Bidhan Chandra College, also known as Rishra College, is present at Rishra, in the Hooghly district, West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, Commerce and sciences. It is affiliated to University of Calcutta. It was established in 1957.
This paper introduces a numerically analyzed, very sensitive double-sided polished twin-core plasmonic sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF), designed for wide-range refractive index (RI) detection. To identify variations in the RI of the surrounding medium, the sensor design strategically deposits silver externally onto the fiber structure. A thin titanium dioxide layer is applied over the silver to inhibit plasmonic material oxidation and also to increase the coupling strength. A two-attribute interrogation approach integrates both wavelength and amplitude sensitivity in the analysis to enhance RI sensing. Plasmonic material such as silver enhances sensor effectiveness, enabling it to detect small RI changes with high precision. The sensor achieves peak sensitivity of 130,000 nm/RIU for wavelength and 1939.83 RIU−1 for amplitude, with resolution of 1.22 × 10−7 and 3.45 × 10−6 RIU, respectively. These high values, calculated within the wide sensing range of 1.20–1.40, ensure dependable detection, crucial for applications requiring precise measurements. An extensive review of the relevant literature revealed that the sensitivities achieved by these interrogation methods are the highest reported for PCF-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors to date. The favorable outcomes and wide sensing capacity also ensure that the proposed sensor is well suited for detecting biomedical analytes as well as organic materials and biochemicals.
In this paper, we study some geometric properties of relativistic magneto-fluid spacetime admitting Einstein soliton. Here, we expose the nature of soliton when a relativistic magneto-fluid spacetime and W2-flat relativistic magneto-fluid spacetime and Q-flat relativistic magneto-fluid spacetime satisfying Einstein field equation. Also we explore magneto-fluid warped product spacetimes that admits magneto-fluid generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes and magneto-fluid standard static spacetimes in terms of Einstein soliton. Finally, we discuss some results on different types of magneto-fluid spacetimes admitting Einstein soliton.
In this paper, we study & lowast;-eta-Ricci-Yamabe solitons on alpha-cosymplectic manifolds with respect to a quarter-symmetric metric connection. We establish several curvature properties of such manifolds and examine the behavior of solitons under this connection. When the potential vector field xi is of gradient type, we derive a Laplace equation from the & lowast;-eta-Ricci-Yamabe soliton equation. We also analyze the nature of the soliton in this context. Finally, we provide an explicit example of a 5-dimensional alpha-cosymplectic manifold admitting a & lowast;-eta-Ricci-Yamabe soliton with respect to a quarter-symmetric metric connection to support our theoretical results.
In this article we obtain a number of integral formulas for foliated sub-Riemannian manifolds; the main geometric object is a Riemannian manifold endowed with a distribution 𝒟 and a foliation 𝒢 such that the tangent bundle of 𝒢 is a subbundle of 𝒟 . Our integral formulas generalize some results for foliated Riemannian manifolds; they are expressed by the shape operators of 𝒢 with respect to normals in 𝒟 and by the curvature tensor of the induced connection on 𝒟 . The formulas also contain arbitrary functions f_j , 0≤ j<𝒢 , of scalar invariants of 𝒢 , and by a special choice of f_j they reduce to integral formulas obtained by means of a new transformation called the η -Poincaré transformation of the shape operators. We apply our integral formulas to foliated sub-Riemannian manifolds with restrictions on the curvature and on the extrinsic geometry of 𝒢 , and to codimension-one foliations.
This study aims to develop and analyze a compartmental model for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). The model is calibrated using monthly incidence data from South Sudan for the year 2011. We derive and estimate the basic reproduction number, R0, for the proposed model and explore the possibility of bifurcation within the system. Various control strategies are examined using optimal control theory, including the use of treated bed nets, vaccination, reservoir culling, and treatment of infected individuals. Numerical simulations indicate that a combined approach involving mass treatment, vaccination, bed nets, and reservoir culling is most effective in reducing VL prevalence. Among these, mass treatment emerges as the most critical intervention during outbreaks. Conversely, relying solely on reservoir culling is unlikely to significantly benefit the community.
