After the inception of WTO in 1995, in line with the negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the barriers to trade in services gradually came down. However, the impediments on different modes of international trade in services displayed diverging patterns. On one hand, various newer barriers on movement of skilled professionals (Mode 4) have been witnessed in recent times, in the form of visa and work permit restrictions etc. Conversely, a growth in online service deliveries (Mode 1) is being witnessed. Considering data for 89 countries over 2014–2022, the current study examines the underlying drivers of online service imports, taking into account the role of heterogeneity in digital regulations between trading partners in an adapted gravity framework. The underlying drivers of service exports under Mode 1 and commercial establishment (Mode 3) have also been analyzed for selected countries. The results demonstrate that greater connectivity in a country encourages higher trade in the digitally enabled components of services. This effect however could be dampened in the presence of wider heterogeneity in digital regulations between the trading countries, with the negative impact being stronger for middle-income nations. The empirical results underline the need for improving coherence in cross-country digital regulations.
We examined the impact of adoption of information technology on human capital performance of MSEs in India. A sample of 500 respondent firms from north states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh has been collected from health care services and hospitality sector. To reach the target population judgmental sampling technique has been used. Multiple regression technique and descriptive statistics have been applied to analyse the results. The study found that information technology has positive impact on the work experience and overall employee productivity. So, it is concluded that investment in information technology significantly affects the human capital performance of firms. So, our findings recommended that micro and small firms should invest more and more in human capital to enhances entrepreneurial performance. It also helps in sustainability of business with optimum profits.
It is necessary to take into account the tourism sector's long-term environmental effects on a certain site, even though the growth of the tourism industry can assist a region economically. The long-term effects of growing number of tourists on ecological condition must be taken into account by those assessing different development possibilities, especially when the tourism business depends on a particular ecological state. This study outlines one method for fixing pleasure tourist behaviour to an ecological model that predicts the environmental effects of increasing number of tourists. Variables, based on research information and data on the water quality, taken from Ministry of Tourism website, were used to run two simulations for the system. According to the findings, a tourist destination's long-term survival depends in part on how well it can adapt to the changes brought on by growing hospitality industry. Additional framework elements, such as the travel industry and the adoption of the developed method in other contexts, could all be the subject of future research.
Air pollution is a major source of worry for all living things. India has one of the world’s highest levels of air pollution. Rising population, unplanned growth, increased automotive traffic, stubble burning, industrial waste, fossil fuel combustion, powerplant emissions and a variety of other causes all contribute considerably to air pollution in developing countries. Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 is the most concerning of all air pollutants since it causes major health problems in individuals. Prediction and management of air quality have therefore become critical. Several machine learning algorithms were used in this work to examine dataset results. The results of our work suggest that for future predictions, logistic regression and autoregression can be efficaciously utilised for the analysis and forecasting of levels of PM2.5 in the future. Countries can lower the prevalence of strokes, and chronic and acute respiratory illnesses such as asthma, and lung cancer by reducing air pollution levels.
This article aims to identify teachers’ accountability in the context of higher educational institutions (HEIs). Most of the literature has used student-oriented outcomes as basic building blocks of accountability. This article contributes to the literature by gauging teachers’ perceptions in conceptualising accountability in the HEIs. Indicators of accountability have been identified from the literature. Decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method has been used to explore the nature of interrelationships among these indicators. Results reveal that accountability indicators have varying impact and some of these indicators have cause and effect type of relationship among them. The article underscores the role of performance-based accountability system (PBAS) which will help in assessing and evaluating teachers in the HEIs. It is argued that accountability strengthens the autopoietic nature of the HEIs and enables underlying knowledge generation and dissemination processes. Using accountability indicators, teachers can self-assess their performance and adapt to evolving needs of students, businesses, and societal stakeholders. The relationships among accountability indicators can be used by policymakers to steer the HEIs.
