Al al-Bayt University

This systematic review examines the relationship between transformational leadership and extra-role behaviors among nurses, focusing on how this leadership style influences nurses’ engagement in activities beyond their formal job responsibilities. A systematic review was conducted across databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies from 2014 to 2024. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, with study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using standardized tools and the Cochrane Risk of Bias and Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Eighteen studies, primarily cross-sectional, from various countries were included. The findings consistently show that transformational leadership positively influences extra-role behaviors by enhancing nurses’ job satisfaction, motivation, and organizational commitment. Transformational leadership significantly impacts extra-role behaviors among nurses, improving patient care and organizational outcomes. Leadership development tailored to specific cultural and organizational contexts is crucial for maximizing these benefits. Nursing managers should prioritize the development and implementation of transformational leadership training programs tailored to their specific cultural and organizational contexts to foster extra-role behaviors among nurses, thereby enhancing both patient care and organizational effectiveness.

Solar energy is a clean, abundant, and sustainable power source that forms the foundation of energy sustainability. Researchers have focused on examining various factors affecting solar energy generation and storage to improve the efficiency of solar collectors. They have evaluated different design criteria, considering environmental elements such as wind speed, solar radiation, and ambient temperature. Both experimental methods and numerical simulations, including Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), have been used. ANSYS-Fluent CFD modeling, in particular, provides a cost-effective alternative to experiments by simulating fluid flow and heat transfer within solar collectors. This article reviews recent advances in numerical modeling of concentrating solar systems, using ANSYS-Fluent, detailing the models and methods employed while discussing current challenges. It covers various solar concentrators, including evacuated tube collectors (ETC), Linear Fresnel reflectors (LFR), Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC), and Solar Towers (ST). Summaries of previous studies are tabulated, highlighting different CFD models, techniques, and assumptions. The main goals and results of these studies are outlined. The article also discusses validation techniques and compares experimental data with simulation outcomes, assessing the employed numerical models and methods. It emphasizes common physical models, solution strategies, and assumptions used in analyzing different solar concentrating systems. Additionally, it identifies current challenges, suggests future research directions, and offers perspectives to help advance understanding. This work aims to support researchers in understanding current trends in the numerical simulation of high-concentration solar collectors. Scholars can use this resource to select appropriate models and methods, leveraging their strengths and avoiding common pitfalls in CFD analysis of solar collectors with ANSYS-Fluent.

In the context of univalent function theory, special functions play an important role and have been studied by a number of researchers earlier. This article presents and examines two subfamilies of bi-univalent functions that are governed by Bernoulli polynomials in the open unit disk. We obtain limits on initial coefficients for functions in the specified subfamilies. The FeketeSzeg & ouml; problem is also addressed for the elements of the subfamilies that have been defined. We also present some new results and discuss pertinent links to earlier findings.

We investigate the spectra of heavy quarkonia–charmonium ( cc̅ ) and bottomonium ( bb̅ ) by solving the Klein–Gordon equation in D dimensions with a potential combining equal scalar–vector quadratic confinement and a modified screened Yukawa core. Using the Nikiforov–Uvarov method, we derive closed-form expressions for bound-state energies and wave functions, applicable in both relativistic and nonrelativistic regimes. We test the model against PDG-2024 data in two complementary ways: first, by fitting each sector independently (‘non-joint’) and second, by enforcing a common parameter set across both families (‘joint’). Analyses are performed for individual resonances and for spin-averaged center-of-gravity (COG) masses, which minimize hyperfine effects and reveal the underlying level structure. Non-joint fits reproduce each spectrum with typical absolute deviations of 𝒪(0.1) GeV. The joint COG fit, based on 15 data points (8 for cc̅ , 7 for bb̅ ), achieves χ ^2_tot=1.1584 for 6 degree of freedom, corresponding to χ ^2/pt=0.077 and χ ^2/dof=0.193 . With this strategy (common parameters and COG inputs with sector-specific theory uncertainties), most residuals lie in the 0.02−0.23 GeV range. The largest occur in higher radial excitations: the bb̅ 3S and 4S levels are overestimated (underbound) by ∼0.23 GeV and the cc̅ 4S lies ∼0.18 GeV high. The bb̅ 1P centroid is underestimated by ∼0.15 GeV. These patterns suggest that physics beyond a common-parameter static potential, e.g., mild flavor dependence in screening/curvature or threshold-induced coupled-channel effects, becomes relevant at intermediate radii, especially for excited S waves. The model further predicts unobserved levels: cc̅(1F)≈ 4.124 GeV and bb̅(1D,2D,1F)≈ (10.132,10.545,10.450) GeV, with estimated theoretical uncertainties of 0.10−0.20 GeV. Overall, compact static potentials capture the gross spectral structure across quark flavors while highlighting where dynamical refinements, such as flavor-sensitive screening and coupled-channel effects, will be most impactful for future theory and experiment.

AIM:This study investigated the impact of a structured undergraduate nursing research course on Saudi nursing students' attitudes toward nursing research. METHODOLOGY:A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used to assess the influence of a 14-week nursing research course at a public Saudi university. Attitudes were measured with a validated questionnaire administered to 62 students before and after the course. A paired t-test was used to evaluate the difference in students' attitudes toward nursing research. RESULTS:Students' attitudes toward nursing research increased significantly after the course (M = 69.58, SD = 9.91) compared to pre-course levels (M = 66.28, SD = 8.43); t(55) = -2.49, p = 0.01). Notable gains occurred in attitudes toward research skills (p = 0.01) and the use of research in clinical practice (p = 0.007). However, there were no statistically significant differences in personal interest in research or in its perceived usefulness. Male students with lower GPAs demonstrated the largest positive attitude shifts. CONCLUSION:The research course chiefly enhanced attitudes toward research skills and clinical application, without raising interest or perceived usefulness of nursing research among undergraduate nursing students. Educators should use diverse teaching methods to promote students' interest in and appreciation of nursing research.