In this paper we will prove some fixed point theorems for nonself multi-valued contraction type operators in complete strong b-metric spaces endowed with a b-convex structure.
In this survey, we aim to present historical turning points and recent insightful results on the analysis of the Euler-Mascheroni constant.
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is typically associated with transient cognitive disturbance, particularly involving attention and new learning, with most patients demonstrating full recovery within weeks. Memory impairment in uncomplicated mTBI generally reflects reversible neurometabolic dysfunction and is limited to a brief period of post-traumatic amnesia and restricted retrograde loss surrounding the injury. However, a subset of patients develop persistent and disproportionate autobiographical memory disturbance that exceeds expected neuroanatomical limits and lacks structural correlates on neuroimaging. In rare but clinically challenging cases, this presentation may resemble extensive retrograde or identity-related amnesia. This review examines functional (dissociative) amnesia emerging after mTBI and proposes that concussion may act as a gateway condition facilitating the development of Functional Cognitive Disorder (FCD) in vulnerable individuals. We differentiate expected post-traumatic memory patterns from atypical selective impairment of autobiographical retrieval and clarify how distinct memory systems-episodic, autobiographical, semantic, and procedural-are differentially affected. We expand the two-hit hypothesis by integrating contemporary neurobiological evidence. The first hit comprises concussion-induced neurometabolic disturbance, glial activation, oxidative imbalance, and transient fronto-limbic dysregulation. The second hit may involve psychological stress, identity threat, maladaptive metacognitive processes, or persistent neuroinflammatory signalling, collectively resulting in functional inhibition of autobiographical memory retrieval despite preserved memory storage. Functional amnesia is conceptualised as a severe phenotype within the spectrum of functional cognitive disorder. We introduce a structured clinician-administered interview (SIFRA) to operationalise diagnostic features and support systematic assessment. This integrative framework reconciles neurological vulnerability with functional network dysregulation and provides a coherent basis for diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of persistent memory disturbance after mTBI.
The study area is located in the western branch of the Southern Carpathians in Romania, between the Olt River and the Danube. The data on seismicity recorded before 1999–2000 indicate a sporadic seismic activity, mostly of small magnitude. A few events of magnitude above 5 (maximum magnitude Mw 5.7) have been reported through historical data, which are inherently imprecise. Recently, several significant crustal sequences occurred in the region in 2011–2012 (eastern part of Târgu Jiu city), 2011 and 2013 (Haţeg basin), 2014–2015 (Caransebeş–Mehadia basin), 2020 (Orşova basin). The most spectacular sequence was recorded at the contact between Southern Carpathians and Getic depression, in the northern part of Târgu Jiu city, starting in February with two shocks of magnitude above 5, and continuing for more than one year with more than 4000 aftershocks. The new recorded data are particularly valuable for interpreting the present-day seismotectonics and for redefining the regional seismic hazard. The motivation of the present study naturally came out from the need to elucidate what makes the regional tectonics able to suddenly activate an unexpected level of seismicity for an area previously characterized by apparently sporadic and insignificant seismic activity. In order to characterize the stress field, we collected all the earthquake focal mechanisms available from source catalogues that we considered to be of acceptable quality. For inversion, we defined 8 individualized clusters of earthquakes associated either to active tectonic faults, or to intramontane extensional basins, for which we assumed that the individual focal mechanisms follow the trends of a homogeneous stress field. The results show a clear model of mostly extensional stress field responsible for generating the earthquake swarms during the last decades. The configuration of the horizontal stress directions reveals a complex tectonic setting following a main NE-SW trending associated with the transcurrent movement along the active faults in the Danubian region (e.g., Cerna–Jiu fault, Timok fault) and significant rotations toward a NW-SE alignment in the intramontane basins and in the Getic depression. It reveals an overall extensional stress field predominance in the Southern Carpathians.
Nowadays, the population is subject to a lot of stress, being one of society’s most encountered problems affecting people all over the world. Being under a lot of stress for prolonged periods of time impacts the physical and mental health of individuals with effects on society as an economic burden. Cortisol is one of the main indicators of stress. Long-term exposure to this stress hormone can lead to severe medical conditions such as heart disease, lung issues, obesity, anxiety, or depression. In this context, the current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent advances made in the development of versatile and efficient cortisol devices and biosensors capable of monitoring the cortisol levels in biofluids. Lately, both non-plasmonic (polymer-based sensors, optical sensors, electrochemical sensors) and plasmonic sensors (mono- and multiple-metallic nanoparticles-based sensors) have shown great results in cortisol detection. The work focuses on the advantages, remaining restrictions, and limitations in the field of cortisol biosensors from solution-based immunosensors to wearable and Lab-on-Skin monitoring devices, providing a better understanding of the fulfilled requirements and persisting challenges in the accurate detection and monitoring of the cortisol stress hormone.
