Dans le prolongement des débats qui ont abouti à la promulgation de la Loi Lurel en 2013, notre étude évalue la qualité nutritionnelle des produits appréhendée à travers leur teneur en sucre, pour une large partie de l’offre alimentaire disponible dans les Antilles, et compare cette offre avec celle correspondante dans l’Hexagone. L’analyse se focalise sur trois secteurs de produits - les boissons sucrées, les produits laitiers frais, les biscuits et gâteaux - qui sont les plus gros contributeurs aux apports en sucres des populations en Martinique et Guadeloupe. D’une façon générale, pour les 3 secteurs étudiés, l’offre de produits disponible aux Antilles ne se démarque pas de façon très importante de celle observée sur le marché hexagonal. En moyenne les teneurs en sucres sont comparables, tant pour le secteur des boissons sucrées (5 % d’écart en moyenne) que pour celui des biscuits et gâteaux. Le secteur des produits laitiers frais se démarque plus fortement avec une teneur moyenne en sucres supérieure de 15 % à celle de l’hexagone. Il faut néanmoins noter que, pour quelques familles de produits qui peuvent être largement consommées, les écarts de teneur en sucres sont susceptibles d’avoir des impacts sur les apports en sucres des consommateurs. Boissons aux fruits gazeuses et plates, limonades, crèmes dessert, fromages frais et yaourts sucrés, qui représentent des familles de produits avec de grands nombres de références disponibles (suggérant de hauts niveaux de consommation), présentent ainsi des teneurs en sucres plus élevées aux Antilles qu’en France hexagonale. Si ces différences apparaissent clairement et ne doivent pas être sous-estimées, les résultats conduisent à nuancer l’idée que la qualité de l’offre disponible aux Antilles serait le déterminant majeur des apports en sucre plus élevés que dans l’hexagone. En tout état de cause, l’effet lié aux quantités consommées est au moins aussi important que celui lié aux différences de teneur en sucres observées.
In line with the debates that led to the enactment of the Lurel Law in 2013, our study assesses the nutritional quality of products, through their sugar content, for a large part of the food supply available in the French West Indies and compares this food supply with those in mainland France. The analysis focuses on three product sectors - sweetened beverages, fresh dairy products, biscuits and cakes - which are the largest contributors to the sugar intake in populations of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In overall, for the 3 sectors studied, the food supply available in the French West Indies slightly differs from that observed in mainland France. On average, the sugar contents are comparable, both for the sector of sweetened beverages (5% different on average) and for the sector of biscuits and cakes. The sector of fresh dairy products stands out more strongly with an average sugar content of 15% higher than those in mainland France. Nevertheless, for some product groups, which can be widely consumed, variations in sugar content are likely to have an impact on consumers' sugar intake. Carbonated and non-carbonated fruit drinks, lemonades, creamy desserts, fresh cheeses and sweetened yogurts, which represent groups with a large number of references available (suggesting high levels of consumption), have higher sugar contents in the French West Indies than in mainland France. While these differences clearly appear and should not be underestimated, the results lead to qualify the idea that the nutritional quality of the food supply available in the French West Indies would be a major determinant of higher sugar intakes compared to mainland France. The effect due to the quantities consumed is at least as important as those due to the observed differences in sugar content. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Societe francaise de nutrition.
This paper explores the role of entrepreneurial orientation in addressing upward mechanisms of Indian immigrant workers in rural areas. To achieve this purpose, an empirical analysis was carried out to investigate how entrepreneurial orientation may affect mechanisms of professional transition. Precisely, we managed direct interviews among Indian workers (through the support of cultural mediators), local actors (like public and private advisors) and Italian entrepreneurs. Our funding suggests the presence of three Indian workers in Italy (simple workers, intrapreneurs, entrepreneurs), characterised by different entrepreneurial profile acting as engine or barrier to what we have labelled as "upward transition". Immigrant entrepreneurs play a relevant role in Italy and in our point of view, it is of paramount importance to allow them to access to rural development policies, knowledge, training and education upgrading.
AbstractObjective:The Caribbean has seen a dramatic shift in the obesity and chronic disease prevalence over the past decades, suggesting a nutrition transition. Simultaneously, Martinique has faced a demographic transition marked by significant population ageing. We aimed to differentiate the contribution of changes in health status and dietary intakes due to shifts in demographic and socio-economic characteristics (DSEC) from that due to unobserved factors.Design:Two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2003 (n 743) and 2013 (n 573) on representative samples were used. Dietary intakes were estimated by 24-h recalls. The contribution of changes in health status and dietary intakes due to shifts in observed DSEC was differentiated from that due to unobserved factors over a 10-year interval, using Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition models.Setting:Martinique, French region in the Caribbean.Participants:Martinican adults (≥16 years).Results:Over the study period, health status deteriorated, partly owing to shifts in DSEC, explaining 62 % of the change in the prevalence of hypertension (+13 percentage points (pp)) and 48 % of waist circumference change (+3 cm). Diet quality decreased (mean adequacy ratio –2pp and mean excess ratio + 2 pp) and energy supplied by ultra-processed food increased (+4 pp). Shifts in DSEC marginally explained some changes in dietary intakes (e.g. increased diet quality), while the changes that remained unexplained were of opposite sign, with decreased diet quality, lower fruits, tubers and fish intakes and higher energy provided by ultra-processed foods.Conclusion:Explained dietary changes were of opposite sign to nutrition transition conceptual framework, probably because unobserved drivers are in play, such as food price trends or supermarkets spread.
