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Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, ranks among the top ten environmental threats to human health, adversely affecting vital organs such as the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, pancreas, lungs, and testes. The antioxidant potentials of Commiphora gileadensis (CG) sap in vitro were estimated by the total phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radical scavenging. The reducing activities were also assessed using copper (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, CUPRAC) and ferric (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP). The protective effects of the CG sap against Cd-induced liver and kidney damage in male rats were investigated in vivo. Forty-two healthy adult male albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups and treated for 60 days as follows: G1 (negative control), G2 (50 mg/l cadmium chloride in drinking water), G3 and G4 (100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg CG sap, respectively), G5 (50 mg/l cadmium chloride + 100 mg/kg CG sap), G6 (50 mg/l cadmium chloride + 400 mg/kg CG sap), and G7 (1 % Tween 80, 1 ml/rat as a vehicle). The in vitro investigation revealed the potential antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS) and reducing (CUPRAC, FRAP) activities of the sap obtained from Commiphora gileadensis. Additionally, the in vivo experiment showed that cadmium exposure resulted in significantly increased malondialdehyde, reduced catalase and antioxidant capacities, and impaired liver and kidney functions. However, the co-administration of CG sap markedly ameliorated these adverse effects in a dose-dependent manner, improving the antioxidant capacity and restoring the hepato-renal function by improving the biochemical parameters and histological structure. It could be concluded that CG sap has the potential as a natural therapeutic agent to mitigate cadmium toxicity and its associated environmental hazards.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy systems has intensified the demand for efficient and reliable power electronic converters. Since photovoltaic (PV) systems inherently generate direct current (DC), high performance inverters are essential to supply high quality alternating current (AC) power to residential and industrial loads. This paper presents the design and implementation of a 500-W pure sine wave solar inverter intended for standalone renewable energy applications. The proposed system is based on the EGS002 intelligent controller, which integrates sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM), MOSFET gate driving, and comprehensive protection mechanisms within a single module. The inverter converts a low-voltage DC input of 24 V into a high-quality AC output of 220 V at 50 Hz with low harmonic distortion and high efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate stable operation under different load conditions, achieving an efficiency exceeding 90%. The system features thermal management, real-time monitoring through an LCD interface, and a cost-effective design suitable for practical deployment. The presented work contributes to the development of reliable and economical inverter solutions for solar energy systems.
As the maritime industry faces the dual pressure of economic volatility and stringent IMO 2026/2030 emission mandates, traditional siloed navigation strategies are becoming obsolete. This study presents a comprehensive joint optimization framework that simultaneously addresses path planning, speed scheduling, and energy storage system (ESS) dispatch for hybrid-electric vessels. By deploying the Snake Optimization algorithm (SOA) and comparing it to previously utilized improved gray wolf optimization (IGWO) in literature across dynamic sea-state rasters, we demonstrate a significant shift in operational efficiency. Results reveal that while route optimization acts as the primary lever for environmental sustainability, achieving a 31.6% reduction in EEOI the SOA serves as the economic engine, slashing total operational costs by 43.8% ($1.06M saved). Crucially, the study identifies a speed paradox, where excessive slow steaming increases CO2 emissions by 117% due to auxiliary hotel loads, highlighting the necessity of the proposed joint approach. Our findings provide a robust, scalable blueprint for Thinking Vessels, which are degree 2 remotely controlled ships with seafarers on board according to IMO 2026/2030, ensuring that hybrid ships can achieve maximum profitability without compromising ecological integrity.
The ever-growing demand for high-speed data has challenged the conventional wireless transmission systems. In this paper, we propose a single-channel high-speed bandwidth-efficient free space optics (FSO) transmission by incorporating hybrid Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM)-Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Multiplexing-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) using 16-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) signals. 2-OAM beams ( LG_0,0 and LG_0,15) of 2-orthogonal polarized beams are used to carry 640 Gbps of data over a free space channel by incorporating in-phase-quadrature modulation. At the receiver terminal, signal processing is implemented to rectify the signal distortion due to the free space channel losses. We analyzed the proposed system performance for varying weather conditions using standard performance metrics including constellation, Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), and Bit Error Rate (BER) over an increasing transmission range. The obtained results demonstrate reliable 640 Gbps transmission using the proposed system with a range varying from 703 m to 7 km within forward error correction (FEC) limits of BER ≤ 3.8 × 10^-3 , EVM ≤ 17.5
: Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) represent a transformative advancement in global maritime transportation, which handles approximately 90% of world trade volume. Despite their potential to reduce human-error-related accidents and improve operational efficiency, current MASS implementations face significant safety and reliability challenges that impede full regulatory certification. This paper addresses critical vulnerabilities in MASS control systems through a comprehensive architecture featuring redundant processing with automatic failover mechanisms, enhanced cybersecurity protocols, and cross-verification navigation systems. Specifically, we propose a dual-controller framework with physical isolation, restricted remote access to backup systems, and a novel GPS/INS cross-verification module that detects and mitigates positioning errors caused by signal interference or spoofing attacks. Our approach establishes minimum performance criteria, including update rates, control capabilities, and deviation thresholds relative to vessel dimensions. Implementation of these measures significantly enhances system resilience while maintaining operational transparency through remote monitoring interfaces. This research contributes practical solutions toward achieving IMO certification standards for autonomous vessels operating in complex maritime environments.
