It was founded in 1919.
This article addresses a practical verification problem in transport concessions: how to establish the concessionaire’s own financial participation. Evidence of a non-budget source does not answer the central question—how much private sponsors contributed on a non-repayable basis and therefore placed at entrepreneurial risk. The empirical material consists of two field-audit reports issued by Federal Treasury bodies. The analysis measures confirmed equity against total project cost and declared non-budget financing; direct public support is assessed separately. The audit materials show a gap between the nominal amount of private financing and the project-company capital that can be treated as funds at risk. On that basis, the article sets out a document-based verification procedure covering concessionaire selection, financial close, construction and project-cost revision. The ratios are diagnostic, not regulatory: a larger sample is needed before threshold values can be justified.
Данное исследование посвящено разработке цифровой модели корпоративного обучения, направленной на укрепление конкурентоспособности ресторанных компаний. В условиях, характеризующихся высокой конкурентной интенсивностью, возросшей зависимостью от человеческого капитала и высокой операционной вариабельностью, обучение сотрудников больше не может рассматриваться как вспомогательная функция, а должно быть интегрировано в ядро организационной стратегии. Цель исследования – разработать системную модель смешанного обучения, используя цифровые технологии, опытное обучение и аналитические инструменты, чтобы оптимизировать развитие профессиональных и поведенческих навыков сотрудников. Методология основана на междисциплинарном подходе, сочетающем системный анализ, функциональное моделирование и кейс-стади, применяемый к сети ресторанов «Кофемания». Данные были собраны из операционных показателей (качество обслуживания, результат продаж), данных HR (текучесть кадров, время адаптации) и показателей обучения (уровень завершения, вовлеченность, развитие навыков). Интегрированное архитектурное моделирование позволило выявлять взаимодействия между компонентами обучающей системы. Результаты показывают, что внедрение структурированной цифровой модели способствует непрерывности обучения, улучшает качество обслуживания гостей, снижает текучесть кадров и повышает продуктивность. Установлено, что существует причинно-следственная связь между уровнем цифровой зрелости системы обучения и общей конкурентоспособностью компании. Таким образом, цифровое корпоративное обучение становится стратегическим рычагом устойчивого развития, позволяющим согласовать организационные цели, навыки сотрудников и рыночные требования. This study focuses on the development of a digital model of corporate training aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of restaurant companies. In an environment characterized by high competitive intensity, increased dependence on human capital, and high operational variability, employee training can no longer be viewed as an auxiliary function but must be integrated into the core of organizational strategy. The objective of the study was to develop a systemic model of blended learning, utilizing digital technologies, experiential learning, and analytical tools to optimize the development of employee professional and behavioral skills. The methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining systems analysis, functional modeling, and a case study applied to the Coffee Mania restaurant chain. Data was collected from operational metrics (service quality, sales results), HR data (employee turnover, adaptation time), and training metrics (completion rate, engagement, skill development). Integrated architectural modeling allowed for the identification of interactions between the components of the training system. The results show that implementing a structured digital model promotes continuous learning, improves customer service, reduces employee turnover, and increases productivity. A causal relationship has been established between the level of digital maturity of a training system and a company’s overall competitiveness. Thus, digital corporate learning is becoming a strategic lever for sustainable development, aligning organizational goals, employee skills, and market demands.
В статье проводится комплексный анализ института недействительности завещания в контексте общей теории недействительных сделок. Автор доказывает, что, несмотря на подчинение завещания общим положениям ГК РФ о недействительности сделок, его уникальная правовая природа как односторонней, формальной, посмертной и фидуциарной сделки имеет существенную специфику при оспаривании или применении последствий недействительности. Исследование фокусируется на особенностях оснований ничтожности и оспоримости завещания, круге лиц, имеющих право на оспаривание, сроках исковой давности, а также на проблеме реституции при недействительности завещания. Делается вывод о необходимости учета данной специфики в правоприменительной практике для обеспечения баланса между принципом свободы завещания и защитой прав законных наследников. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the institution of invalidity of a will in the context of the general theory of invalid transactions. The author argues that, despite the fact that a will is subject to the general provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the invalidity of transactions, its unique legal nature as a unilateral, formal, posthumous, and fiduciary transaction has significant implications for the challenge or application of the consequences of invalidity. The study focuses on the specifics of the grounds for the nullity and contestability of a will, the circle of persons entitled to challenge, the statute of limitations, and the issue of restitution in the event of the will's invalidity. The study concludes that it is necessary to take these specific aspects into account in legal practice to ensure a balance between the principle of freedom of will and the protection of the rights of legal heirs.
Wage differentiation and the asymmetry of income distribution have remained among the most controversial topics in socioeconomic research for several decades, demonstrating their scientific significance and the importance of assessing the heterogeneity of the impact of economic and social determinants of regional economic development on wages. Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyze the heterogeneity of the impact of socioeconomic factors on wages in the regions. The objectives are to assess the degree of influence of socioeconomic factors in regional development on wages and to study the heterogeneity of the impact of these factors on different levels of wage distribution between regions. The object of this study is regional income differentiation, and the subject is the impact of socioeconomic factors on real wages. The research methods used include panel data analysis, ordinary least squares (OLS), and quantile regression. The study is based on statistical data for regions of the Russian Federation for the period 2013–2023. The logarithm of gross regional product (GRP) per capita, the consumer price index, and the unemployment rate are considered as explanatory variables. The study revealed that the influence of socioeconomic factors on wages varies significantly across quantiles. Growth in GRP per capita has a positive impact on wages, with the effect increasing at the upper quantiles, indicating a stronger impact of economic development on upper wages. The obtained results confirm the heterogeneous impact of socioeconomic factors on regional wages. Quantile analysis revealed that average estimates obtained using the OLS method conceal significant differences between low- and high-income regions, highlighting the need to apply a quantile approach to analyzing asymmetric income distributions and providing a more substantiated empirical basis for the formulation of regional economic policy aimed at reducing inequality and ensuring sustainable wage growth.
