes an Earth system model coupled with an atmospheric water tracking method and reveals the opposing effects of BC-induced fast atmospheric adjustments and slow SST-meditated climatic responses on East Asian summer monsoon precipitation. Emphasis is placed on the dominant role of moisture transport related to the BC-induced atmospheric circulation adjustments in governing both fast and slow summer precipitation responses over East Asia.

River ice-water mixture flows are commonly occurring natural phenomena that have the potential to cause serious hazards. To date, however, the interactive processes between ice and water have remained poorly understood. Existing mathematical models of river ice-water mixture flows are physically simplified because they do not fully account for the effect of ice. Here, a double layer-averaged model is proposed to facilitate a refined simulation of river ice-water mixture flows, which are often characterized by a vertical double-layer structure composed of an upper ice-water mixture flow layer and a lower clear-water flow layer immediately above the riverbed. Two hyperbolic systems of governing equations for the two layers are derived from mass and momentum conservation laws and numerically solved separately (and synchronously) using a finite-volume slope limited centered scheme. Interlayer interactions are negligible compared with inertia and gravity effects. Hence, the model achieves a satisfactory balance between flux gradients and bed and interface slope source terms, and so is applicable to ice-water flows over irregular topography. The model is first benchmarked against a hypothetical ice jam release event and then applied to an actual ice jam release event that occurred in the Athabasca River, Canada, in 2002. It is demonstrated that the model satisfactorily resolves the processes driving river ice-water mixture flows. The paper presents a promising future framework for river ice-water mixture flow modeling by practitioners.

Understanding the seasonal behavior of fine particles (PM2.5) and its chemical components is critical for improving air quality in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), a densely populated and polluted region in China. While previous studies have addressed PM2.5 mass trends, the role of planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) in modulating chemical composition remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates seasonal variations and PBLH effects on PM2.5 chemical components based on year-round field measurements (December 2020–November 2021) at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology. Annual mean PM2.5 mass concentration is 30.0±18.5µgm-3, with winter peaks (48.3 µg m−3) and summer lows (20.4 µg m−3). Organic aerosol dominates PM2.5, followed by sulfate in warmer seasons and nitrate in winter. Stable meteorological conditions promote the accumulation of primary aerosols and nitrate. The accumulation of SOA and sulfate remains substantial under elevated PBLH conditions, owing to strong photochemical production, rendering them relatively insensitive to PBLH variations. In contrast, during cold and humid winters, shallow PBLH promotes nitrate buildup, which subsequently suppresses boundary layer development, forming positive feedback that accelerates nitrate concentration growth. Source apportionment reveals that the contrasting seasonal sources, shaped by both local chemistry and regional transport, emphasize the need for seasonally adaptive and region-specific emission control measures.

Indium tungsten oxide (IWO) has been investigated as an oxide semiconductor candidate for next-generation thin-film transistors (TFTs). Bottom-gate TFTs were fabricated with a 30-nm IWO channel material sputter-deposited with oxygen partial pressure (PO2) ranging from 2.5

The number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei ( N CCN ) is vital for quantifying aerosol‐cloud interactions. Estimating N CCN using aerosol optical properties is essential for obtaining continuous N CCN data. This study highlights the significant impact of relative humidity (RH) on N CCN estimation through aerosol optical data, especially at low supersaturations ( SS ). When RH exceeds a threshold (e.g., 60% at 0.2% SS ), N CCN estimation shifts from underestimation to overestimation, with the overestimation degree increasing with RH. Including RH in the estimation formula can effectively reduce this bias, although the aerosol optical hygroscopicity parameter is found to have a minimal effect on N CCN estimation. Based on these insights, a new parameterization scheme for N CCN estimation is proposed, which can significantly reduce N CCN estimation bias when using wet aerosol optical data at high RH levels (40%–90%).

Meteorological conditions within the boundary layer play significant roles in radiation fog formation, which typically occur under stable conditions. The stratification conditions in the surface layer are represented by the stability parameter ( ζ ), calculated as the ratio of the reference height z to the Monin‐Obukhov length L (i.e., ζ = z / L ). Current surface layer schemes exhibit uncertainties under strong stable conditions ( ζ > 1). The Grachev2007 scheme for ζ > 1 and the Li2014 and Li2015 schemes for calculating ζ are implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem). Two successive radiation fog events in the Yangtze River Delta are simulated to compare the improved scheme with the default scheme. Both fog events occur under high‐pressure conditions characterized by clear sky and light wind during the nighttime. The results indicate that strong stable conditions dominate before fog formation, and the improved scheme improves threat scores for fog formation. Regarding surface flux, due to reduced surface thermal resistance in parameterization, increased surface heat exchange in the improved scheme enhances cooling from sensible heat flux for ζ > 1, which is conducive to fog formation. Regarding turbulent thermal mixing, the increased surface dynamic exchange in the improved scheme enhances surface drag and reduces wind speed for ζ > 1. This weakens the contribution of wind shear to turbulent kinetic energy, ultimately promoting fog formation. The findings of this paper are applicable to radiation fog simulations in other regions, such as plain areas covered with grassland, cropland, or other vegetation, providing support for improving fog simulation.

The proportion of more active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species decreases with altitude, whereas radiation increases vertically due to aerosol scattering near the surface, exerting opposite effects on vertical O 3 generation. Using the observation‐based model (OBM) constrained by vertical profiles, we identified that the aerosol radiation effect (ARE) has a stronger impact on photochemical characteristics and O 3 ‐NOx‐VOC sensitivity than the VOCs reactivity effect (VRE). ARE is the dominant factor, promoting the formation of O 3 and ·OH (increases by 36.7% and 106.3%), enhancing high‐altitude oxidation, and shifting parts of the VOC‐limited regimes to the NOx‐limited regimes (VOCs/NOx ratio decreases by 21.1%). Additionally, rapid NOx depletion with altitude leads to stronger NOx limitation aloft, amplifying ARE's effect on O 3 ‐NOx‐VOC sensitivity (ratio decreases by 28.1%). These findings improve the understanding of vertical ozone generation conditions and suggest that more attention should be paid to vertical environments in surface ozone management.

Variations in cloud condensation nuclei number concentration (NCCN) significantly influence cloud microphysics, yet direct NCCN measurements remain challenging. Here, we present an NCCN ensemble learning (NEL) model utilizing ensemble learning and interpretability analysis on aerosol optical parameters. Validated at two land sites, two ocean sites and one polar site within the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program, the mean absolute percentage error range of the NEL model across different environments is from 12