Azerbaijan Technological University

Two novel mononuclear copper(II) complexes, [Cu(H4N9-mpz)]Cl2·H2O (1) and [Cu(H4N9-mpz)](ClO4)2·2CH3OH (2), were synthesized for the first time utilizing the pyrazine-modulated long-chain pentapyridyltetraamine ligand, N2,N2′-(pyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(N6-(pyridin-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-diamine) (H4N9-mpz). Both complexes were structurally characterized, and their in vitro cytotoxic activities were systematically evaluated. In each compound, the Cu(II) center is five-coordinate, adopting a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry, with Addison distortion parameter τ values of 0.84 for complex (1) and 0.86 for complex (2). The H4N9-mpz ligand adopts an all-anti conformation, coordinating to the copper center as a pentadentate monohelical ligand. This trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment was further corroborated by electronic spectroscopy and the observation of "inverted-type" electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The cytotoxic effects of the free H4N9-mpz ligand and complexes 1 and 2 were evaluated against the DLD-1 and PC3 cancer cell lines, as well as the L929 healthy cell line, and compared with the reference drug cisplatin. Complex 2 exhibited superior antiproliferative activity compared to 1, yielding significantly lower IC50 values of 6.401 µM in DLD-1 cells and 2.956 µM in PC3 cells. However, toxicity profiles on healthy L929 cells revealed that complex 1 possesses a higher selectivity index than complex 2. Molecular docking simulations revealed distinct, target-dependent interaction profiles; the free ligand exhibited the highest predicted affinity toward Bcl-2, whereas the copper(II) complexes demonstrated more favorable docking scores against HSP90. These findings provide preliminary computational insights into potential ligand–protein interactions, prompting further experimental validation.

In this work, the results of a study on the extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) with a polymer chelating sorbent are presented. For the sorption-photometric determination of Th(IV) and U(VI), a modified sorbent based on a copolymer of maleic anhydride with methacrylic acid is proposed. The static exchange capacity of the obtained sorbent for the K+ ion was 9.3 mmol/g. The optimal sorption conditions were determined. At pH 4, the degree of sorption passes through a maximum. With an increase in the concentration of Th(IV) and U(VI), in the solution, the amount of absorbed metal increases, and at a concentration of 8 × 10–3 M it becomes maximum (cTh(IV) = 696 mg/g and cU(VI) = 596 mg/g). The sorption isotherm of Th(IV) and U(VI) with the synthesized sorbent was constructed. The dependence of sorption on time and ionic strength of the solution was investigated. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within 1 h of contact of the solution with the sorbent. It was found that at pH 4, the maximum metal sorption is achieved using 50 mg of the sorbent. The effect of different mineral acids (HClО4, H2SO4, HNО3, HCl) with the same concentrations on the desorption of Th(IV) and U(VI) from the sorbent was studied. The results showed that the maximum desorption of Th(IV) and U(VI) occurs in chloric acid. The developed method was applied to determine microquantities of Th(IV) and U(VI) in water taken from the well of the Balakhany oil and gas production department (Azerbaijan) with preconcentration.

The object of research in this study is a screw dispenser that dispenses dry, dispersed feed. The problem to be solved is this: when using dispensers of complex design, labor and material costs for their repair and maintenance increase, as well as the efficiency of their use decreases. When using the proposed model of a device for preparing mixed feed with a scattering force, it is possible to determine the following rational design modes and kinematic parameters: rotation speed of the screw of the mixing section ω = 4...12 s⁻1, number of blades 6...8, feed rate or component u = 0.005...0.045 m/s. Using a model of a device for preparing feed for forced mixing using appropriate methods and measurements, the following rational constructive, modal and kinematic parameters were determined: rotation speed of the screw of the mixing section ω = 4–12 s–1; number of blades 6...8 pcs.; feed rate or feed component v = 0.005...0.045 m/s. With the specified values of parameters, heterogeneity or uniformity of the feed mixture, the total required power, respectively, was: δ = 7...11; λ = 93...89%; N = 3.5...4.94 kW. The design features of the metering mixer, the parameters of the constructive mode of operation and practical recommendations for use, justified as a result of the study, are of practical importance for feed mills. The results and optimized values obtained during the dosing of feed material in the preparation of concentrated feed mixtures, in comparison with their continuous operation over time, are of theoretical importance for subject programs, scientific research and experimental design work on the preparation of feed mixtures

The object of research is the processes of formation and development of light industry clusters in the socio-economic system of Azerbaijan, as well as the mechanisms of their technological audit and assessment of production reserves in the conditions of innovative transformation of the economy. The research problematic lies in the lack of comprehensive diagnostic tools for assessing the integration potential of industrial zones and identifying hidden production reserves. Existing fragmented approaches do not allow for an accurate measurement of the impact of networking on labor productivity indicators, which complicates informed management decisions regarding the allocation of public investment in infrastructure. The results include a developed diagnostic model for assessing industrial cluster potential based on the Integral Diagnostic Index (IDI). Calculations revealed the highest value for the Baku-Absheron region (0.74). The Aran (0.54) and Lankaran-Astara (0.46) regions, however, have limited potential. The research quantified a stable investment multiplier – 1.61, demonstrating the effectiveness of cluster infrastructure development. It was also found that cluster integration provides a 22% increase in labor productivity compared to stand-alone enterprises. The results are mainly explained by the synergistic effect of concentrating resources in technology parks, including the Mingachevir Technology Park, and lowering transaction costs. The Baku-Absheron region’s leadership is based on its well-developed innovation infrastructure. The higher efficiency of clusters is due to optimizing supply chains (reducing logistics time by 45%) and the dominant influence of human capital: the share of qualified personnel in leading clusters reaches 72%. The results can be utilized in practice if they are incorporated into government monitoring programs for industrial policy until 2030. The developed IDI model is applicable to assessing the effectiveness of existing industrial districts and identifying regions requiring priority financial support for non-oil sector development.

1. Introduction The decoupling of the control plane from the underlying data plane is the core innovation of Software-Defined Networking (SDN). By centralizing control logic into software-based SDN controllers (e.g., OpenDaylight, ONOS), organizations gain global network visibility, automated policy enforcement, and rapid provisioning. However, modern enterprise environments are increasingly deployed in adverse physical and logical conditions. Industrial IoT manufacturing floors, tactical wireless mesh networks, remote edge sites, and mission-critical enterprise branches often operate over noisy channels. "Noise" in this context refers to both physical interference (EMI, radio signal degradation) and logical distortion (packet corruption, control path congestion, and distributed denial-of-service/DDoS noise). In a standard SDN implementation, network switches rely on constant communication with the controller via southbound protocols (such as OpenFlow). When the control channel is exposed to high noise: Control Path Disruption: Keep-alive messages (Echo requests/replies) fail, leading to false-positive link outage detections.