AlMughtaribeen University (formally shorted to MU) or Expatriate University (Arabic:جامعة المغتربين) is a private university located in Khartoum, Sudan. It was founded by Sudanese expatriates.
The article's primary focus is on how IFRS S2 affects climate-related reporting on financial risk mitigation strategies in oil and gas companies in the Gulf Cooperation Council. This study takes advantage of the fact that there are varying levels in the regulatory needs across the six GCC states and has used a quasi-experimental design to establish the causality of this relationship. The United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), however, have chosen to adopt a regulated, mandatory framework. Additional GCC nations, like Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar, have kept these structures up to date and made them freely accessible. We estimate the difference-in-differences estimation and structural equation modeling results of 95 companies covering 2018 to 2024 (665 firm-year observations) to conclude that mandatory IFRS S2 Reporting significantly enhances climate disclosure quality by 34.2 percentage points. Furthermore, it has beneficial economic implications: a 180-basis-point lower cost of capital, a 31 percent higher firm valuation, and a 33 percent lower earnings volatility. Structural equation modelling shows that improved risk management performance is the mediating factor. When the analysis is cross-sectional, the effects are heterogeneous, and the benefits are magnified in firms with high carbon intensity. Causal interpretation has been supported using our extensive robustness tests. Findings from this research provide an innovative empirical basis for the influence of IFRS S2 on carbon-intensive industries. The research offers essential recommendations to policymakers and corporate executives seeking to address the challenges posed by financial risks and climate change in the context of the current energy transition, confirming the benefits of mandatory reporting systems over voluntary ones.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a clinically important and potentially dose-limiting toxicity associated particularly with neurotoxic anticancer agents. This study assessed physicians' reported practices regarding CIPN assessment, management, and prevention at Khartoum Oncology Hospital, Sudan. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2025 among physicians involved in anticancer treatment at Khartoum Oncology Hospital. A total-coverage sampling approach was used, whereby all eligible physicians available during the study period were invited to participate. Data were collected using an expert-reviewed and pilot-tested structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used according to the study objective to analyze the physicians’ responses. A total of 42 physicians participated (response rate: 79.3%); 27 (64.3%) were female, and all were clinical oncologists. Clinical examination was the most frequently reported CIPN assessment approach, used by 32 physicians (76.2%), while 33 (78.6%) reported establishing a baseline assessment before neurotoxic chemotherapy. During chemotherapy, all 42 physicians reported assessing CIPN, and 36 (85.7%) reported assessment before each chemotherapy cycle. When functional nerve impairment developed, 38 (90.5%) reported therapeutic intervention, and 26 (61.9%) considered physical therapy for patients with physical dysfunction. Gabapentin and vitamin B12 were each reported by 38 physicians (90.5%), whereas duloxetine was reported by 4 (9.5%). Only 8 physicians (19.0%) reported using non-pharmacological approaches for prevention and 6 (14.3%) reported pharmacological preventive approaches. In conclusion, physicians reported several appropriate CIPN-related practices, including baseline assessment, monitoring during chemotherapy, and treatment modification when functional impairment developed. However, important evidence-practice gaps were identified in standardized assessment, pharmacological management, prevention, and safety-oriented supportive care. Development of a locally adapted CIPN assessment and management pathway, together with structured professional training, may improve consistency of care.
Background: First aid is increasingly supported by high-technology devices designed to reduce time-to-treatment and improve prehospital care. These include automated external defibrillators (AEDs), drone delivery systems, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) feedback tools, hemorrhage-control technologies, anti-choking suction devices, and overdose-response kits. Objective: To systematically evaluate the clinical effectiveness, operational performance, and feasibility of smart first-aid technologies used in prehospital or simulated emergency settings, with emphasis on time-to-treatment, safety, and outcome improvement. Methods: We conducted a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of peer-reviewed studies indexed in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. Eligible studies evaluated smart first-aid devices in prehospital or high-fidelity simulated contexts, reporting clinical, performance, time, feasibility, or safety outcomes. Selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Results: Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria across six device categories. Bystander AED use was associated with higher survival to discharge (OR ≈ 1.73) and improved neurological outcomes (OR ≈ 2.12). Drone-AED programs arrived before EMS in ~64–67% of cases, gaining 180–200 seconds. CPR feedback tools improved compression quality by ~15–20 percentage points; survival impact was mixed. Mechanical CPR showed no consistent survival benefit. Civilian tourniquet and hemostatic dressing use improved hemorrhage control and reduced transfusion needs. For opioid overdose, 4 mg intranasal naloxone was as effective as 8 mg, with fewer adverse effects. Conclusions: Smart first-aid devices can reduce treatment delays and enhance process metrics. Early defibrillation showed the strongest clinical benefit, while drone delivery demonstrated promising system-level advantages. Future research should emphasize standardized outcomes, pragmatic trials, and equitable implementation. Study heterogeneity and limited randomized evidence remain key limitations.
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It has become an essential part of practicing in all aspects of healthcare. We aimed to investigate evidence-based medicine education of medical students in Sudan. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional online survey on Sudanese medical students via convenience sampling. Data collection spanned from March 10, 2023, to September 18, 2023. The questionnaire, adapted with input from faculty members, covered sociodemographic data, search engine usage, evidence-based medicine (EBM) skills, attitudes toward EBM, and knowledge of EBM terms. Randomization of questions and response validation were utilized to minimize bias. Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed using R and SPSS software, and appropriate statistical tests were performed. The cross-sectional study consisted of 1201 Sudanese medical students from various private and public schools. Most participants were female (61.0
