CRISPR has rapidly transformed from a mere bacterial immune system into the most powerful genome editing tool in the field of modern biotechnology. Its precision and programmability have far surpassed the predecessors ZFNs (zinc finger nucleases) and TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), which has enabled efficient DNA modification across the fields of medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In the aspect of the clinical field, CRISPR has moved on from experimental to real-world therapies, enabling efficient DNA modification across medicine, agriculture, and molecular research. Clinically, CRISPR has progressed from experimental use to real-world therapies, exemplified by Casgevy for sickle cell disease and emerging in vivo editing trials. In agriculture, targeted edits in genes such as OsSWEET and Pi21 result in high-yield, pest-resistant crops. Alongside the advances, there are certain arising concerns regarding germline editing, equitable access, and biosafety. Regulatory bodies and committees have raised their voices to establish stronger ethical standards. Overall, CRISPR has proved to be one of the most valuable tools in modern times with proper supervision. CRISPR has the power to revolutionize all the fields.
Accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories in blue carbon ecosystems are vital for climate change mitigation. Anthropogenic activities in this study refer to land cover changes within conservation areas, particularly land clearing for plantations. These changes occur in the utilization zone, where such activities are permitted according to the designated zoning of the conservation area. Data on carbon and emissions in Indonesian mangroves remain limited despite their vital role. This study identifies carbon sequestration potential and baseline CO₂ emissions in an Indonesian blue carbon mangrove area. This study employs a case study approach in Jering Menduyung Nature Tourism Park, West Bangka. Analytical methods include carbon stock estimation, land cover change analysis, and system dynamics modeling. The emission baseline was based on 2013–2023 carbon stock changes (historical data) and projected for 20 years (commitment period). Results show primary mangrove carbon stock potential is 206.55 tons C/ha; secondary mangrove stores 84.98 tons C/ha. Sources emission (1,500.44 tons CO₂/year, 16.64%) in Jering Menduyung are lower than sinks emission (7,512.66 tons CO₂/year, 83.35%). Thus, a emission sink potential of 6,012.22 tons CO₂/year was obtained. The emission baseline net sink for 20 year period commitment was estimated at 53,022.64 tons CO₂e.
Complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is rarely reported in horses. We retrospectively reviewed three Thoroughbred foals (2017-2023) with necropsy-confirmed complete AVSD and summarized their clinical presentation, transthoracic echocardiographic findings, and postmortem anatomy. All foals showed early signs of congenital cardiac disease including weakness, failure to thrive and cardiac murmurs. Echocardiography demonstrated a common atrioventricular junction with a single atrioventricular valve and combined atrial and ventricular septal defects; all were classified as Rastelli type C. Postmortem examination confirmed a common atrioventricular valve with atrial and ventricular septal components in each foal. Despite variable age at presentation, all foals had marked cardiovascular compromise and prognosis was poor. Complete AVSD should be considered in foals with early-onset debilitation or murmurs, and transthoracic echocardiography provides a reliable antemortem diagnosis.
Green investment is increasingly recognised as central to industrial decarbonisation; however, within industrial park research, it remains fragmented across the technological, policy, and financial literatures, limiting explanations of how investments translate into sustainability outcomes.This study conducts a systematic literature review of 52 peer-reviewed studies (2004–2024) using a PRISMA protocol and a Context–Intervention–Mechanism–Outcome (CIMO) analytical framework to explain how green investment operates, under what conditions it becomes feasible, and through which mechanisms it generates sustainability outcomes in industrial park systems. The review is the first to integrate mechanism-based analysis with a Resource Nexus perspective to examine the socio-environmental and financial dynamics shaping green investment in industrial parks.The findings show that investment outcomes are not driven solely by technological or policy interventions but by the interaction of contextual conditions, resource stress, park typology, sectoral composition, governance capacity, and operational constraints, with decision-making mechanisms shaping risk perception, investment feasibility assessment, and governance. Public finance emerges as the primary risk-absorbing mechanism enabling green investment, while limited private capital mobilisation reflects unresolved challenges in de-risking, revenue stability, and project bankability.Environmental outcomes, particularly energy efficiency improvements, emissions reduction, waste management, and water reuse, are the most consistently documented effects across industrial park contexts, whereas economic and socio-institutional impacts remain contingent on governance alignment, financial architectures, and long-term coordination mechanisms.A Resource Nexus perspective demonstrates that investment success depends on managing interdependencies among energy, water, waste, and material systems rather than treating them as isolated domains. Nexus-oriented investment strategies offer greater potential for system-level efficiency, resilience, and scalability than single-resource interventions.By formalising the relationships among contextual conditions, intervention architectures, and generative mechanisms, the review advances a mechanism-based understanding of green investment in industrial parks. The findings provide evidence-based implications for policy design, investment structuring, and future research on sustainable industrial park transitions.
Understanding the cathodic reduction mechanism and nucleation mode of titanium ions in molten salts is essential for controlling deposit morphology. This study investigates the reduction pathway and nucleation behavior of titanium ions in the NaCl-KCl- K2TiF6 molten salt system at 1023 K in the presence of an auxiliary titanium foil, using cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. In the absence of the titanium foil, Ti(IV) is reduced in three steps: Ti(IV)/Ti(III), Ti(III)/Ti(II), and Ti(II)/Ti(0), with the Ti(II)/Ti(0) step being kinetically dominant. Upon introduction of the titanium foil, a disproportionation reaction generates stable Ti(III), and the reduction simplifies to a diffusion-controlled, quasi-reversible three-electron transfer process (Ti(III)/Ti(0)) that follows a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The critical overpotential for instantaneous nucleation is approximately -0.35 V. Direct current (DC) electrolysis initially satisfies the conditions for instantaneous nucleation, but progressive concentration polarization causes the local overpotential to drop below the critical value, resulting in grain agglomeration and dendrite formation over time. In contrast, pulsed current (PC) electrolysis periodically restores a high overpotential at the cathode. The incorporation of off-time and reverse current helps replenish the local concentration gradient and mitigate localized growth. By optimizing pulse parameters (e.g., a cathodic peak current of -150 mA), a favorable balance between nucleation and growth is achieved, yielding dense and uniform titanium deposits free of dendrites. This work establishes a mechanistic link between the instantaneous nucleation behavior of titanium ions and the resulting morphological outcomes, providing a rational basis for process design in molten salt electrodeposition.
