Kafr El Sheikh University is an Egyptian university established in 2006, located at Kafr El Sheikh, in the middle of the Nile Delta. The University has a number of faculties (or colleges) such as: Engineering, Medicine, Physiotherapy and Nursing, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine, Science, Education, Agriculture, Arts, Specific Education, Commerce, Physical Education..
Conventional multiple-jet impingement cooling can provide high local heat transfer, yet under confined conditions its effectiveness is often limited by localized cooling footprints, non-uniform temperature fields, and complex jet-to-jet interference. To address this limitation, the present study numerically investigates the effects of inward-focused jet orientation and jet-to-jet spacing on the flow and thermal characteristics of a confined three-jet impingement system. Three configurations are considered: a baseline vertical arrangement, symmetric inward-focused arrangements, and mixed vertical-inclined arrangements. Simulations are performed for jet spacings of 8, 10, and 12 mm using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The results show that inward focusing improves cooling through momentum exchange and redirection, whereby part of the incoming axial jet momentum is converted into wall-parallel motion before and immediately after impingement. This mechanism broadens the cooled footprint, enhances lateral surface sweeping, and strengthens thermal boundary-layer disruption relative to the vertical baseline. The symmetric inward-focused cases show the clearest and most consistent improvement over the baseline, with the 45°, 225° configuration providing the most robust symmetric performance at 8 and 10 mm, while the 67.5°, 247.5° arrangement becomes particularly attractive at 12 mm. These balanced inward-focused cases improve heat transfer while maintaining better thermal uniformity than strongly asymmetric arrangements. Although the mixed 90°, 202.5° configuration yields the best overall average thermal performance, the mixed 90°, 247.5° case demonstrates the penalty associated with excessive asymmetry. Overall, the study identifies moderate and balanced inward focusing as a promising strategy for compact, thermally uniform, and high-performance impingement cooling systems.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with the hexane fraction of Ulva fasciata extract (UH) on growth performance, immune responses, and antioxidant status in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile tilapia fingerlings (initial weight 3.13 ± 0.03 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg kg⁻1 UH for 60 days. The findings demonstrated that dietary supplementation with the hexane fraction of Ulva fasciata extract (UH150, UH100, and UH50) significantly increased final weight gain, specific growth rate, and improved feed conversion ratio compared to UH0 (control diet). According to the intestinal villi histomorphometric evaluation, fish that received UH exhibited improvements in villi length, goblet cell numbers, and intervillous spaces, particularly in UH100 (p < 0.05). However, UH150 demonstrated the most significant improvements in villi width. The highest WBC counts, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity—alongside normal ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters—were detected in fish that received 100 mgkg−1 UH. The Ulva hexane fraction extract meals at 50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1 triggered upregulation of growth hormone receptor (GHr), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), myostatin (MSTN), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) with the best results being stated in UH150. In conclusion, UH dietary inclusion improved growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, and immune-physiological response of Nile tilapia.
The development of low-cost, high-performance electrode materials is essential for next-generation energy storage and hydrogen production technologies. This study presents a systematic comparative investigation of cubic Mg2MnO4 and hexagonal Mg4Sb2O9 to establish clear correlations between their structural features and electrochemical behavior. Both materials were synthesized via a green hydrothermal method using ginger extract, which provides rich phytochemicals that assist in nucleation and defect modulation. XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed successful phase formation and stable metal-oxygen frameworks, with Mg4Sb2O9 exhibiting lower dislocation density, smaller particle size, and better structural homogeneity than Mg2MnO4, facilitating improved ion transport. Electrochemical measurements revealed pseudocapacitive behavior, with Mg4Sb2O9 outperforming Mg2MnO4 in specific capacitance (548 F g-1), rate capability, and redox kinetics. EIS analysis showed lower charge-transfer resistance (13.82 S2 vs. 18.15 S2), and long-term cycling demonstrated higher stability, with 89.2% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, Mg4Sb2O9 exhibited enhanced OER activity, evidenced by a lower Tafel slope (347.6 mV dec-1) compared to Mg2MnO4 (409.8 mV dec-1). Mg4Sb2O9 demonstrated strong photocatalytic activity with 78.49% degradation of Methylene Blue in 90 min. These findings highlight Mg4Sb2O9 as a promising multifunctional electrode material, providing a rational pathway for designing eco-friendly, high-performance supercapacitors and energy-efficient hydrogen production systems.
The significance of this study lies in advancing efficient and cost-effective AlSb-based heterostructured electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen production. The novelty of this work stems from the rational construction and comparative evaluation of AlSb@Bi2O3, AlSb@Co3O4, and AlSb@Fe2O3 heterostructures via a controlled hydrothermal route, enabling clear identification of structure-property-performance relationships. XRD results reveal preserved orthorhombic AlSb in all composites; notably, AlSb@Fe2O3 exhibits the smallest crystallite size (23.9 nm) and lowest d-spacing (2.556 & Aring;) compared to AlSb@Co3O4 (26.5 nm, 2.559 & Aring;) and AlSb@Bi2O3 (28.5 nm, 2.563 & Aring;), indicating stronger interfacial coupling. FTIR results confirm heterostructure formation with characteristic metal-oxygen vibrations and band shifts indicating strong interfacial coupling. PL analysis shows a progressive reduction in emission intensity from AlSb@Bi2O3 to AlSb@Fe2O3, confirming the most effective suppression of charge recombination in the Fe2O3-based heterostructure. SEM observations demonstrate that AlSb@Fe2O3 possesses a more porous and uniformly anchored morphology with an average grain size of similar to 53 mu m, providing a higher density of active sites. Electrochemically, AlSb@Fe2O3 clearly outperforms the other composites, delivering the lowest charge-transfer resistance (9.76 Omega versus similar to 17.4-17.8 Omega) and the smallest Tafel slope (177.8 mV dec(-1) versus 373.4 and 401.3 mV dec(-1)). AlSb@Fe2O3 exhibited significant photocatalytic efficacy, achieving 74.58% degradation of Methylene Blue after 90 minutes. These comparative results highlight AlSb@Fe2O3 as a promising platform for future scalable photocatalyst and advanced electrocatalytic systems.
