Uvod: Imunoterapija inhibitorima kontrolnih točaka (ICI) dramatično je produžila preživljenje pacijenata s metastatskim melanomom, iako većina pacijenata naknadno progredira.Nedavna istraživanja pokazala su da se crijevni mikrobiom može koristiti kao prediktivni biomarker uspjeha ICI te su pilot studije uspjele fekalnom mikrobnom transplantacijom (FMT) postići reverzibilnost rezistencije na ICI u pacijenata koji su progredirali na istu.Međutim, diskordantni rezultati studija ne dozvoljavaju definiranje optimalnog mikrobioma tijekom liječenja ICI, kao niti idealnog donora za FMT.Cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je objasniti postoji li razlike u mikrobiomu u pacijenata s metastatskim melanomom koji su postigli kompletan odgovor (CR) na ICI.Metode: Učinjen je probir pacijenata s metastatskim melanomom sa CR na ICI, potvrđen putem PET/CT-a, te održan barem >12
Surveillance of government deficit and debt data is a very important issue from the point of view of national policy makers, as well as international financial and statistical organizations. Deficit and debt developments in EU member states has been regularly (twice a year) monitored by Eurostat, which collects and publishes so called excessive deficit procedure (EDP) statistics on government deficit and debt. The European Commission uses the EDP statistics to assess whether EU Member States' government deficits and debt levels comply with the relevant EU legislation (according to the Maastricht Treaty criteria, government deficit should be less or equal to 3% and government debt less or equal to 60%) of GDP. Deficit and debt data are published mostly in relative terms, i.e. compared with the nominal GDP and compiled according to the ESA2010 methodology. In simplified theory, annual government deficit/surplus should be equal to change in the level of government debt at the end of the actual year and at the end of the previous year. In reality, this is not true due to the impact of the stock-flow adjustments (SFA), which explains the difference between the change in government debt and the government deficit/surplus for a given year. Main aim of this paper is to identify the main factors contributing the changes in government debt other than deficit/surplus (SFA) in Croatia during the period 2010-2017. Those factors are divided into three main categories: net acquisition of financial assets (further broken down by financial instruments), adjustments (for coverage, valuation and exchange rate changes) and statistical discrepancies (reflects differences arising from the use of various data sources). Second, not less important aim of paper is to identify size and impact of the particular SFA factors on changes in debt level during the observed period in Croatia, and based on results obtained, short recommendations for Croatian policymakers will be outlined.
Background: Unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity constitute an emerging public health problem.The working population is of special interest for public health monitoring and evaluation because workers' unhealthy lifestyles may lead to reduced work ability.The aim of this study was to determine diet quality and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), according to the level of physical activity, and to detect variables associated with the working population's being highly physically active.Material and Methods: At the Institute for Occupational Medicine 400 full-time workers were examined for obesity factors, filled in the short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short) and a validated food frequency questionnaire for adherence to the Mediterranean diet using Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS).The workers were divided into low, moderate and high physical activity groups according to the IPAQ-short scoring protocol.Hierarchical linear regression was performed to determine the variables associated with being highly active.Results: One-third of the participants were highly physically active and their diet adhered to the MD (Me MDS = 7).Significant variables associated with a high level of physical activity were gender (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.02), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p < 0.001), sitting level (p = 0.044) and occupational type (p < 0.001).Conclusions: It was found that the participants displaying a high level of physical activity had a better quality diet that adhered to the Mediterranean diet but not to a significant degree.The variables associated with a high level of physical activity were male gender, younger age, normal WHR, non-sedentary occupation and reduced sitting time.The study findings could serve the purpose of improving future public health promotion of physical activity and the Mediterranean diet.Med Pr.
Au cours des dernières décennies, le développement de la théorie normative de jeux, en plus d'autres domaines d'application, axée sur la modélisation de la distribution et de trouver l'équilibre (Nash équilibre) la puissance, à la fois dans le micro ainsi que les aspects macro-économique. Une percée dans ce domaine d'application de la théorie des jeux devrait plutôt remercier les œuvres d'lauréat du prix Nobel Lloyd Shapley et associés. Les tensions entre les différents niveaux de pouvoir font partie intégrante de tout système politique. Même les Etats unitaires ou ceux qui ne connaissent que des formes souples de décentralisation doivent faire face périodiquement à l`opposition des autorités locales ou régionales. Ce phénomène est particulièrement accentué dans les régimes qui comme celui de l`Union européenne, ont mis en place des formes complexes de répartition des tâches entre les différents niveaux de pouvoir; les conflits sont inévitables. Dans l`Union européenne deux types des mécanismes sont censés prévenir ou résoudre ces conflits „verticaux“. Si les Etats entendent contrôler l`action des institutions de l`Union afin de s`assurer qu`elles n’empiètent pas sur leurs compétences, ils sont aussi conscients de la nécessité de se contrôler eux-mêmes.
From the viewpoint of modern economic actors, investment in education in general, with special emphasis on university education, represents a capital investment which is becoming one of the most fundamental factors of modern knowledge-based economies. When making investments in the conventional sense, the agent takes into account the expected costs and benefi ts, accordingly evaluates the potential success of the project and makes a decision on the placement of capital. On the other hand, when investment is made in human capital, economic viability is commonly overlooked since such investment is of a long-term nature and begins to bring benefits aft er more than a decade, which has significant implications on risk assessment and consequently, on the success of the investment itself. In accordance with the above, this paper presents an analysis of the costs of investment in education, the expected benefits, opportunity cost („given up“ income) and the time necessary for the investment to pay off . The research was carried out on regular students of faculties of economics of the universities of Zagreb, Split, Rijeka and Osijek. Investment in university education was evaluated from the aspect of long-term outcome, with the main research question being whether the potential benefi ts in the form of increased income in the future will exceed the costs of the initial investment and the missed alternative. The results of the analysis revealed that the examined investment in university education is indeed cost-eff ective. The investment payback period for students receiving state scholarships (not paying tuition fees themselves) equals 9.1 years, while for students who pay the market price of tuition fees, the payback period equals 10.0 years. Assuming that the student enrols in university after finishing secondary school (at the age of 20), a full return on the investment shall be made when they turn 34 or 35 (in accordance with the model’s limitations). Soundness of the model was tested on an example from practice including public service employees. The case in question, with minimum deviations, confirmed the assumption of viability of investments as well as the importance and necessity of education in the lives of modern economic actors, as the main hypothesis of this paper.
